1
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Liang M, Goss M, Cao S, Yang C. Non-Destructive Analysis of Subvisible Particles with Mie-Scattering-Based Light Sheet Technology: System Development. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2817-2825. [PMID: 39032825 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The characteristics of subvisible particles (SbVPs) are critical quality attributes of injectable and ophthalmic solutions in pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, current compendial SbVP testing methods, namely the light obstruction method and the microscopic particle count method, are destructive and wasteful of target samples. In this study, we present the development of a non-destructive SbVP analyzer aiming to analyze SbVPs directly in drug product (DP) containers while keeping the samples intact. Custom sample housings are developed and incorporated into the analyzer to reduce optical aberrations introduced by the curvature of typical pharmaceutical DP sample containers. The analyzer integrates a light-sheet microscope structure and models the side scattering event from a particle with Mie scattering theory with refractive indices as prior information. Equivalent spherical particle size under assigned refractive index values is estimated, and the particle concentration is determined based on the number of scattering events and the volume sampled by the light sheet. The resulting analyzer's capability and performance to non-destructively analyze SbVPs in DP containers were evaluated using a series of polystyrene bead suspensions in ISO 2R and 6R vials. Our results and analysis show the particle analyzer is capable of directly detecting SbVPs from intact DP containers, sorting SbVPs into commonly used size bins (e.g. ≥ 2 µm, ≥ 5 µm, ≥ 10 µm, and ≥ 25 µm), and reliably quantifying SbVPs in the concentration range of 4.6e2 to 5.0e5 particle/mL with a margin of ± 15 % error based on a 90 % confidence interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Liang
- California Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Monica Goss
- Amgen Process Development, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Shawn Cao
- Amgen Process Development, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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2
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Hollis WC, Farooq S, Khoshi MR, Patel M, Karnaukhova E, Eller N, Holada K, Scott DE, Simak J. Submicron immunoglobulin particles exhibit FcγRII-dependent toxicity linked to autophagy in TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:376. [PMID: 39212707 PMCID: PMC11364738 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), and some other immunoglobulin products, protein particles have been implicated in adverse events. Role and mechanisms of immunoglobulin particles in vascular adverse effects of blood components and manufactured biologics have not been elucidated. We have developed a model of spherical silica microparticles (SiMPs) of distinct sizes 200-2000 nm coated with different IVIG- or albumin (HSA)-coronas and investigated their effects on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). IVIG products (1-20 mg/mL), bare SiMPs or SiMPs with IVIG-corona, did not display significant toxicity to unstimulated HUVEC. In contrast, in TNFα-stimulated HUVEC, IVIG-SiMPs induced decrease of HUVEC viability compared to HSA-SiMPs, while no toxicity of soluble IVIG was observed. 200 nm IVIG-SiMPs after 24 h treatment further increased ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and tissue factor surface expression, apoptosis, mammalian target of rapamacin (mTOR)-dependent activation of autophagy, and release of extracellular vesicles, positive for mitophagy markers. Toxic effects of IVIG-SiMPs were most prominent for 200 nm SiMPs and decreased with larger SiMP size. Using blocking antibodies, toxicity of IVIG-SiMPs was found dependent on FcγRII receptor expression on HUVEC, which increased after TNFα-stimulation. Similar results were observed with different IVIG products and research grade IgG preparations. In conclusion, submicron particles with immunoglobulin corona induced size-dependent toxicity in TNFα-stimulated HUVEC via FcγRII receptors, associated with apoptosis and mTOR-dependent activation of autophagy. Testing of IVIG toxicity in endothelial cells prestimulated with proinflammatory cytokines is relevant to clinical conditions. Our results warrant further studies on endothelial toxicity of sub-visible immunoglobulin particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida C Hollis
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sehrish Farooq
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Reza Khoshi
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Eller
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Karel Holada
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dorothy E Scott
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jan Simak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, OBRR, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Rm. 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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3
