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Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Oda K, Fujimori K, Sera Y, Imanaka T, Yamaguchi M, Une M, Teno N. FXR Antagonist FLG249 Lowers Hepatic Triacylglycerol and Serum Cholesterol Level in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1429-1436. [PMID: 39135238 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the synthesis and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs). It also regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, making FXR ligands potential therapeutic agents for systemic and/or hepatic metabolic disorders. We previously synthesized a series of FXR antagonists and showed that oral administration of FLG249 reduced the expression of several FXR target genes in the mouse ileum. Here, we investigated the effects of FLG249 on lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). When FLG249 was administered for 4 weeks to HFD-induced obese mice, it altered the expression of genes related to BA metabolism, ceramide synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidation, improving lipid metabolism in the liver and ileum without decreasing body weight. These findings suggest that FLG249 has the potential to be a low toxicity pharmaceutical compound and likely acts as a nonsteroidal FXR antagonist to improve lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-Aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai)
| | - Keisuke Oda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yukihiro Sera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Tsuneo Imanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Masafumi Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Mizuho Une
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University
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Bertolini A, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:547-564. [PMID: 35415765 PMCID: PMC9256560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid-related signaling pathways that affect inflammation in the liver and provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical applications of modulators of these pathways for the treatment of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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Lian J, Li X, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu W, Ma J, Chen D, Li L, Huang J. Metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and chronic liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:994-1000. [PMID: 27768929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to compare serum metabolite alterations between acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and chronic liver failure (CLF), and find the specific biomarkers associated with the diseases. METHODS Serum samples were collected from patients with ACLF (n=76) and CLF (n=56) as well as healthy individuals (n=20) and assayed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The acquired data was analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS The PLS-DA model with satisfactory explanatory and predictive ability (R2=0.979, Q2=0.918) is capable of discriminate ACLF patients from CLF patients. Significant difference in the metabolomics among the three groups was observed, metabolites that decreased significantly in the serum of ACLF and CLF included phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), whereas conjugated bile acids (GCDCA, GUDCA) increased significantly, these metabolites considered as common biomarkers of liver failure. Linoleyl carnitine showed significant increase in CLF compared with controls while no significant change was observed in ACLF, it could be special biomarkers of ACLF and CLF. CONCLUSION Metabolomics based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry provide a new way to diagnose and reveal the pathogenesis of ACLF and CLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Lian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yinyin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianle Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Deying Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianrong Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Ellis ECS, Nauglers S, Parini P, Mörk LM, Jorns C, Zemack H, Sandblom AL, Björkhem I, Ericzon BG, Wilson EM, Strom SC, Grompe M. Mice with chimeric livers are an improved model for human lipoprotein metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78550. [PMID: 24223822 PMCID: PMC3817217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodents are poor model for human hyperlipidemias because total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels are very low on a normal diet. Lipoprotein metabolism is primarily regulated by hepatocytes and we therefore assessed whether chimeric mice extensively repopulated with human cells can model human lipid and bile acid metabolism. DESIGN FRG [ F ah(-/-) R ag2(-/-)Il2r g (-/-)]) mice were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. Serum lipoprotein lipid composition and distribution (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. Bile was analyzed by LC-MS or by GC-MS. RNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Chimeric mice displayed increased LDL and VLDL fractions and a lower HDL fraction compared to wild type, thus significantly shifting the ratio of LDL/HDL towards a human profile. Bile acid analysis revealed a human-like pattern with high amounts of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid (DCA). Control mice had only taurine-conjugated bile acids as expcted, but highly repopulated mice had glycine-conjugated cholic acid as found in human bile. RNA levels of human genes involved in bile acid synthesis including CYP7A1, and CYP27A1 were significantly upregulated as compared to human control liver. However, administration of recombinant hFGF19 restored human CYP7A1 levels to normal. CONCLUSION Humanized-liver mice showed a typical human lipoprotein profile with LDL as the predominant lipoprotein fraction even on a normal diet. The bile acid profile confirmed presence of an intact enterohepatic circulation. Although bile acid synthesis was deregulated in this model, this could be fully normalized by FGF19 administration. Taken together these data indicate that chimeric FRG-mice are a useful new model for human lipoprotein and bile-acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa C. S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Nauglers
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Zemack
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Lövgren Sandblom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Metabolomic analyses of faeces reveals malabsorption in cirrhotic patients. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:677-82. [PMID: 23384618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of faeces offers a unique opportunity to observe cooperation between the microbiome and the metabolism of mammalian hosts, an essential element in the study of the human metabolome. In the present study, a global metabolomics approach was used to identify metabolites differentially excreted in the faeces of cirrhotic patients compared to controls. METHODS Seventeen cirrhotic patients and 24 healthy individuals were recruited. Faecal metabolites were detected through non-targeted reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 9215 peaks were detected. Using unequal variance t-tests, 2393 peaks were observed with P≤0.05, approximately 74.0% of which were due to decreased faecal metabolite concentrations in liver cirrhosis vs. healthy controls. Integrating multivariate data analyses, we identified six major groups of metabolites. Relative levels of identified metabolites were as follows: strong increase in lysophosphatidylcholines, aromatic amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines, and a dramatic decrease in bile acids and bile pigments. CONCLUSION With severe hepatic injury in patients with liver cirrhosis, malabsorption occurs along with disorders of fatty acid metabolism, potentially due to changes in gut microflora.
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Setchell KDR, Heubi JE, Shah S, Lavine JE, Suskind D, Al-Edreesi M, Potter C, Russell DW, O'Connell NC, Wolfe B, Jha P, Zhang W, Bove KE, Knisely AS, Hofmann AF, Rosenthal P, Bull LN. Genetic defects in bile acid conjugation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:945-955.e6; quiz e14-5. [PMID: 23415802 PMCID: PMC4175397 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The final step in bile acid synthesis involves conjugation with glycine and taurine, which promotes a high intraluminal micellar concentration to facilitate lipid absorption. We investigated the clinical, biochemical, molecular, and morphologic features of a genetic defect in bile acid conjugation in 10 pediatric patients with fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, some with growth failure or transient neonatal cholestatic hepatitis. METHODS We identified the genetic defect that causes this disorder using mass spectrometry analysis of urine, bile, and serum samples and sequence analysis of the genes encoding bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) and bile acid-CoA ligase (SLC27A5). RESULTS Levels of urinary bile acids were increased (432 ± 248 μmol/L) and predominantly excreted in unconjugated forms (79.4% ± 3.9%) and as sulfates and glucuronides. Glycine or taurine conjugates were absent in the urine, bile, and serum. Unconjugated bile acids accounted for 95.7% ± 5.8% of the bile acids in duodenal bile, with cholic acid accounting for 82.4% ± 5.5% of the total. Duodenal bile acid concentrations were 12.1 ± 5.9 mmol/L, which is too low for efficient lipid absorption. The biochemical profile was consistent with defective bile acid amidation. Molecular analysis of BAAT confirmed 4 different homozygous mutations in 8 patients tested. CONCLUSIONS Based on a study of 10 pediatric patients, genetic defects that disrupt bile acid amidation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and growth failure, indicating the importance of bile acid conjugation in lipid absorption. Some patients developed liver disease with features of a cholangiopathy. These findings indicate that patients with idiopathic neonatal cholestasis or later onset of unexplained fat-soluble vitamin deficiency should be screened for defects in bile acid conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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UPLC-Q-TOF/HSMS/MSE-based metabonomics for adenine-induced changes in metabolic profiles of rat faeces and intervention effects of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 201:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao YY, Cheng XL, Wei F, Bai X, Lin RC. Application of faecal metabonomics on an experimental model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis by ultra performance liquid chromatography/high-sensitivity mass