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Thongkum W, Klayprasert P, Semakul N, Jakmunee J, Kasinrerk W, Setshedi M, Sayed Y, Tayapiwatana C. Semi-quantification and Potency Verification of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Based on the Matrix-Capsid Protein Immobilized Nickel (II)/NTA-Tol/Graphene Oxide/SPCE Electrochemical Biosensor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17932-17940. [PMID: 37251123 PMCID: PMC10210225 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still a global issue. Long-term drug treatment and nonadherence to medication increase the spread of drug-resistant HIV strains. Therefore, the identification of new lead compounds is being investigated and is highly desirable. Nevertheless, a process generally necessitates a significant budget and human resources. In this study, a simple biosensor platform for semi-quantification and verification of the potency of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) based on electrochemically detecting the cleavage activity of the HIV-1 subtype C-PR (C-SA HIV-1 PR) was proposed. An electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing His6-matrix-capsid (H6MA-CA) on the electrode surface via the chelation to Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) functionalized GO. The functional groups and the characteristics of modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). C-SA HIV-1 PR activity and the effect of PIs were validated by recording changes in electrical current signals of the ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe. The detection of PIs, i.e., lopinavir (LPV) and indinavir (IDV), toward the HIV protease was confirmed by the decrease in the current signals in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, our developed biosensor demonstrates the ability to distinguish the potency of two PIs to inhibit C-SA HIV-1 PR activities. We anticipated that this low-cost electrochemical biosensor would increase the efficiency of the lead compound screening process and accelerate the discovery and development of new HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeraya Thongkum
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puttaporn Klayprasert
- Research
Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaroon Jakmunee
- Research
Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of
Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mpho Setshedi
- Protein
Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein
Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division
of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty
of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Department of Medical
Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center
of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Velozo CT, Cabral LM, Pinto EC, de Sousa VP. Lopinavir/Ritonavir: A Review of Analytical Methodologies for the Drug Substances, Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1846-1862. [PMID: 34024199 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1920364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lopinavir/ritonavir is a potent coformulation of protease inhibitors used against HIV infection. Lopinavir is the main responsible for viral load suppression, whereas ritonavir is a pharmacokinetic enhancer. Both of them have recently gained relevance as candidate drugs against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, significant beneficial effects were not observed in randomized clinical trials. This review summarizes the main physical-chemical, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of ritonavir and lopinavir, along with the analytical methodologies applied for biological matrices, pharmaceutical formulations, and stability studies. The work also aimed to provide a comprehensive impurity profile for the combined formulation. Several analytical methods in four different pharmacopeias and 37 articles in literature were evaluated and summarized. Chromatographic methods for these drugs frequently use C8 or C18 stationary phases with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (with ultraviolet detection) or acetate buffer (with tandem mass spectrometry detection) as the mobile phase. Official compendia methods show disadvantages as extended total run time and complex mobile phases. HPLC tandem-mass spectrometry provided high sensitivity in methodologies applied for human plasma and serum samples, supporting the therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV patients. Ritonavir and lopinavir major degradation products arise in alkaline and acidic environments, respectively. Other non-chromatographic methods were also summarized. Establishing the impurity profile for the combined formulation is challenging due to a large number of impurities reported. Easier and faster analytical methods for impurity assessment are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Trajano Velozo
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Pinto
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Pereira de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Semi-quantification of HIV-1 protease inhibitor concentrations in clinical samples of HIV-infected patients using a gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Koppala S, Panigrahi B, Raju S, Padmaja Reddy K, Ranga Reddy V, Anireddy JS. Development and Validation of a Simple, Sensitive, Selective and Stability-Indicating RP-UPLC Method for the Quantitative Determination of Ritonavir and Its Related Compounds. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:662-75. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Validation of simultaneous quantitative method of HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:482693. [PMID: 24587725 PMCID: PMC3920818 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV protease inhibitors are used in the treatment of patients suffering from AIDS and they act at the final stage of viral replication by interfering with the HIV protease enzyme. The paper describes a selective, sensitive, and robust method for simultaneous determination of three protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir and ritonavir in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample pretreatment consisted of solid phase extraction of analytes and their deuterated analogs as internal standards from 50 μL human plasma. Chromatographic separation of analytes was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column under gradient conditions using 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.0, and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. RESULTS The method was established over a concentration range of 5.0-6000 ng/mL for atazanavir, 5.0-5000 ng/mL for darunavir and 1.0-500 ng/mL for ritonavir. Accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, and stability of the analytes were evaluated as per US FDA guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of sample preparation, short analysis time, and high selectivity permit simultaneous estimation of these inhibitors. The validated method can be useful in determining plasma concentration of these protease inhibitors for therapeutic drug monitoring and in high throughput clinical studies.
