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Ko MJ, Song KM, Yoon HY. Clinical evaluation and surgical intervention for diaphragmatic eventration mimicking peritoneopericardial hernia in a cat. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e19. [PMID: 38568821 PMCID: PMC10990918 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old spayed female British Shorthair cat presented with an increased frequency and duration of cough since infant period. Based on radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomography findings, peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was considered so that repair surgery was planned. During celiotomy, lax diaphragm was identified instead of defect. Transabdominal diaphragmatic plication was performed to resolve lax diaphragm and to prevent recurrence by overlapping relatively normal part of diaphragm. Diagnosed with diaphragmatic eventration postoperatively, the cat showed improvement in clinical signs and imaging results. Transabdominal diaphragmatic plication is a suitable treatment; the patient maintained normally during a 14-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Ko
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Hun-Young Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
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Shivakumar M, Shaikh OH, Rahman S, Kumbhar US. Chronic gastric volvulus secondary to eventration of the left hemidiaphragm due to radiation-induced phrenic nerve palsy: a rare presentation. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e245279. [PMID: 34848410 PMCID: PMC8634351 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial mesentericoaxial gastric volvulus associated with acquired eventration of the left dome of the diaphragm is very rare. We present the case of a 65-year-old man who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. He had a prior history of laryngeal cancer for which total laryngectomy was done, and adjuvant radiotherapy was administered. He was subsequently diagnosed with eventration of the left dome of the diaphragm and partial gastric volvulus. The patient recovered completely with conservative management and was discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Shivakumar
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Puducherry, India
| | - Oseen Hajilal Shaikh
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Puducherry, India
| | - Sania Rahman
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Puducherry, India
| | - Uday Shamrao Kumbhar
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Puducherry, India
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Management of phrenic nerve injury post-cardiac surgery in the paediatric patient. Cardiol Young 2021; 31:1386-1392. [PMID: 34304750 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951121002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phrenic nerve injury is a common complication of cardiac and thoracic surgical procedures, with potentially severe effects on the health of a child. This review aims to summarise the available literature on the diagnosis and management of PNI post-cardiac surgery in paediatric patients with CHD. MAIN BODY The presence of injury post-surgery can be difficult to detect and may present with non-specific symptoms, emphasising the importance of an effective diagnostic strategy. Chest X-ray is usually the first investigation for a suspected diagnosis of PNI, which is usually confirmed using fluoroscopy, ultrasound scan, or phrenic nerve stimulation (gold standard). Management options include supportive ventilation and/or invasive diaphragmatic plication surgery. While the optimal timing of plication surgery remains controversial, it is now the most widely accepted treatment for PNI in children post-CHD surgery, especially for very young patients who cannot be weaned off supportive ventilation. Further research is needed to determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention for positive outcomes and to explore the benefits of using minimally invasive surgical techniques in children. CONCLUSION PNI is a common and serious complication of CHD surgery, therefore, its diagnosis and management in the paediatric population are of major importance. Further research is needed to determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention for positive outcomes and to explore the benefits of using minimally invasive surgical techniques in children.