spectrometry with MSEdata collection technique. Biomarkers 2012; 17:721-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.724450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Mitamura K, Hori N, Iida T, Suzuki M, Shimizu T, Nittono H, Takaori K, Takikawa H, Hofmann AF, Ikegawa S. Identification of S-acyl glutathione conjugates of bile acids in human bile by means of LC/ESI-MS. Steroids 2011; 76:1609-14. [PMID: 22019844 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory has reported the biotransformation of bile acids (BA) into the thioester-linked glutathione (GSH) conjugates via the intermediary metabolites formed by BA:CoA ligase and shown that such GSH conjugates are excreted into the bile in healthy rats as well as rats dosed with lithocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid. To examine whether such novel BA-GSH conjugates are present in human bile, we determined the concentration of the GSH conjugates of the five BA that predominate in human bile. Bile was obtained from three infants (age 4, 10, and 13 months) and the BA-GSH conjugates quantified by means of liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) in negative-ion scan mode, monitoring characteristic transitions of the analytes. By LC/ESI-MS, only primary BA were present in biliary BA, indicating that the dehydroxylating flora had not yet developed. GSH conjugates of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid were present in concentrations ranging from 27 to 1120 pmol/ml, several orders of magnitude less than those of natural BA N-acylamidates. GSH conjugates were not present, however, in the ductal bile obtained from 10 adults (nine choledocholithiasis, one bile duct cancer). Our results indicate that BA-GSH conjugates are formed and excreted in human bile, at least in infants, although this novel mode of conjugation is a very minor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Muscarinic receptor signaling in colon cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:971-81. [PMID: 24212649 PMCID: PMC3756399 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, colon cancer results from accumulating somatic gene mutations; environmental growth factors accelerate and augment this process. For example, diets rich in meat and fat increase fecal bile acids and colon cancer risk. In rodent cancer models, increased fecal bile acids promote colon dysplasia. Conversely, in rodents and in persons with inflammatory bowel disease, low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid treatment alters fecal bile acid composition and attenuates colon neoplasia. In the course of elucidating the mechanism underlying these actions, we discovered that bile acids interact functionally with intestinal muscarinic receptors. The present communication reviews muscarinic receptor expression in normal and neoplastic colon epithelium, the role of autocrine signaling following synthesis and release of acetylcholine from colon cancer cells, post-muscarinic receptor signaling including the role of transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors and activation of the ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, the structural biology and metabolism of bile acids and evidence for functional interaction of bile acids with muscarinic receptors on human colon cancer cells. In murine colon cancer models, deficiency of subtype 3 muscarinic receptors attenuates intestinal neoplasia; a proof-of-concept supporting muscarinic receptor signaling as a therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Fecal metabolome profiling of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patients by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 691:68-75. [PMID: 21458633 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fecal metabolome of healthy humans and patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were studied using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS). Metabolic features detected by the method were then statistically treated using partial least squares to latent structure-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models to discriminate between healthy and diseased states. PLS-DA was also used to discriminate between cirrhosis and HCC stressed fecal metabolomes and to identify potential biomarkers for cirrhosis and HCC that are expressed at significantly different amounts in fecal metabolomes. Score plots of pattern recognition analysis distinguished liver cirrhosis and HCC patients from healthy humans. Based on the variable of importance in the project (VIP) values and S-plots, six metabolites were considered as potential biomarkers with a strong increase in lysophosphatidylcholines and a dramatic decrease in bile acids and bile pigments in patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC in comparison with healthy humans. Results demonstrate the potential of UPLC-MS as an efficient and convenient method that can be applied to screen fecal samples and aid in the early diagnosis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Rosen MB, Thibodeaux JR, Wood CR, Zehr RD, Schmid JE, Lau C. Gene expression profiling in the lung and liver of PFOA-exposed mouse fetuses. Toxicology 2007; 239:15-33. [PMID: 17681415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a stable perfluoroalkyl acid used to synthesize fluoropolymers during the manufacture of a wide variety of products. Concerns have been raised over the potential health effects of PFOA because it is persistent in