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Tathe U, Khopkar S, Rasam P, Kancherla A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Impact of stirring material on formation of submicron and subvisible aggregates in mAbs by quantitative laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering and background membrane imaging. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124321. [PMID: 38857661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is the driving force for their undesirable immunogenic effects. There are multiple factors responsible for aggregation in therapeutic proteins. One significant cause is the process-related shear and interfacial stress generated due to impellers and stirrers. This investigation focuses on understanding the possible aggregation arising upon stirring mAb formulations using stirrers made of different materials. We used quantitative laser diffraction (qLD) to monitor and quantify the stirring induced formation of submicron and subvisible aggregates in the size range from 100 nm to 10 µm. We analysed various aspects of aggregate generation, such as onset of aggregation, particle size distribution, and concentration of aggregates generated using stirrers of different materials. We observed that mixing with stainless steel stirrers resulted in a quicker onset of aggregation and led to significantly higher concentrations of aggregates. Analysis of the stirred samples using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and background imaging technique (BMI) were conducted to complement the qLD analysis. All the three techniques resulted in a similar trend, showing presence of larger and higher quantities of aggregates in steel stirred samples, as compared to those stirred using PEEK and glass. Additionally, we performed SEC-HPLC to quantify the soluble fraction of monomer and recorded that the least amount was present in the steel stirred samples. This work highlights the need for optimizing the materials used for fabricating the stirrers/impellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Tathe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Sampada Khopkar
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Private Limited, 1 A/B, Rushabh Chambers, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Pratap Rasam
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Private Limited, 1 A/B, Rushabh Chambers, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Aswani Kancherla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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4
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Greenblott DN, Wood CV, Zhang J, Viza N, Chintala R, Calderon CP, Randolph TW. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches for monitoring subvisible particles within an aluminum-salt adjuvanted vaccine formulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1626-1641. [PMID: 38372650 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Suspensions of protein antigens adsorbed to aluminum-salt adjuvants are used in many vaccines and require mixing during vial filling operations to prevent sedimentation. However, the mixing of vaccine formulations may generate undesirable particles that are difficult to detect against the background of suspended adjuvant particles. We simulated the mixing of a suspension containing a protein antigen adsorbed to an aluminum-salt adjuvant using a recirculating peristaltic pump and used flow imaging microscopy to record images of particles within the pumped suspensions. Supervised convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used to analyze the images and create "fingerprints" of particle morphology distributions, allowing detection of new particles generated during pumping. These results were compared to those obtained from an unsupervised machine learning algorithm relying on variational autoencoders (VAEs) that were also used to detect new particles generated during pumping. Analyses of images conducted by applying both supervised CNNs and VAEs found that rates of generation of new particles were higher in aluminum-salt adjuvant suspensions containing protein antigen than placebo suspensions containing only adjuvant. Finally, front-face fluorescence measurements of the vaccine suspensions indicated changes in solvent exposure of tryptophan residues in the protein that occurred concomitantly with new particle generation during pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Greenblott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Nelia Viza
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Calderon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Ursa Analytics, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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5
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Misra R, Fung G, Sharma S, Hu J, Kirkitadze M. Assessment of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Technology for Particle Size Distribution in Vaccine Formulations - A Comparative Study with Dynamic Light Scattering. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1021-1029. [PMID: 38649535 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A comparative assessment was performed to evaluate the potential of particle sizing by an ensemble based conventional dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique and an emerging technology based on tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) using particle by particle approach by evaluating three different types of vaccine formulations representing three case studies and showing the limitation of each technique, instrument variability, sensitivity, and the resolution in mixed population. METHODS Three types of in-house vaccine formulations- a protein antigen, an outer membrane vesicle and viral particles were simultaneously evaluated by TRPS based Exoid and two DLS instruments-Zetatrac and Zetasizer for particle size distribution, aggregates, and resolution of polydisperse species. RESULTS The data from first case study show the risk of possible size overestimation and size averaging in polydisperse samples in DLS measurements which can be addressed by the TRPS analysis. It also shows how TRPS may be utilized only to large size antigens due to its limited size range. The second case study highlights the difference in the sensitivities of two DLS instruments working on the same principle. The third case study show that how TRPS can better resolve the large aggregate species compare to DLS in polydisperse samples. CONCLUSION This analysis shows that TRPS can be used as an orthogonal technique in addition to conventional DLS based methods for more precise and in-depth characterization. Both techniques are efficient in size characterization and produce comparable results, however the choice will depend on the type of formulation and size range to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Misra
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada.