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Ross JT, Liang NE, Phelps AS, Squillaro AI, Vu LT. A Novel Thoracic Ultrasound Measurement After Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair Identifies Decreased Diaphragmatic Excursion Associated With Adverse Respiratory and Surgical Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:707052. [PMID: 34422729 PMCID: PMC8375432 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.707052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare defect often associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and abnormal pulmonary vascular development. Even after successful hernia repair, pulmonary disease may persist into adulthood. Impaired diaphragmatic motility may lead to compromised respiratory function long after index repair. This study investigates whether a novel ultrasound measurement, the diaphragmatic excursion ratio, can be a simple and non-invasive method to evaluate routine diaphragmatic motion after CDH repair, and whether it correlates with adverse surgical and respiratory outcomes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in consecutive patients who presented at medium-term follow-up visit between December 2017 and December 2018 after CDH repair at single pediatric hospital. Transthoracic ultrasound was performed with craniocaudal diaphragmatic excursion measured bilaterally during routine breathing. Diaphragmatic excursion ratios (diaphragmatic excursion of repaired vs. unrepaired side) were calculated and retrospectively compared with clinical data including demographics, length of stay, respiratory adjuncts, oral feeding, and need for gastrostomy. Results: Thirty-eight patients (median age at ultrasound, 24 months, interquartile range 11-60) were evaluated. Nine patients underwent primary repair, 29 had non-primary repair (internal oblique muscle flap or mesh patch). Patients with a diaphragmatic excursion ratio below the median (0.54) had longer hospital stays (median 77 vs. 28 days, p = 0.0007) more ventilator days (median 16 vs. 9 days, p =0.004), and were more likely to have been discharged on oxygen (68 vs. 16%, p = 0.001). They were also less likely to be exclusively taking oral feeds at 1-year post-surgery (37 vs. 74%, p = 0.02) and more likely to require a gastrostomy tube in the first year of life (74 vs. 21%, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Transthoracic ultrasound after CDH repair is practical method to assess diaphragm motion, and decreased diaphragm excursion ratio is associated with worse respiratory outcomes, a longer length of stay, and dependence on gastrostomy tube feeding within 1 year. Further prospective studies may help validate this novel ultrasound measurement and offer prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Ross
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Norah E Liang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew S Phelps
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anthony I Squillaro
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lan T Vu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Study of Thoracoscopic Repair of Diaphragmatic Eventration in Children: A Case Series. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2020; 30:692-694. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2019.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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6
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Podgaetz E, Garza-Castillon R, Andrade RS. Best Approach and Benefit of Plication for Paralyzed Diaphragm. Thorac Surg Clin 2017; 26:333-46. [PMID: 27427528 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diaphragmatic eventration and diaphragmatic paralysis are 2 entities with different etiology and pathology, and are often clinically indistinguishable. When symptomatic, their treatment is the same, with the objective to reduce the dysfunctional cephalad excursion of the diaphragm during inspiration. This can be achieved with diaphragmatic plication through the thorax or the abdomen with either open or minimally invasive techniques. We prefer the laparoscopic approach, due to its easy access to the diaphragm and to avoid pain associated with intercostal incisions and instrument use. Short-term and long-term results are excellent with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Podgaetz
- Section of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 207, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rafael Garza-Castillon
- Section of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 207, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rafael S Andrade
- Section of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 207, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wu S, Zang N, Zhu J, Pan Z, Wu C. Congenital diaphragmatic eventration in children: 12 years' experience with 177 cases in a single institution. