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Dyrda-Terniuk T, Pomastowski P. The Multifaceted Roles of Bovine Lactoferrin: Molecular Structure, Isolation Methods, Analytical Characteristics, and Biological Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20500-20531. [PMID: 38091520 PMCID: PMC10755757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) is widely known as an iron-binding glycoprotein from the transferrin family. The bLF molecule exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activity, including iron delivery, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and prebiotic functions, thereby making it one of the most valuable representatives for biomedical applications. Remarkably, LF functionality might completely differ in dependence on the iron saturation state and glycosylation patterns. Recently, a violently growing demand for bLF production has been observed, mostly for infant formulas, dietary supplements, and functional food formulations. Unfortunately, one of the reasons that inhibit the development of the bLF market and widespread protein implementation is related to its negligible amount in both major sources─colostrum and mature milk. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the significance of bLF research by delineating the key structural characteristics of the protein and elucidating their impact on its physicochemical and biological properties. Progress in the development of optimal isolation techniques for bLF is critically assessed, alongside the challenges that arise during its production. Furthermore, this paper presents a curated list of the most relevant instrumental techniques for the characterization of bLF. Lastly, it discusses the prospective applications and future directions for bLF-based formulations, highlighting their potential in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Dyrda-Terniuk
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary
Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University
in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary
Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University
in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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2
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Singh J, Maurya A, Singh PK, Viswanathan V, Ahmad MI, Sharma P, Sharma S, Singh TP. A Peptide Bond from the Inter-lobe Segment in the Bilobal Lactoferrin Acts as a Preferred Site for Cleavage for Serine Proteases to Generate the Perfect C-lobe: Structure of the Pepsin Hydrolyzed Lactoferrin C-lobe at 2.28 Å Resolution. Protein J 2021; 40:857-866. [PMID: 34734372 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-lobe represents the C-terminal half of lactoferrin which is a bilobal 80 kDa iron binding glycoprotein. The two lobes are designated as N-lobe (Ser1-Glu333) and C-lobe (Arg344-Arg689). The N- and C-lobes are connected by a 10-residue long α-helical peptide (Thr334-Thr343). Both lobes adopt similar conformations and have identical iron binding sites. The bilobal lactoferrin was hydrolyzed in a limited proteolysis using pepsin at pH 2.0. It produced a 40 kDa and fully functional C-lobe which was purified and crystallized at pH 8.0. The structure determination revealed that the structure contained residues from Tyr342 to Arg689 representing a fully functional monoferric C-lobe. It showed that pepsin cleaved lactoferrin at the peptide bond Arg341-Tyr342 which is part of the inter-lobe decapeptide. Interestingly, the two previously determined structures of the enzymatically produced C-lobe using trypsin and proteinase K also cleaved lactoferrin at the same peptide bond Arg341-Tyr342. This was a striking result as the three enzymes, pepsin, trypsin and proteinase K have different specificity requirements and yet they cleaved the bilobal lactoferrin at the same peptide bond and generated an identical and fully functional C-lobe. This shows that the observed cleavage site in lactoferrin adopts a highly favourable conformation for proteolysis. It is noteworthy that the three enzymes with different specificities cut the protein at the same peptide bond which may be of physiological significance because the antibacterial action of lactoferrin is extended further through the C-lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiya Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Ankit Maurya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - V Viswanathan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Md Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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Rastogi N, Singh A, Singh PK, Tyagi TK, Pandey S, Shin K, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structure of iron saturated C-lobe of bovine lactoferrin at pH 6.8 indicates a weakening of iron coordination. Proteins 2016; 84:591-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Avinash Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Prashant K. Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Tapesh K. Tyagi
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sada Pandey
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Kouichirou Shin