the environment and can be detected in blood and other tissues of many animal species, including humans. PFOA has also been shown to induce growth deficits and mortality in murine neonates. To better understand the mechanism of PFOA induced developmental toxicity, lung and liver gene expression profiling was conducted in PFOA-exposed full-term mouse fetuses. Thirty timed-pregnant CD-1 mice were orally dosed from gestation days 1-17 with either 0, 1, 3, 5, or 10mg/(kgday) PFOA in water. At term, fetal lung and liver were collected, total RNA prepared, and samples pooled from three fetuses per litter. Five biological replicates consisting of individual litter samples were then evaluated for each treatment group using Affymetrix mouse 430_2 microarrays. The expression of genes related to fatty acid catabolism was altered in both the fetal liver and lung. In the fetal liver, the effects of PFOA were robust and also included genes associated with lipid transport, ketogenesis, glucose metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, proteosome activation, and inflammation. These changes are consistent with transactivation of PPARalpha, although, with regard to bile acid biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, non-PPARalpha related effects were suggested as well. Additional studies will be needed to more thoroughly address the role of PPARalpha, and other nuclear receptors, in PFOA mediated developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell B Rosen
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Barth A, Braun J, Müller D. Bile acid transport and metabolism in rat liver slices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57:313-9. [PMID: 16413764 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To further characterise precision-cut liver slices from 34- to 40-day-old male rats as an in vitro model for bile acid (BA) metabolism and transport, the effect of the primary BAs cholic (CA, 5 microM) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, 0.15 and 0.75 microM) as well as of the therapeutically used tauroursodeoxycholic acid (T-UDCA, 5 microM) on BA profiles was investigated. After 4 h incubation in 5 ml Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) 26 individual BAs were determined in slices (50 mg liver/5 ml KHB) and medium by HPLC with postcolumn derivatisation and fluorescence detection. In control incubations, mean total BA concentrations were 5.09 nmol/50 mg liver (101.80 nmol/g liver) in slices and 25.71 nmol/5 ml KHB, among them 72% taurine-(T-), 22% glycine-(G-) conjugated and 6% free BAs in tissue and medium. The main BAs were beta-muricholic (beta-MCA and conjugates) and cholic acids (CA and conjugates) in tissue and medium. The following results were obtained after addition of CDCA, CA, and T-UDCA, respectively, to the KHB. The toxic CDCA was quantitatively converted mainly to T-UDCA and taurohyodeoxycholic (T-HDCA) acid. CA was conjugated in equal shares to T- and G-CA, whereas T-UDCA was enriched in slices and hydroxylated half to T-beta-MCA, which is the main BA in rats. In conclusion, rat liver slices are highly effective not only in uptake, conjugation and excretion of BAs but also in conversion of strong detergent into less toxic BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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Hofmann AF, Zakko SF, Lira M, Clerici C, Hagey LR, Lambert KK, Steinbach JH, Schteingart CD, Olinga P, Groothuis GMM. Novel biotransformation and physiological properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in humans. Hepatology 2005; 42:1391-8. [PMID: 16317695 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed in 2 volunteers to define the biotransformation and physiological properties of norursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA), the C(23) (C(24)-nor) homolog of UDCA. To complement the in vivo studies, the biotransformation of norUDCA ex vivo using precision-cut human liver slices was also characterized. In the human studies, both a tracer dose given intravenously and a physiological dose (7.9 mmol, 3.0 g) given orally were excreted equally in bile and urine. By chromatography and mass spectrometry, the dominant biotransformation product of norUDCA in bile and urine was the C-23 ester glucuronide. Little N-acyl amidation (with glycine or taurine) occurred. The oral dose induced a sustained bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis, with total bile flow averaging 20 microL/kg/min, a rate extrapolating to 2 L/d. The increased bile flow was attributed to cholehepatic shunting of norUDCA as well to the lack of micelles in bile. Phospholipid and cholesterol secretion relative to bile acid secretion decreased during secretion of norUDCA and its metabolites, presumably also because of the absence of micelles in canalicular bile. When incubated with human liver slices, norUDCA was glucuronidated, whereas UDCA was conjugated with glycine or taurine. In conclusion, in humans, norUDCA is glucuronidated rather than amidated. In humans, but not animals, there is considerable renal elimination of the C-23 ester glucuronide, the dominant metabolite. NorUDCA ingestion induces a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis and evokes less phospholipid and cholesterol secretion into bile than UDCA. Molecules that undergo cholehepatic shunting should be powerful choleretics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Hofmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 92093, USA.