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1088-92. [PMID: 25783408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to summarize the diagnostic and treatment aspects of congenital diaphragmatic eventration (CDE) in children by retrospectively analyzing their medical records to identify and understand the complications of CDE, its treatment, and to evaluate the long-term outcomes of diaphragmatic plication. METHODS The medical records of children who received treatment for CDE from January 2000 to December 2011 at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China were analyzed. Data analyzed included the following: age, sex, symptom, location of eventration, associated anomalies, surgical procedures, complications, and survival and follow up details after diaphragmatic plication. RESULTS The medical records of 177 children (boys: 128, girls: 49, mean age: 10.28±2.35 months) with CDE were included in this study. Specific symptoms of eventration of the diaphragm were reported for 86 cases; and the typical symptoms included rapid breathing, vomiting, and recurrent respiratory infections. Except for a bilateral case, all the other patients had unilateral CDE. Associated malformations were observed in 31 cases (17.5%), hypoplastic lung (10 cases) was the most common followed by congenital heart disease (9 cases), and cryptorchidism (3 cases). Interestingly, 91 patients were asymptomatic. Diaphragmatic plication was performed in all symptomatic patients (86 cases, 48.5%) and none had recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Clinical symptoms of CDE varied in severity, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to life-threatening respiratory distress. Timely accurate diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic CDE could effectively resolve respiratory morbidity and reduce complications. The diaphragm plication surgery provided good results among the study population with no recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengde Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Zang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengxia Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Homma T, Yamamoto Y, Doki Y, Senda K, Touge M, Ojima T, Shimada Y, Yoshimura N. Complete thoracoscopic diaphragm plication using carbon dioxide insufflation: report of a case. Surg Today 2014; 45:915-8. [PMID: 25104054 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diaphragm plication has become the accepted treatment for major respiratory impairment caused by diaphragmatic eventration and paralysis. Various open and minimally invasive plication techniques have been described and while video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication appears to be a safe and effective alternative to open surgery, the workspace is limited. We describe how we performed complete thoracoscopic diaphragm plication using carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for a patient with unilateral diaphragmatic eventration. Using CO2 insufflation seems to dramatically improve the workspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Homma
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Joetsu General Hospital, 148-1 Daido-Fukuda, Joetsu, Niigata, 943-8507, Japan,
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9
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León-Atance P, Martínez-Hernández NJ, Milla-Saba AM, Roca-Fernández J. [Diseases of the diaphragm]. Arch Bronconeumol 2014; 47 Suppl 8:37-40. [PMID: 23351520 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(11)70066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The diaphragm is the main muscle involved in ventilation and is supplied exclusively by the phrenic nerves. Congenital defects of the diaphragm muscle or phrenic nerve injury cause diaphragmatic paralysis-eventration. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether involvement is unilateral or bilateral and on the patient's previous clinical status. In addition, the diaphragm is an anatomical barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is traversed by the esophagus and important vascular and nerve structures. Abnormal dilation of the natural orifices of the diaphragm or loss of its continuity can cause abdominal structures to pass into the chest cavity, an occurrence known as diaphragmatic hernias. According to their etiology, hernias are divided into congenital, acquired and traumatic. Clinical manifestations, prognosis and treatment depend mainly on hernia size and age at diagnosis. Like any muscle, the diaphragm can develop benign or malignant primary tumors. However, diaphragm involvement due to tumors arising in adjacent organs is much more common. The prognosis is good in benign primary tumors and poor in both primary and secondary malignant tumors. This article reviews the main anatomical and physiological characteristics of the diaphragm, routes of surgical access and the most frequent diseases affecting this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo León-Atance
- Sección de Cirugía Torácica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España.
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10
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Smith BM, Ezeokoli NJ, Kipps AK, Azakie A, Meadows JJ. Course, Predictors of Diaphragm Recovery After Phrenic Nerve Injury During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:938-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Diaphragm plication for eventration or paralysis: a review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89:S2146-50. [PMID: 20493999 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although etiology and pathology of symptomatic diaphragm paralysis and eventration are distinct, their treatments are the same: to reduce dysfunctional caudal excursion of the diaphragm during inspiration by plication. Minimally invasive diaphragm plication techniques have emerged as equally effective and less morbid alternatives to open plication. This review focuses on the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diaphragmatic eventration or paralysis in adults.
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12