- Functional Food Ingredients Department; Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Redwan EM, Uversky VN, El-Fakharany EM, Al-Mehdar H. Potential lactoferrin activity against pathogenic viruses. C R Biol 2014; 337:581-95. [PMID: 25282173 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80-kDa globular glycoprotein with high affinity for metal ions, particularly for iron. This protein possesses many biological functions, including the binding and release of iron and serves as one of the important components of the innate immune system, where it acts as a potent inhibitor of several pathogens. LF has efficacious antibacterial and antiviral activities against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against both naked and enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. In its antiviral pursuit, LF acts predominantly at the acute phase of the viral infection or even at the intracellular stage, as in hepatitis C virus infection. LF inhibits the entry of viral particles into host cells, either by direct attachment to the viral particles or by blocking their cellular receptors. This wide range of activities may be attributed to the capacity of LF to bind iron and its ability to interfere with the cellular receptors of both hosts and pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21394, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21394, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hussein Al-Mehdar
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Rastogi N, Singh A, Pandey SN, Sinha M, Bhushan A, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structure of the iron-free true C-terminal half of bovine lactoferrin produced by tryptic digestion and its functional significance in the gut. FEBS J 2014; 281:2871-82. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Avinash Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sada Nand Pandey
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Mau Sinha
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Asha Bhushan
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Rastogi N, Nagpal N, Alam H, Pandey S, Gautam L, Sinha M, Shin K, Manzoor N, Virdi JS, Kaur P, Sharma S, Singh TP. Preparation and antimicrobial action of three tryptic digested functional molecules of bovine lactoferrin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90011. [PMID: 24595088 PMCID: PMC3940724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa bilobal, iron binding glycoprotein which is primarily antimicrobial in nature. The hydrolysis of lactoferrin by various proteases in the gut produces several functional fragments of lactoferrin which have varying molecular sizes and properties. Here, bovine lactoferrin has been hydrolyzed by trypsin, the major enzyme present in the gut, to produce three functional molecules of sizes approximately 21 kDa, 38 kDa and 45 kDa. The molecules have been purified using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and identified using N-terminal sequencing, which reveals that while the 21 kDa molecule corresponds to the N2 domain (21LF), the 38 kDa represents the whole C-lobe (38LF) and the 45 kDa is a portion of N1 domain of N-lobe attached to the C-lobe (45LF). The iron binding and release properties of 21LF, 38LF and 45LF have been studied and compared. The sequence and structure analysis of the portions of the excision sites of LF from various species have been done. The antibacterial properties of these three molecules against bacterial strains, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. The antifungal action of the molecules was also evaluated against Candida albicans. This is the first report on the antimicrobial actions of the trypsin cleaved functional molecules of lactoferrin from any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Rastogi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitish Nagpal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Hammad Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovely Gautam
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mau Sinha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kouichirou Shin
- Food Science & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Jugsharan S. Virdi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SS); (TPS)
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SS); (TPS)
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Müh F, Zouni A. The nonheme iron in photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:295-314. [PMID: 24077892 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), the light-driven water:plastoquinone (PQ) oxidoreductase of oxygenic photosynthesis, contains a nonheme iron (NHI) at its electron acceptor side. The NHI is situated between the two PQs QA and QB that serve as one-electron transmitter and substrate of the reductase part of PSII, respectively. Among the ligands of the NHI is a (bi)carbonate originating from CO2, the substrate of the dark reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. Based on recent advances in the crystallography of PSII, we review the structure of the NHI in PSII and discuss ideas concerning its function and the role of bicarbonate along with a comparison to the reaction center of purple bacteria and other enzymes containing a mononuclear NHI site.
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C-lobe of lactoferrin: the whole story of the half-molecule. Biochem Res Int 2013; 2013:271641. [PMID: 23762557 PMCID: PMC3671519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/271641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding diferric glycoprotein present in most of the exocrine secretions. The major role of lactoferrin, which is found abundantly in colostrum, is antimicrobial action for the defense of mammary gland and the neonates. Lactoferrin consists of two equal halves, designated as N-lobe and C-lobe, each of which contains one iron-binding site. While the N-lobe of lactoferrin has been extensively studied and is known for its enhanced antimicrobial effect, the C-lobe of lactoferrin mediates various therapeutic functions which are still being discovered. The potential of the C-lobe in the treatment of gastropathy, diabetes, and corneal wounds and injuries has been indicated. This review provides the details of the proteolytic preparation of C-lobe, and interspecies comparisons of its sequence and structure, as well as the scope of its therapeutic applications.