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Song S, Byrd JC, Koo JS, Bresalier RS. Bile acids induce MUC2 overexpression in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer 2005; 103:1606-14. [PMID: 15754327 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin alterations are a common feature of colonic neoplasia, and alterations in MUC2 mucin have been associated with tumor progression in the colon. Bile acids have been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis and mucin secretion, but their effects on mucin gene expression in human colon carcinoma cells is unknown METHODS Human colon carcinoma cells were treated </= 6 hours with 10-200 microM deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, or ursodeoxycholate. MUC2 protein was assayed by Western blot analysis and MUC2 transcription was assayed using a MUC2 promoter reporter luciferase construct. Transcription activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity was measured using an AP-1 reporter construct and confirmed by Western blot analysis for c-Jun/AP-1. RESULTS MUC2 transcription and MUC2 protein expression were increased three to fourfold by bile acids in a time and dose-dependent manner with no effect on cell viability. AP-1 activity was also increased (deoxycholate > chenodeoxycholate > ursodeoxycholate). Treatment with the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin, which decreased AP-1 activity, also decreased MUC2 transcription. Cotransfection with a dominant negative AP-1 vector decreased MUC2 transcription, confirming the significance of AP-1 in MUC2 induction by deoxycholate. Calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), greatly decreased bile acid-induced MUC2 transcription and AP-1 activity, whereas inhibitors of MAP kinase had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Bile acids induced mucin expression in human colon carcinoma cells by increasing MUC2 transcription through a process involving MAP kinase-independent, PKC-dependent activation of AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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17
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Solaas K, Kase BF, Pham V, Bamberg K, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Differential regulation of cytosolic and peroxisomal bile acid amidation by PPARα activation favors the formation of unconjugated bile acids. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1051-60. [PMID: 15026425 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300291-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In human liver, unconjugated bile acids can be formed by the action of bile acid-CoA thioesterases (BACTEs), whereas bile acid conjugation with taurine or glycine (amidation) is catalyzed by bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases (BACATs). Both pathways exist in peroxisomes and cytosol. Bile acid amidation facilitates biliary excretion, whereas the accumulation of unconjugated bile acids may become hepatotoxic. We hypothesized that the formation of unconjugated and conjugated bile acids from their common substrate bile acid-CoA thioesters by BACTE and BACAT is regulated via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Livers from wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice either untreated or treated with the PPARalpha activator WY-14,643 were analyzed for BACTE and BACAT expression. The total liver capacity of taurochenodeoxycholate and taurocholate formation was decreased in WY-14,643-treated wild-type mice by 60% and 40%, respectively, but not in PPARalpha-null mice. Suppression of the peroxisomal BACAT activity was responsible for the decrease in liver capacity, whereas cytosolic BACAT activity was essentially unchanged by the treatment. In both cytosol and peroxisomes, the BACTE activities and protein levels were upregulated 5- to 10-fold by the treatment. These effects caused by WY-14,643 treatment were abolished in PPARalpha-null mice. The results from this study suggest that an increased formation of unconjugated bile acids occurs during PPARalpha activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne Solaas
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Barth A, Klinger G, Rost M. Influence of ethinyloestradiol propanolsulphonate on serum bile acids in healthy volunteers. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2003; 54:381-6. [PMID: 12877349 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work was done to clarify the relevance of altered serum bile acid (BA) profile in healthy women after the administration of the depot oestrogen ethinyloestradiol propanolsulphonate (EES). In the serum of 20 healthy women before and two times after oral EES application, 11 free and 14 taurine- and glycine-conjugated BA were analysed by HPLC with postcolumn derivatisation and fluorescence detection. EES significantly enhanced the total serum BA concentration and that of taurine-conjugated BAs, more pronounced the secondary BAs taurodeoxycholic, tauroursodeoxycholic and taurolithocholic acid. These secondary BAs are produced in the intestine by bacteria due to 7alpha-dehydroxylation of the primary BAs cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. Because of unchanged free BAs, also produced by intestinal bacteria due to deconjugation, the results were interpreted as a sign of disturbed transport of BAs into the liver. Inhibition of the liver Na(+)-bile salt co-transporter (Ntcp) in the sinusoidal membrane by ethinyloestradiol, formed from the prodrug EES, may be responsible for the altered BA profile in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
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19