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Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Brian E, Vlas C, Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Bagan P, Badia A, Riquet M, Similowski T. [Surgical treatment of diaphragmatic eventrations and paralyses]. Rev Mal Respir 2010; 27:565-78. [PMID: 20610072 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surgical treatment of eventration or paralysis of the diaphragm is symptomatic and non curative, and depends on whether the dysfunction is of peripheral or central origin. Elevation of a hemidiaphragm of peripheral origin, the most frequent situation, needs surgical treatment only in case of major functional effects (effort or positional dyspnoea, cardiac or digestive symptoms, or pain) that persists despite optimal conservative management. Selection of candidates for surgery depends on a thorough morphological and functional investigation of the neuromuscular and respiratory components. Surgical plication of the diaphragm through a lateral thoracotomy or by video-thoracoscopy is a recognized, safe and effective procedure. Its low morbidity and mortality, which are mainly associated with co-morbid factors, and its long-lasting functional benefit of around 100%, show that it is an effective procedure. In the case of bilateral dysfunction, occasional cases of bilateral plication have been reported. Some cases of diaphragmatic paralysis of central causation result in a life of ventilator dependence, even though the peripheral neuromuscular and respiratory systems are intact. In selected cases, following a complete functional investigation, phrenic nerve pacing may be attempted to achieve ventilator weaning. To date, there are two validated indications for this technique: Tetraplegia above C3 and alveolar hypoventilation of central cause. After thoracic implantation, a progressive reconditioning of the diaphragmatic muscle allows weaning from the ventilator in a few weeks in more than 90% of patients. Their quality of life is greatly improved thanks to independence from the ventilator, more physiological respiration, restoration of smell and better speech. Whether the diaphragmatic dysfunction is peripheral or central in origin, the success of surgical treatment depends on rigorous preoperative selection of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Le Pimpec-Barthes
- Service de chirurgie thoracique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France
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13
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Abstract
Symptomatic diaphragmatic eventration is an uncommon condition and is sometimes impossible to distinguish clinically from paralysis. Patients who are asymptomatic require no treatment; patients who are symptomatic benefit significantly from diaphragm plication. The choice of plication approach is dependent upon the expertise of the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn S Groth
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 207, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Long-Term Follow-Up of the Functional and Physiologic Results of Diaphragm Plication in Adults With Unilateral Diaphragm Paralysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Shah NN, Mohsin M, Khursheed SQ, Farooq SSA, Buchh AA, Quraishi AQ. Eventration of diaphragm with gastric volvulus: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2008; 1:404. [PMID: 19091102 PMCID: PMC2615763 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Eventration of diaphragm associated with gastric volvulus is an uncommon condition. Case presentation We are reporting a case of a 60-year-old male having left sided total diaphragmatic eventration associated with chronic intermittent organo-axial gastric volvulus. The patient presented with progressive dyspnea and intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms. Plication of left hemidiaphragm with anterior gastropexy was performed through an abdominal approach. Postoperatively the patient's symptoms improved. Conclusion Symptomatic gastric volvulus associated with diaphragmatic eventration is a surgical emergency and always requires surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Hospital, AMU, Aligarh, UP, India.
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Baker CJ, Boulom V, Reemtsen BL, Rollins RC, Starnes VA, Wells WJ. Hemidiaphragm plication after repair of congenital heart defects in children: Quantitative return of diaphragm function over time. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lemmer J, Stiller B, Heise G, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Hübler M, Weng Y, Berger F. Mid-term follow-up in patients with diaphragmatic plication after surgery for congenital heart disease. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1985-92. [PMID: 17554521 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diaphragmatic palsy (DP) is a rare but severe complication after surgery for congenital heart disease. Transthoracic diaphragmatic plication is an effective means of treatment for those with respiratory impairment due to DP, but little is known about the mid-term effects of diaphragmatic plication. DESIGN We performed a study in 24 patients with history of DP. Diaphragm movement was assessed using ultrasound. Patients with DP who were old enough were additionally followed-up with lung function and exercise testing. A group of patients with similar age, diagnoses and operations served as controls. RESULTS Ultrasound showed that in the majority of cases with history of DP the paralysed diaphragm was static, independently of whether it was plicated or not. Patients with DP had a more restrictive lung function pattern (VC: 54.3 vs. 76.4% predicted, p<0.001; FEV(1): 58.4 vs. 86.2% predicted, p<0.001) and a lower exercise capacity compared with the control group (peak VO2: 24.5 vs. 31.3 ml/kg/min, p=0.03). Comparing patients with and without plication for DP, only a tendency towards lower lung function values in patients after diaphragmatic plication, but no differences regarding exercise capacity, could be found. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that DP is a serious surgical complication with a reduction in lung function and exercise capacity, even at mid-term follow-up; however, diaphragmatic plication, a useful tool in treating post-surgical DP in children with respiratory impairment, seems to be without mid-term risk in terms of recovery of phrenic nerve function, lung function values, and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lemmer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Lemmer J, Stiller B, Heise G, Hübler M, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Weng Y, Redlin M, Amann V, Ovroutski S, Berger F. Postoperative phrenic nerve palsy: early clinical implications and management. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1227-33. [PMID: 16741696 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the clinical impact of diaphragmatic palsy (DP) as a result of phrenic nerve injury following cardiothoracic surgery, specifically its effects on morbidity and mortality, early regeneration capacity of the phrenic nerve, and role of surgical diaphragmatic plication. METHODS A retrospective case control study was performed in 74 children with DP and 74 matched controls after cardiothoracic surgery within the past 14 years. RESULTS Following 5,128 surgical procedures in children (aged under 18 years) we found an incidence of DP of 1.4%. There were no differences in mortality between the groups, and the cause of death was not related to DP or plication in any of the patients. However, patients with diaphragm impairment had significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median 3 days vs. 1), ICU stay (7 days vs. 3.5), duration of hospital stay (16 days vs. 12), and for antibiotic treatment (16 days vs. 7). Because of prolonged respiratory problems 40 children (54%) underwent surgical diaphragmatic plication to flatten the diaphragm in its inspiratory position. In children with DP younger age was a strong predictor for plication (median 3.8 months vs. 12.1). CONCLUSIONS Especially in newborns and young infants with DP the length of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospital stay are prolonged. Early spontaneous recovery of the phrenic nerve is rare. In cases of respiratory impairment early transthoracic diaphragmatic plication is an effective means of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lemmer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Freeman RK, Wozniak TC, Fitzgerald EB. Functional and Physiologic Results of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Diaphragm Plication in Adult Patients With Unilateral Diaphragm Paralysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81:1853-7; discussion 1857. [PMID: 16631685 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Revised: 11/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plication of the hemidiaphragm for unilateral diaphragm paralysis is infrequently performed in adults. Barriers to diaphragm plication have included the perceived need for thoracotomy and uncertainty of the potential benefits. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication in symptomatic adult patients with unilateral diaphragm paralysis. METHODS Patients with unilateral diaphragm paralysis underwent an evaluation that included a chest radiograph, fluoroscopic sniff test, pulmonary spirometry, and the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea score. Patients with symptomatic unilateral diaphragm paralysis present for at least 6 months were offered video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication. Patients who underwent diaphragm plication as well as those who declined surgery were reassessed at 6 months with a chest radiograph, spirometry, and the MRC dyspnea score. RESULTS Twenty-five patients underwent left (19) or right (6) diaphragm plication through video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication (22) or thoracotomy (3). There were no operative deaths. Mean hospital length of stay for diaphragm plication was 3.7 days for video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication and 5.4 days for thoracotomy. After diaphragm plication, mean forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity improved by 17%, 21.4%, 20.3%, and 16.1%, respectively (p < 005) at 6 months. Mean MRC dyspnea scores also significantly improved in the operative cohort (p < 0001). Seventeen patients in the surgical cohort had returned to work at 6 months. Seven patients treated without surgery displayed a trend toward more frequent hospitalizations and deteriorating pulmonary spirometry and MRC dyspnea scores during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Plication of the hemidiaphragm using minimally invasive techniques produced significant improvements in patients' functional status, pulmonary spirometry, and MRC dyspnea scores. Video-assisted thoracoscopic diaphragm plication should be considered appropriate therapy in symptomatic adult patients with unilateral diaphragm paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Freeman