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Ishii N, Kobayashi T, Matsumiya K, Ryu M, Hirata Y, Matsumura Y, Suzuki YA. Transdermal administration of lactoferrin with sophorolipid1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:504-12. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional glycoprotein, is known to activate dermal fibroblasts. Enhancing percutaneous absorption without decreasing the activity of Lf is critical in making the dermal administration of Lf beneficial. Sophorolipid (SL), a glycolipid-type biosurfactant, is known to form assemblies that may elevate the efficiency of the transdermal delivery of active ingredients. Here, we investigated the role of SL in the transdermal absorption of bovine Lf (bLf) and the effect of SL on the bLf activity on dermal fibroblasts. Transdermal absorption of bLf through a model skin was enhanced by 1.3-fold to 1.7-fold when SL was added. The effects of SL on the bLf activities on dermal fibroblasts were examined by cell proliferation activities and by gene expression levels of elastic fiber components, collagen IV, and hyaluronan synthases, revealing that SL did not depress the effect of bLf to any extent. Instead, the tropoelastin gene expression was upregulated ∼60-fold by bLf alone, which was further increased to ∼160-fold by bLf and SL together, suggesting a significant synergism between bLf and SL. Protein levels of elastin, assessed by immunohistochemistry, correlated well with the results of gene expressions. These results indicate the feasibility of the transdermal administration of bLf with SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanase Ishii
- Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co. Ltd., 24-12 Tamate, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co. Ltd., 24-12 Tamate, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsumiya
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mizuyuki Ryu
- Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co. Ltd., 24-12 Tamate, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirata
- Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co. Ltd., 24-12 Tamate, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan
| | - Yasuki Matsumura
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi A. Suzuki
- Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co. Ltd., 24-12 Tamate, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan
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Mizutani K, Toyoda M, Mikami B. X-ray structures of transferrins and related proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:203-11. [PMID: 21855609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrins are a group of iron-binding proteins including serum transferrin, lactoferrin and ovotransferrin. SCOPE OF REVIEW The structures of transferrins are discussed. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The typical transferrin molecules are folded into two homologous lobes. X-ray crystallography revealed that each lobe is further divided into two similarly sized domains, and that an iron-binding site is contained within the inter-domain cleft. The six iron coordination sites are occupied by four residues and a bidentate carbonate anion. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The structures of the apo- and holo-forms revealed that the transferrins undergo a large-scale conformational change upon the uptake and release of irons: domains rotate as rigid bodies around a screw axis passing through inter-domain contacts. The iron-release mechanism of transferrin N-lobe is also revealed by X-ray crystallography; two basic residues in two domains form an unusual hydrogen bond in neutral pH, and the bond should be broken and facilitate iron release at a low pH of the endosome. For ovotransferrin, the iron release kinetics of two lobes correspond well with the numbers of anion binding sites found in crystal structures. The structures of transferrins bound to other metals revealed that the flexibility of the transferrin structure allows the ability to bind to other metals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Mizutani
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Serine protease PrtA from Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a role in the killing of S. pneumoniae by apolactoferrin. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2440-50. [PMID: 21422179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00489-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that apolactoferrin, the iron-free form of human lactoferrin, can kill many species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lactoferricin, an N-terminal peptide of apolactoferrin, and fragments of it are even more bactericidal than apolactoferrin. In this study we found that apolactoferrin must be cleaved by a serine protease in order for it to kill pneumococci. The serine protease inhibitors were able to block killing by apolactoferrin but did not block killing by a lactoferrin-derived peptide. Thus, the killing of pneumococci by apolactoferrin appears to require a protease to release a lactoferricin-like peptide(s). Incubation of apolactoferrin with growing pneumococci resulted in a 12-kDa reduction in its molecular mass, of which about 7 to 8 kDa of the reduction was protease dependent. Capsular type 2 and 19F strains with mutations in the gene encoding the major cell wall-associated serine protease, prtA, lost much of their ability to degrade apolactoferrin and were relatively resistant to killing by apolactoferrin (P < 0.001). Recombinant PrtA was also able to cleave apolactoferrin, reducing its mass by about 8 kDa, and greatly enhance the killing activity of the solution containing the apolactoferrin and its cleavage products. Mass spectroscopy revealed that PrtA makes a major cut between amino acids 78 and 79 of human lactoferrin, removing the N-terminal end of the molecule (about 8.6 kDa). The simplest interpretation of these data is that the mechanism by which apolactoferrin kills Streptococcus pneumoniae requires the release of a lactoferricin-like peptide(s) and that it is this peptide(s), and not the intact apolactoferrin, which kills pneumococci.