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Setchell KDR, Heubi JE, Bove KE, O'Connell NC, Brewsaugh T, Steinberg SJ, Moser A, Squires RH. Liver disease caused by failure to racemize trihydroxycholestanoic acid: gene mutation and effect of bile acid therapy. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:217-32. [PMID: 12512044 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2003.50017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism may present as neonatal cholestasis and fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption or as late onset chronic liver disease. Our aim was to fully characterize a defect in bile acid synthesis in a 2-week-old African-American girl presenting with coagulopathy, vitamin D and E deficiencies, and mild cholestasis and in her sibling, whose liver had been used for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS Bile acids were measured by mass spectrometry in urine, bile, serum, and feces of the patient and in urine from the unrelated recipient. RESULTS Liver biopsy specimens showed neonatal hepatitis with giant cell transformation and hepatocyte necrosis; peroxisomes were reduced in number. High concentrations of (25R)3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid in the urine, bile, and serum established a pattern similar to that of Zellweger syndrome and identical to the Alligator mississippiensis. Serum phytanic acid was normal, whereas pristanic acid was markedly elevated. Biochemical, MRI, and neurologic findings were inconsistent with a generalized defect of peroxisomal function and were unique. Analysis of the urine from the recipient of the deceased sibling's liver confirmed the same bile acid synthetic defect. A deficiency in 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, which is essential for conversion of (25R)THCA to its 25S-isomer, the substrate to initiate peroxisomal beta-oxidation to primary bile acids, was confirmed by DNA analysis revealing a missense mutation (S52P) in the gene encoding this enzyme. Long-term treatment with cholic acid normalized liver enzymes and prevented progression of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This genetic defect further highlights bile acid synthetic defects as a cause of neonatal cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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20
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Gerloff T, Geier A, Roots I, Meier PJ, Gartung C. Functional analysis of the rat bile salt export pump gene promoter. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:3495-503. [PMID: 12135489 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 5' flanking region of the bile salt export pump (Bsep) gene was systematically analysed to provide the basis for understanding the mechanisms which regulate Bsep transcription. In addition substrates and drugs were investigated for their ability to alter Bsep promoter activity. Bsep promoter function was restricted to hepatocyte derived HepG2 cells. The 5' deletional analysis revealed a biphasic shape of reporter gene activities, indicating a suppressive element between nucleotides -800 and -512. Two consensus sites for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were located at nucleotides -473 and -64. The latter was characterized as functionally active in bile acid-mediated feed-back regulation of Bsep transcription. Bsep promoter activity was reduced by rifampin and beta-estradiol. The anti-estrogen tamoxifen stimulated promoter activity. Dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and phenobarbital had no effect on Bsep promoter activity. In conclusion, the data suggest that transcriptional regulation of the Bsep gene can be modulated by a number of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. FXR was a major regulatory factor, mediating bile acid feed-back stimulation of Bsep transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerloff
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Charité University Medical Center, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Batta AK, Datta SC, Tint GS, Alberts DS, Earnest DL, Salen G. A convenient synthesis of dinorbile acids: oxidative hydrolysis of norbile acid nitriles. Steroids 1999; 64:780-4. [PMID: 10577835 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(99)00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a convenient method for the synthesis of dinorbile acids (23,24-dinor-5beta-cholan-22-oic acids, pregnane-20-carboxylic acids) in fair to good yields from norbile acid nitriles in one step by oxidative hydrolysis with oxygen in the presence of potassium-t-butoxide. The method results in stepwise overall removal of two carbon atoms in bile acid side chains in two steps. Dinorbile acids corresponding to several common bile acids have been prepared and their structures confirmed by spectroscopic methods. This simple method for synthesis of dinorbile acids may facilitate their study metabolically.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Batta
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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22
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Wang H, Chen J, Hollister K, Sowers LC, Forman BM. Endogenous bile acids are ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR. Mol Cell 1999; 3:543-53. [PMID: 10360171 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1197] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major metabolic pathway for elimination of cholesterol is via conversion to bile acids. In addition to this metabolic function, bile acids also act as signaling molecules that negatively regulate their own biosynthesis. However, the precise nature of this signaling pathway has been elusive. We have isolated an endogenous biliary component (chenodeoxycholic acid) that selectively activates the orphan nuclear receptor, FXR. Structure-activity analysis defined a subset of related bile acid ligands that activate FXR and promote coactivator recruitment. Finally, we show that ligand-occupied FXR inhibits transactivation from the oxysterol receptor LXR alpha, a positive regulator of cholesterol degradation. We suggest that FXR (BAR) is the endogenous bile acid sensor and thus an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Gonda Research Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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23