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eventration of the diaphragm (ED) is defined as the abnormal elevation of the diaphragm. Although asymptomatic ED may be amenable to conservative treatment, symptomatic ED in children, either congenital or acquired, may require surgical treatment. This study evaluated the results of diaphragmatic plication in children with unilateral ED. METHODS Fifteen patients who had undergone diaphragmatic plication for ED between 1997 and 2003 were evaluated retrospectively. The diagnosis of ED was established by routine chest radiographs and fluoroscopy. Patients who failed to respond to nonoperative treatment were referred for surgery. Nine patients underwent diaphragmatic fluoroscopy 1-5 years following plication to assess function. RESULTS Indications for diaphragmatic plication were respiratory symptoms such as tachypnoea, dyspnoea, recurrent pneumonia and failure to thrive. In 14 patients, the position of the diaphragm was normal after plication, but the diaphragm was elevated without symptoms in one patient during postoperative follow-up. The motion of the diaphragm was investigated in nine patients. Fluoroscopic studies showed that the operated hemidiaphragm was immobile and there was no paradoxical motion. No return of symptoms was found during follow-up. CONCLUSION ED is the abnormal elevation of the diaphragm as a result of paralysis or aplasia of the muscular fibres. The abnormally elevated diaphragm may compress the ipsilateral lung, and with respiratory effort the mediastinum may shift towards the normal side. Therefore, diaphragmatic plication is performed to restore normal pulmonary parenchymal volume by replacing the diaphragm in its normal location. After plication, there was immediate remission of symptoms in most patients and decreasing symptoms were observed for a year in others. During follow-up, the location of the diaphragm was normal and no paradoxical movement was observed. Relapse of symptoms was not noted in patients with immobile diaphragms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugrul Tiryaki
- Pediatric Surgery Clinic, Social Security Institution Ankara Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Arena F, Baldari S, Centorrino A, Calabrò MP, Pajno G, Pajino G, Arena S, Andò F, Zuccarello B, Romeo G. Mid- and long-term effects on pulmonary perfusion, anatomy and diaphragmatic motility in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2005; 21:954-9. [PMID: 16240135 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-005-1557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pulmonary sequelae and diaphragmatic motility in infant, adolescent and adult patients (pts) who had undergone the repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Thirty-one (81.5%) out of 38 survivors after left side CDH repair, without using a patch, were followed-up. They were subdivided in two groups. Group A (mid-term follow-up): 12 pts (39%) (5 males, 7 females) with a mean age of 4.5 years; Group B (long-term follow-up): 19 pts (61%) (9 males, 10 females) with a mean age of 21.0 years. All pts underwent physical examination, chest X-ray, diaphragmatic ultrasonographic (US) examination, pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy. Patients of the group B were also submitted to spirometry. All pts had a normal life-style and no one complained of respiratory symptoms. The chest X-ray revealed pathologic findings in 12 pts (39%). 8 pts (26%) showed chest wall alterations. The profile of the left diaphragmatic dome appeared irregular in 9 pts (29%). In all pts M-mode sonography disclosed a reduced diaphragmatic motility on the treated side. The mean pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy value on the affected side was 39.2+/-0.7%. The spirometric study showed normal values. We noted that the lung perfusion significantly and rapidly improved after CDH repair even the apparently hypoplastic and small lungs, the diaphragm maintained a good contractility during forced respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Arena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche Mediche e Chirurgiche U.O.C. di Chirurgia Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Gazzi A.O.U. Policlinico, Pad. NI, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diaphragm paralysis after cardiac surgery may be secondary to phrenic nerve injury by ice, electrocautery, or dissection. Although most are asymptomatic, some patients, particularly children, have significant respiratory compromise. Video-assisted plication may offer more rapid improvement and recovery than thoracotomy in pediatric patients. METHODS We performed five procedures. The diaphragm was elevated, clamped, oversewn, and tacked down into the pleural gutter. The procedure was performed on 2 infants after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, on 1 child after the Fontan procedure, on 1 child after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, and on 1 child with congenital eventration. Indications included ventilator dependency, post-Fontan protein losing enteropathy with elevated venous pressures and chronic right lower lobe collapse, persistent atelectasis with recurrent pneumonias, and asymptomatic severe eventration. RESULTS Ventilator-dependent patients were extubated after 2 and 3 days. The remaining patients were immediately extubated. One patient was discharged the day of surgery and 2 were discharged at 1 and 3 days postoperatively. The remaining 2 were discharged on postoperative day 30 and 45 after continued issues with feeding and prematurity. The child with the eventration had rapid expansion and growth of the left lung over the next few weeks with a normal chest radiograph 3 weeks later. The child with recurrent pneumonia reexpanded her left lower lobe and remains free of infection. There were no wound infections, lung or vascular injuries, or complications from the procedure. All the patients had successful flattening of the hemidiaphragm as documented by chest radiograph, with successful lung reexpansion. CONCLUSIONS Video-assisted plication of paralyzed diaphragms is effective and safe, involves less morbidity, and has quicker recovery times than traditional open techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hines
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest University/Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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23