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Mishra TD, Kurani H, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS. Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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D’Avolio A, Simiele M, Siccardi M, Baietto L, Sciandra M, Oddone V, Stefani FR, Agati S, Cusato J, Bonora S, Di Perri G. A HPLC–MS method for the simultaneous quantification of fourteen antiretroviral agents in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of HIV infected patients optimized using medium corpuscular volume evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:779-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Parikh N, Venishetty VK, Sistla R. Simultaneous Determination of Ketoconazole, Ritonavir and Lopinavir in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by RP-LC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yadav M, Rao R, Kurani H, Singhal P, Goswami S, Shrivastav PS. Application of a rapid and selective method for the simultaneous determination of protease inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma by UPLC–ESI-MS/MS for bioequivalence study in Indian subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Bastiani E, Benedetti F, Berti F, Campaner P, Donadel E, Montagna M, Regazzi M, Rinaldi S, Savoini A, Venturini R. Development and evaluation of an immunoassay for the monitoring of the anti-HIV drug amprenavir. J Immunol Methods 2007; 325:35-41. [PMID: 17597142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An assay for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-HIV HAART drugs in clinical use is highly desirable, in order to rapidly measure the pharmacokinetic parameters on single patients. We have started a project to develop a panel of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the whole set of HAART drugs, and the development, performance and evaluation of the assay for amprenavir is described here. A diazo conjugate of amprenavir has been used in order to raise polyclonal anti-amprenavir antibodies in rabbits. Antisera have been used to set up a quantitative and rapid competitive assay. Plasma samples are simply diluted in the assay buffer after thermal inactivation, before running the assay. The assay allows the detection of amprenavir in the quantification range 400-5000 ng/ml, in a diluted plasma sample. The assay has been compared with an HPLC reference technique, on 27 samples from treated patients. Within the quantification range, the ELISA data are well correlated with the HPLC results by a regression line close to the identity, and a Bland-Altman analysis shows the agreement between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bastiani
- Biostrands s.r.l., via del Follatoio 12, I-34148 Trieste, Italy.
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Vernochet C, Azoulay S, Duval D, Guedj R, Cottrez F, Vidal H, Ailhaud G, Dani C. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Accumulate into Cultured Human Adipocytes and Alter Expression of Adipocytokines. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:2238-43. [PMID: 15525648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophic syndrome is a major side effect of highly active antiviral therapy. Fat tissue redistribution is associated with changes in adipocyte gene expression and in circulating levels of adipocytokines involved in the development of insulin resistance. However, the evidence that HIV drugs accumulate into human adipocytes and have a direct effect on the expression of adipocyte-specific genes is still lacking. To address these questions, we used adipocytes derived from adult stem (hMADS) cells isolated from human adipose tissue. We showed by ELISA that two inhibitors of the HIV protease, lopinavir and ritonavir, accumulated at similar levels during the development of hMADS cells in adipocytes, whereas a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, the nevirapine, accumulated at lower levels. Two fluorescent protease inhibitors then have been generated to investigate their subcellular localization. The data showed that HIV drugs accumulated into adipocytes and displayed various effects on hMADS cell-derived adipocytes. Indinavir, amprenavir, and nevirapine did not alter differentiation of precursor cells. In contrast, lopinavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir inhibited the development of preadipocytes into adipocytes. In adipocytes, amprenavir increased leptin expression and ritonavir was able to up-regulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and leptin expression and down-regulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and adiponectin. Intracellular accumulation and localization of HIV drugs into human adipocytes strongly suggest that adipose tissues store these drugs. Because ritonavir can alter the expression of insulin resistance-related cytokines in human adipocytes in a way parallel to the situation observed in vivo upon treatment of HIV-infected patients, we propose that protease inhibitors participate in insulin resistance through a direct effect on adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vernochet
- Institut Signalisation, Biologie du Développement et Cancer, UMR 6543 CNRS, Centre de Biochimie, 06108 Nice, France
