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Waizenegger J, Glück J, Henricsson M, Luckert C, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Disturb Bile Acid Homeostasis in the Human Hepatoma Cell Line HepaRG. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010161. [PMID: 33466663 PMCID: PMC7828834 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) belong to a group of secondary plant metabolites. Exposure to PA-contaminated feed and food may cause severe hepatotoxicity. A pathway possibly involved in PA toxicity is the disturbance of bile acid homeostasis. Therefore, in this study, the influence of four structurally different PAs on bile acid homeostasis was investigated after single (24 h) and repeated (14 days) exposure using the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. PAs induce a downregulation of gene expression of various hepatobiliary transporters, enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis, and conjugation, as well as several transcription regulators in HepaRG cells. This repression may lead to a progressive impairment of bile acid homeostasis, having the potential to accumulate toxic bile acids. However, a significant intracellular and extracellular decrease in bile acids was determined, pointing to an overall inhibition of bile acid synthesis and transport. In summary, our data clearly show that PAs structure-dependently impair bile acid homeostasis and secretion by inhibiting the expression of relevant genes involved in bile acid homeostasis. Furthermore, important biliary efflux mechanisms seem to be disturbed due to PA exposure. These mole-cular mechanisms may play an important role in the development of severe liver damage in PA-intoxicated humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Waizenegger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
- German Nutrition Society, Godesberger Allee 18, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephin Glück
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Claudia Luckert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (J.W.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18412-25203
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Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100664. [PMID: 33092236 PMCID: PMC7590051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.
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Hessel-Pras S, Braeuning A, Guenther G, Adawy A, Enge AM, Ebmeyer J, Henderson CJ, Hengstler JG, Lampen A, Reif R. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine induces CYP-dependent destruction of sinusoidal endothelial cells and cholestasis in mice. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:219-229. [PMID: 31606820 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widely occurring phytotoxins which can induce severe liver damage in humans and other mammalian species by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the development of PA hepatotoxicity in vivo, using an acutely toxic dose of the PA senecionine in mice, in combination with intravital two-photon microscopy, histology, clinical chemistry, and in vitro experiments with primary mouse hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). We observed pericentral LSEC necrosis together with elevated sinusoidal marker proteins in the serum of senecionine-treated mice and increased sinusoidal platelet aggregation in the damaged tissue regions. In vitro experiments showed no cytotoxicity to freshly isolated LSECs up to 500 µM senecionine. However, metabolic activation of senecionine by preincubation with primary mouse hepatocytes increased the cytotoxicity to cultivated LSECs with an EC50 of approximately 22 µM. The cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependency of senecionine bioactivation was confirmed in CYP reductase-deficient mice where no PA-induced hepatotoxicity was observed. Therefore, toxic metabolites of senecionine are generated by hepatic CYPs, and may be partially released from hepatocytes leading to destruction of LSECs in the pericentral region of the liver lobules. Analysis of hepatic bile salt transport by intravital two-photon imaging revealed a delayed uptake of a fluorescent bile salt analogue from the hepatic sinusoids into hepatocytes and delayed elimination. This was accompanied by transcriptional deregulation of hepatic bile salt transporters like Abcb11 or Abcc1. In conclusion, senecionine destroys LSECs although the toxic metabolite is formed in a CYP-dependent manner in the adjacent pericentral hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgia Guenther
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alshaimaa Adawy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne-Margarethe Enge
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Ebmeyer
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Systems Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, School of Medicine, James Arrott Drive, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond Reif
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
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Zhu L, Wang Z, Wong L, He Y, Zhao Z, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. Contamination of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in retail honey in China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Molyneux RJ, Panter KE. Alkaloids toxic to livestock. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:143-216. [PMID: 19827367 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Molyneux
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, California, USA.
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Genotoxicity, Metabolism Enzymes, Metabolic Activation, and Mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:1-55. [PMID: 15072438 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120028426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed in the world and are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Because of their abundance and potent toxicities, the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce genotoxicities, particularly carcinogenicity, were extensively studied for several decades but not exclusively elucidated until recently. To date, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced genotoxicities were revealed to be elicited by the hepatic metabolism of these naturally occurring toxins. In this review, we present updated information on the metabolism, metabolizing enzymes, and the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids exert genotoxicity and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Palmese MT, Uncini Manganelli RE, Tomei PE. An ethno-pharmacobotanical survey in the Sarrabus district (south-east Sardinia). Fitoterapia 2001; 72:619-43. [PMID: 11543960 DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(01)00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic uses and methods of administration of 70 plants in the traditional medicine of Sarrabus (south-east Sardinia, Italy) are documented. Among these species, some were not reported previously for Sardinia, while others turn out to have an original therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Palmese
- Dipartimento di Agronomia e Gestione dell'Agroecosistema, Università di Pisa, via S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are the leading plant toxins associated with disease in humans and animals. Upon ingestion, metabolic activation in liver converts the parent compounds into highly reactive electrophiles capable of reacting with cellular macromolecules forming adducts which may initiate acute or chronic toxicity. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids present a serious health risk to human populations that may be exposed to them through contamination of foodstuffs or when plants containing them are consumed as medicinal herbs. Some pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) adducts are persistent in animal tissue and the metabolites may be re-released and cause damage long after the initial period of ingestion. PAs are also known to act as teratogens and abortifacients. Chronic ingestion of plants containing PAs has also led to cancer in experimental animals and metabolites of several PAs have been shown to be mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome system. However, no clinical association has yet been found between human cancer and exposure to PAs. Based on the extensive reports on the outcome of human exposure available in the literature, we conclude that while humans face the risk of veno-occlusive disease and childhood cirrhosis PAs are not carcinogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Prakash
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39, Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
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Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, Molyneux RJ. Pyrrole detection and the pathologic progression of Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996; 8:81-90. [PMID: 9026086 DOI: 10.1177/104063879600800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), a noxious weed that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), infests pastures and fields in the western United States and Europe. The purpose of this study was to develop techniques to better diagnose PA poisoning and describe the progression of gross and microscopic lesions caused by houndstongue intoxication. Six horses were gavaged daily with a suspension of houndstongue containing 5 or 15 mg/kg total PA for 14 days. Two horses were treated similarly with ground alfalfa as controls. Liver biopsy samples and serum biochemical and hematologic values were evaluated biweekly. Within 7 days after dosing, horses treated with 15 mg/kg PA developed severe liver disease characterized by altered bile acid metabolism, elevated serum enzymes, and extensive hepatocellular necrosis with minimal periportal fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia. The condition of these animals continued to deteriorate, and they were euthanized. For several weeks after dosing, horses treated with 5 mg/kg PA were depressed, had transient elevations of serum enzymes and bile acids, and developed minimal periportal hepatocellular necrosis with fibrosis. The biochemical changes resolved by 6-8 weeks; however, the histologic disease persisted with extensive megalocytosis by week 14. Throughout the study, the rate of hepatocellular proliferation remained constant. Biliary cells had an increase in mitotic rate that correlated with the histologic changes. Hepatic tissue-bound pyrroles (PA metabolites) were identified in necropsy samples of treated animals using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and photometrically with Ehrlich's reagent. These findings suggest that pyrrole extraction and identification are useful in documenting PA exposure and that houndstongue is extremely toxic to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Stegelmeier
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA
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