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Zhang F, Subbaramaiah K, Altorki N, Dannenberg AJ. Dihydroxy bile acids activate the transcription of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2424-8. [PMID: 9442092 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, endogenous promoters of gastrointestinal cancer, activate protein kinase C (PKC) and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Because other activators of PKC and AP-1 induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), we determined the effects of bile acids on the expression of COX-2 in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with the dihydroxy bile acids chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate resulted in an approximately 10-fold increase in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Enhanced synthesis of PGE2 was associated with a marked increase in the levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein, with maximal effects at 8-12 and 12-24 h, respectively. In contrast, neither cholic acid nor conjugated bile acids affected the levels of COX-2 or the synthesis of PGE2. Nuclear run-off assays and transient transfections with a human COX-2 promoter construct showed that induction of COX-2 mRNA by chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate was due to increased transcription. Bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 was blocked by inhibitors of PKC activity, including calphostin C and staurosporine. Treatment with bile acid enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and increased binding of AP-1 to DNA. These data are important because dihydroxy bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 may explain, at least in part, the tumor-promoting effects of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA
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24
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Fernández JI, Mañas M, Rueda A, Martínez-Victoria E, Naranjo JA. Taurine- and glycine-conjugated bile acids in the preruminant goat: identification by high performance liquid chromatography. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1996; 152:433-9. [PMID: 8791851 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography technique has been developed for the identification of taurine- and glycine-conjugated bile acids in the bile of preruminant goats. The mobile phase consisted of two solvents: acetonitrile (A) and 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) (B). Samples (10 microliters) were eluted with a linear gradient in which acetonitrile was increased from 25 to 35%, and from 35 to 45%, at 10 min intervals. Flow rate was 1.0 ml min-1, and bile acids were detected at 200 nm. This sample high resolution technique was highly reproducible, involved a minimum of straightforward sample treatment, and required a short chromatographic development time. The technique will be of use in the systematic identifications of bile acids in preruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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25
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Fracchia M, Setchell KD, Crosignani A, Podda M, O'Connell N, Ferraris R, Hofmann AF, Galatola G. Bile acid conjugation in early stage cholestatic liver disease before and during treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 248:175-85. [PMID: 8740581 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of bile acid conjugation before and during therapy with 600 mg/day of ursodeoxycholic acid was measured in seven adult patients with early chronic cholestatic liver disease (6 with primary biliary cirrhosis; 1 with primary sclerosing cholangitis). Duodenal bile samples were obtained by aspiration and the proportion of unconjugated bile acids was determined using lipophilic anion exchange chromatography to separate bile acid classes, followed by analysis of individual bile acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proportion of conjugated bile acids was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Use of a (99m)Tc-HIDA recovery marker permitted the absolute mass of unconjugated bile acids in the gallbladder to be calculated. Unconjugated bile acids comprised 0.4% of total biliary bile acids before and 0.2% during ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, indicating highly efficient conjugation of bile acids. During therapy, percentage unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid significantly increased from (mean +/- S.D.) 13 +/- 13% to 54 +/- 12%; P < 0.002. When the unconjugated and conjugated fractions of bile acids were compared, there was an enrichment in unconjugated fraction for cholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid and a depletion for chenodeoxycholic acid both in basal condition and during ursodeoxycholic acid therapy, suggesting that hydrophilic bile acids were conjugated less efficiently. During therapy, the conjugation efficiency significantly increased for cholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. The pretreatment mass of total unconjugated bile acids in the gallbladder was (mean +/- S.D.) 4.4 +/- 3.2 mumol, and was not significantly changed by ursodeoxycholic acid therapy (6.2 +/- 3.5 mumol). However, ursodeoxycholic acid therapy caused a significant increase in the mass of unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid. It is concluded that endogenous bile acids and exogenous ursodeoxycholic acid when given at the usual dose are efficiently conjugated in patients with early cholestatic liver disease. Despite showing increased biliary unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid during its oral administration, our data do not lend support to the occurrence of hypercholeresis due to cholehepatic shunting of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fracchia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino, Italy