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Azoulay S, Nevers MC, Créminon C, Heripret L, Garraffo R, Durant J, Dellamonica P, Grassi J, Guedj R, Duval D. An enzyme immunoassay for the quantification of plasma and intracellular lopinavir in HIV-infected patients. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:37-48. [PMID: 15627609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The protease inhibitor lopinavir (LPV; [1S-[1R*(R*), 3R*,4R*]]-N-[4-[[(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1-(phenylmethyl) pentyl] tetrahydro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimide acetamide) is widely used in anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. Knowledge of the plasma and intracellular concentrations of the drug would be useful for a better understanding of LPV action and for therapeutic monitoring. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific immunoassay for LPV in plasma and cells. Anti-LPV polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits using a synthetic LPV derivative coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as immunogen. The enzyme tracer was prepared by chemically coupling the LPV derivative with acetylcholinesterase. These reagents were used to develop a competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) performed in microtitration plates. The assay was performed on a minimum of 50 microl of plasma or 2 x 10(6) cells. It showed good precision and efficiency in as much as recovery from human plasma and cell extracts spiked with LPV ranged between 87% and 104%, with coefficients of variation of less than 10%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100 pg/ml, i.e., a value at least 10 times lower than those currently achieved using previously described techniques. Cross-validation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed a good correlation between methods (r2=0.96). Intracellular concentrations of LPV were measured in cultured human T lymphoblastoid cells (CEM). A pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and intracellular LPV was performed on a healthy volunteer, and measurements were done in patients infected with HIV. The results obtained indicated a high intracellular/extracellular concentration ratio in cultured cells (19.3) but not in cells from HIV patients (1.3). In contrast, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) the accumulation of ritonavir (RTV) was six times higher than LPV. To date, this is the first reported immunoassay for LPV, and this method is sensitive enough for monitoring plasma and intracellular LPV levels in HIV-infected patients and for intracellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Azoulay
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique UMR 6001, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Azoulay S, Nevers MC, Créminon C, Heripret L, Durant J, Dellamonica P, Grassi J, Guedj R, Duval D. Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for measuring plasma and intracellular nevirapine levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:104-9. [PMID: 14693526 PMCID: PMC310181 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.1.104-109.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an enzyme immunoassay to measure nevirapine (NVP) in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-NVP polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by using a synthetic NVP derivative coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin as the immunogen, and the enzyme tracer was prepared by chemically coupling the NVP derivative with acetylcholinesterase. These reagents were used to develop a sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay performed in microtitration plates with a 100-pg ml(-1) limit of detection and thus approximately 100 times more sensitive than previously published techniques. The plasma assay was performed directly without extraction (in this case, a 500-pg ml(-1) limit of detection was observed) on a minimum of 30 micro l of plasma. This assay shows good precision and efficiency, since recovery from human plasma and cell extracts spiked with NVP ranged between 87 and 104%, with coefficients of variation of <10%. A pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma NVP was performed for seven patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it gave results similar to published findings. Intracellular concentrations of NVP were measured in cultured human T-lymphoblastoid cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients. The results indicated a very low intracellular/extracellular concentration ratio (0.134), thus demonstrating the absence of intracellular drug accumulation. This is the first intracellular assay of a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, and this method could be useful in monitoring plasma and intracellular NVP levels in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Azoulay
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Hôpital Archet, Nice, France
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Avram S, Movileanu L, Mihailescu D, Flonta ML. Comparative study of some energetic and steric parameters of the wild type and mutants HIV-1 protease: a way to explain the viral resistance. J Cell Mol Med 2002; 6:251-60. [PMID: 12169210 PMCID: PMC6740297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because, in vivo, the HIV-1 PR ( HIV-1 protease) present a high mutation rate we performed a comparative study of the energetic behaviors of the wild type HIV-1 PR and four type of mutants: Val82/Asn; Val82/Asp; Gln7/Lys, Leu33/Ile, Leu63/Ile; Ala71/Thr, Val82/Ala. We suggest that the energetic fluctuation (electrostatic, van der Waals and torsion energy) of the mutants and the solvent accessible surface (SAS) values can be useful to explain the viral resistance process developed by HIV-1 PR. The number and localization of enzyme mutations induce important modifications of the van der Waals and torsional energy, while the electrostatic energy has an insignificant fluctuation. We showed that the viral resistance can be explored if the solvent accessible surfaces of the active site for the mutant structures are calculated. In this paper we have obtained the solvent accessible surface for a group of 15 mutants (11 mutants obtained by Protein Data Bank (PDB) file, 4 mutants modeled by CHARMM software) and for the wild type HIV-1 PR). Our study try to show that the number and localization of the mutations are factors which induce the HIV-1 PR viral resistance. The larger solvent accessible surface could be recorded for the point mutant Val 82/Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Avram
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, R-76201, Romania.
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