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Mir R, Singh N, Vikram G, Sinha M, Bhushan A, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structural and binding studies of C-terminal half (C-lobe) of lactoferrin protein with COX-2-specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mir R, Kumar RP, Singh N, Vikram GP, Sinha M, Bhushan A, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Sharma S, Singh TP. Specific interactions of C-terminal half (C-lobe) of lactoferrin protein with edible sugars: Binding and structural studies with implications on diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mir R, Singh N, Vikram G, Kumar RP, Sinha M, Bhushan A, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Sharma S, Singh TP. The structural basis for the prevention of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal tract damage by the C-lobe of bovine colostrum lactoferrin. Biophys J 2010; 97:3178-86. [PMID: 20006955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), due to their good efficacy in the treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever, are among the most prescribed class of medicines in the world. The main drawback of NSAIDs is that they induce gastric complications such as peptic ulceration and injury to the intestine. Four NSAIDs, indomethacin, diclofenac, aspirin, and ibuprofen were selected to induce gastropathy in mouse models. It was found that the addition of C-terminal half of bovine lactoferrin (C-lobe) reversed the NSAID-induced injuries to the extent of 47-70% whereas the coadministration of C-lobe prevented it significantly. The C-lobe was prepared proteolytically using serine proteases. The binding studies of C-lobe with NSAIDs showed that these compounds bind to C-lobe with affinities ranging from 2.6 to 4.8 x 10(-4) M. The complexes of C-lobe were prepared with the above four NSAIDs. All four complexes were crystallized and their detailed three-dimensional structures were determined using x-ray crystallographic method. The structures showed that all the four NSAID molecules bound to C-lobe at the newly identified ligand binding site in C-lobe that is formed involving two alpha-helices, alpha10 and alpha11. The ligand binding site is separated from the well known iron binding site by the longest and the most stable beta-strand, betaj, in the structure. Similar results were also obtained with the full length lactoferrin molecule. This novel, to our knowledge, binding site in C-lobe of lactoferrin shows a good complementarity for the acidic and lipophilic compounds such as NSAIDs. We believe this indicates that C-lobe of lactoferrin can be exploited for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Mir
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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Bai X, Teng D, Tian Z, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Wang J. Contribution of bovine lactoferrin inter-lobe region to iron binding stability and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Biometals 2010; 23:431-9. [PMID: 20145976 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the recombinant bovine lactoferrin-derived antimicrobial protein (rBLfA) demonstrates that the inter-lobe region of bovine lactoferrin contributes to iron binding stability and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. rBLfA containing N-lobe (amino acid residues 1-333) and inter-lobe region (residues 334-344) was expressed in Pichia pastoris at shaking flask and fermentor level. The recombinant intact bovine lactoferrin (rBLf) and N-lobe (rBLfN) were expressed in the same system as control. The physical-chemical parameters of rBLfA, rBLfN and rBLf including amino acid residues, molecular weight, isoelectric point, net positive charge and instability index were computed and compared. The simulated tertiary structure and the calculated surface net charge showed that rBLfA maintained original structure and exhibited a higher cationic feature than rBLf and rBLfN. The three proteins showed different iron binding stability and antimicrobial activity. rBLfA released iron in the pH range of 7.0-3.5, whereas rBLfN lost its iron over the pH range of 7.0-4.0 and iron release from rBLf occurred in the pH range of 5.5-3.0. However, the minimum inhibition concentration of rBLfA against S. aureus ATCC25923 was 6.5 micromol/L, compared with 12.5 and 25 micromol/L that of rBLfN and rBLf, respectively. These results revealed that S. aureus was more sensitive to rBLfA than rBLfN and rBLf. It appeared that the strong cationic character of inter-lobe region related positively to the higher anti-S. aureus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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