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26
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Merrill JR, Schteingart CD, Hagey LR, Peng Y, Ton-Nu HT, Frick E, Jirsa M, Hofmann AF. Hepatic biotransformation in rodents and physicochemical properties of 23(R)-hydroxychenodeoxycholic acid, a natural alpha-hydroxy bile acid. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cavrini V, Gatti R, Roda A, Cerrè C, Roveri P. HPLC-fluorescence determination of bile acids in pharmaceuticals and bile after derivatization with 2-bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:761-70. [PMID: 8257742 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene was used as a pre-chromatographic fluorescent labelling reagent for the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of bile acids. The derivatization reaction was performed in an aqueous medium in the presence of tetrahexylammonium bromide by ultrasonication at 40 degrees C to give fluorescent esters which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected fluorimetrically (lambda ex = 300 nm, lambda em = 460 nm). Applications to the determination of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in their pharmaceutical formulations are described. The method was also applied to the determination of free and conjugated bile acids in human bile samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cavrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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28
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Hofmann AF, Mysels KJ. Bile acid solubility and precipitation in vitro and in vivo: the role of conjugation, pH, and Ca2+ ions. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- N Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Aachen University of Technology, Germany
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30
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31
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Bile acids and bile alcohols in a child with hepatic 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency: effects of chenodeoxycholic acid treatment. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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32
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Identification of short side chain bile acids in urine of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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Une M, Yamanaga K, Mosbach EH, Tsujimura K, Hoshita T. Metabolism of 7 beta-alkyl chenodeoxycholic acid analogs and their effect on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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34
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Eguchi T, Miyazaki H, Nakayama F. Simultaneous determination of keto and non-keto bile acids in human serum by gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 525:25-42. [PMID: 2338448 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A reliable method for the simultaneous determination of keto and non-keto bile acids in human serum was developed. Carbonyl substituents of bile acid ethyl esters were converted into methyloxime and hydroxyl substituents into dimethylethylsilyl ethers and the products were analysed directly by capillary gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring using [2H4]chenodeoxycholic and [2H4]3 alpha-hydroxy-7-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acids as internal standards. The bile acid peaks on the selected ion chromatogram were separated without interference from endogenous substances present in serum. Recoveries of individual keto bile acids added to serum range from 74.4 to 94.7% with a mean of 87.1%. Eight kinds of keto bile acids not previously found in sera of normal subjects, namely 3-oxo-, 3-oxo-7 alpha-hydroxy-, 3-oxo-12 alpha-hydroxy-, 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-oxo, 3 alpha-hydroxy-12-oxo-, 3-oxo-7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo- and 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acids were identified and quantified. The total concentration of keto bile acids was found to be 0.16 +/- 0.08 nmol/ml and constituted 2.9 +/- 1.5% of that of the usual non-keto bile acids in peripheral venous serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eguchi
- Department of Surgery I, Kyushu University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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35
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36
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Setchell KD, Dumaswala R, Colombo C, Ronchi M. Hepatic bile acid metabolism during early development revealed from the analysis of human fetal gallbladder bile. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Street
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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38
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Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF. Synthesis of 24-nor-5 beta-cholan-23-oic acid derivatives: a convenient and efficient one-carbon degradation of the side chain of natural bile acids. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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39
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Axelson M, Mörk B, Sjövall J. Occurrence of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid, 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid, and 7 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid as normal constituents in human blood. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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