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Simansky DA, Paley M, Refaely Y, Yellin A. Diaphragm plication following phrenic nerve injury: a comparison of paediatric and adult patients. Thorax 2002; 57:613-6. [PMID: 12096205 PMCID: PMC1746380 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to evaluate whether adults differ from children in the indications and outcome of diaphragmatic plication following phrenic nerve injury. METHODS A retrospective study was performed of 21 patients, 10 below the age of 5 and 11 older than 37 years. The indication for surgery for all the children was failure to wean from ventilatory support. The indications for surgery in the adult group were ventilator dependency (n=4) and symptomatic dyspnoea (n=7). All patients had at least one imaging study confirming diaphragmatic paralysis. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) dyspnoea scale, pulmonary function tests, and quantitative pulmonary perfusion scans were used as evaluation parameters. At surgery the diaphragm was centrally plicated. RESULTS One child died immediately after surgery due to irreversible heart failure and two children died within 2 months of surgery from ongoing complications of their original condition. These three patients were considered as selection failures. Seven children were weaned from ventilatory support within a median of 4 days (range 2-140). Only one of four ventilated adults was successfully weaned. Seven adults who underwent surgery for chronic symptoms had a marked subjective improvement of 2-3 levels in the ATS dyspnoea scale. Pulmonary function studies in the seven symptomatic adults showed a 40% improvement above baseline. Severely asymmetrical perfusion scans reverted to a normal pattern after plication. CONCLUSIONS Diaphragmatic plication offers a significant benefit to children with diaphragmatic paralysis and should be performed early to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation. While plication is of limited benefit in weaning ventilated adults, it results in significant subjective and objective lifetime improvement in non-ventilated symptomatic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Simansky
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine of Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Lall A, Bajpai M, Gupta DK. Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia secondary to plication for eventration of diaphragm. Indian J Pediatr 2001; 68:357-8. [PMID: 11370447 DOI: 10.1007/bf02721849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diaphragmatic plication is the procedure of choice for congenital diaphragmatic eventration. In the absence of complications, most newborns with eventration do well after plication and have normal long-term respiratory functions. However complications are rare. Recurrence, ipsilateral pneumothorax and rupture of the diaphragm have been reported in literature. We report a case of incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia in a two-year-old child who had undergone plication for eventration of the diaphragm at six months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lall
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
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25
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Suzumura Y, Terada Y, Sonobe M, Nagasawa M, Shindo T, Kitano M. A case of unilateral diaphragmatic eventration treated by plication with thoracoscopic surgery. Chest 1997; 112:530-2. [PMID: 9266894 DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.2.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old woman underwent plication with U-stitches by thoracoscopic surgery for left diaphragmatic eventration. Marked improvement in left lung expansion, normalization of the position of the left diaphragm on chest radiograph, and improvement of pulmonary function and dyspnea on exertion have been maintained for 2 years. Plication for diaphragmatic eventration should be performed with minimally invasive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzumura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan
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Vanamo K, Rintala R, Sovijärvi A, Jääskeläinen J, Turpeinen M, Lindahl H, Louhimo I. Long-term pulmonary sequelae in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic defects. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31:1096-9; discussion 1099-100. [PMID: 8863242 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Between 1948 and 1980, 107 of 164 patients survived after repair of a congenital diaphragmatic defect. Sixty of the survivors (mean age, 29.6 years; SD, 9.0 years) underwent clinical examination, chest radiography, spirometry, and diffusing capacity measurement 11 to 41 years after the diaphragmatic repair. Twenty-seven of the 60 had body plethysmography, xenon 133 radiospirometry, and a test of bronchial hyperreactivity. Subjective physical performance was below average for eight patients (13%), seven patients (12%) had asthma, and four patients (7%) reported increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Thirty-one patients (52%) had ventilatory impairment, which was obstructive in nine (15%), restrictive in seven (12%), and obstructive and restrictive in 15 patients (25%). Nine (35%) of the 26 patients tested had bronchial hyperreactivity. The presence of ventilatory impairment and bronchial hyperreactivity correlated with the initial clinical severity of the affliction. Chest asymmetry (29 patients; 48%) and scoliosis (16 patients; 27%) were more common among patients with ventilatory impairment than among those with normal spirometric findings. Ventilatory impairment and thoracic deformities are common in adults with repaired diaphragmatic defects. Surveillance should begin in infancy and continue into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanamo
- Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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