| | - Ginny Fung
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Siddhant Sharma
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Jian Hu
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
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6
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Gao Y, Joshi M, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. PEGylated therapeutics in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10600. [PMID: 38193121 PMCID: PMC10771556 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to therapeutic agents, termed PEGylation, is a well-established and clinically proven drug delivery approach to improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Specifically, PEGylation can improve the parent drug's solubility, extend its circulation time, and reduce its immunogenicity, with minimal undesirable properties. PEGylation technology has been applied to various therapeutic modalities including small molecules, aptamers, peptides, and proteins, leading to over 30 PEGylated drugs currently used in the clinic and many investigational PEGylated agents under clinical trials. Here, we summarize the diverse types of PEGylation strategies, the key advantages of PEGylated therapeutics over their parent drugs, and the broad applications and impacts of PEGylation in clinical settings. A particular focus has been given to the size, topology, and functionalities of PEG molecules utilized in clinically used PEGylated drugs, as well as those under clinical trials. An additional section has been dedicated to analyzing some representative PEGylated drugs that were discontinued at different stages of clinical studies. Finally, we critically discuss the current challenges faced in the development and clinical translation of PEGylated agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Department of BioengineeringThe University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - Maithili Joshi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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7
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Groël S, Menzen T, Winter G. Possibilities and limitations of α-relaxation data of amorphous freeze-dried cakes to predict long term IgG 1 antibody stability. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123445. [PMID: 37748632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The value of correlating global α-relaxations with long term protein stability after freeze-drying is inconsistently reported. This study aims to clarify whether and to what extend the long term stability of a freeze-dried protein formulation can be predicted with this method. For this purpose, the α-relaxation parameter τβ [h] of freshly prepared freeze-dried products is obtained by isothermal microcalorimetry. The concept is, that molecular movements in the amorphous matrix are strongly reduced in cakes with longer relaxation time and the product should therefore be more resistant against aggregation. To increase τβ in comparison to a conventional freeze-drying cycle, aggressive drying cycles including structural collapse of the product as well as tempering protocols after freeze-drying are applied. The τβ values are correlated with the aggregation rate of a freeze-dried IgG1 monoclonal antibody measured with high performance size exclusion chromatography. The antibody was used in its market formulation and 6 further compositions. A weak correlation between α-relaxation times and IgG1 aggregation was found. A higher mobility level through increased residual moisture helped to improve the correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Groël
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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8
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Kim KH, Bhujel R, Maharjan R, Lee JC, Jung HS, Kim HJ, Kim NA, Jeong SH. Biophysical characterization of siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles with different PEG content in an aqueous system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:150-160. [PMID: 37516315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Although lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are potential carriers of various pharmaceutical ingredients, further investigation for maintaining their stability under various environmental stressors must be performed. This study evaluated the influence of PEGylation and stress conditions on the stability of siRNA-loaded LNPs with different concentrations of PEG (0.5 mol%; 0.5 % PEG-LNP and 1.0 mol%; 1.0 % PEG-LNP) anchored to their surface. We applied end-over-end agitation, elevated temperature, and repeated freeze and thaw (F/T) cycles as physicochemical stressors of pH and ionic strength. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), flow imaging microscopy (FIM), and ionic-exchange chromatography (IEX) were to determine the degree of aggregation and change in siRNA content. The results indicate that 0.5 % PEG-LNP resisted aggregation only at low pH levels or with salt, whereas 1.0 % PEG-LNP had increased colloidal stability except at pH 4. 0.5 % PEG-LNP withstood aggregation until 71 °C and three cycles of F/T. In contrast, 1.0 % PEG-LNP maintained colloidal stability at 90 °C and seven F/T cycles. Moreover, 1.0 % PEG-LNP had higher siRNA stability under all stress conditions. Therefore, to ensure the stability of LNP and encapsulated siRNA, the PEG concentration must be carefully controlled while considering LNPs' colloidal instability mechanisms under various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ripesh Bhujel
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ravi Maharjan
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Chul Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hun Soon Jung
- EnhancedBio Inc. R&D Center, Seoul 04779, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- EnhancedBio Inc. R&D Center, Seoul 04779, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Ah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Yu YB, Briggs KT, Taraban MB. Preventive Pharmacovigilance: timely and precise prevention of adverse events through person-level patient screening and dose-level product surveillance. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2103-2106. [PMID: 37349651 PMCID: PMC10547648 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of pharmacovigilance (PV) is to prevent adverse events (AEs) associated with drugs and vaccines. Current PV programs are of a reactive nature and rest entirely on data science, i.e., detecting and analyzing AE data from provider/patient reports, health records and even social media. The ensuing preventive actions are too late for people who have experienced AEs and often overly broad, as responses include entire product withdrawals, batch recalls, or contraindications of subpopulations. To prevent AEs in a timely and precise manner, it is necessary to go beyond data science and incorporate measurement science into PV efforts through person-level patient screening and dose-level product surveillance. Measurement-based PV may be called 'preventive pharmacovigilance', the goal of which is to identify susceptible individuals and defective doses to prevent AEs. A comprehensive PV program should contain both reactive and preventive components by integrating data science and measurement science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bruce Yu
- Bio and Nano-technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Katharine T Briggs
- Bio and Nano-technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marc B Taraban
- Bio and Nano-technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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10
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Hada S, Na KJ, Jeong J, Choi DH, Kim NA, Jeong SH. Evaluation of subvisible particles in human immunoglobulin and lipid nanoparticles repackaged from a multi-dose vial using plastic syringes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123439. [PMID: 36716845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The multi-dose vial (MDV) is widely used for most biopharmaceuticals that are repackaged in plastic syringes before use. However, subvisible particle formation with the use of plastic syringes containing silicone oil (SO syringes) for handling therapeutic proteins can be problematic. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of and trends in microparticle (>1 μm) formation and accumulation in repackaged syringes from MDVs containing human immunoglobulin (IgG) and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Light obscuration (LO) and flow imaging (FI) were used to analyze the microparticles. The number of microparticles observed with the use SO syringes was greater than that with SO-free syringes, and the number of microparticles continuously increased as did the number of times of repackaging in syringes for both drugs. However, a large variation was observed across different brands of SO syringes. In contrast, using a different technique of drug withdrawal from the vial significantly reduced the number of microparticles. Furthermore, the use of filter-integrated needles or the inclusion of stabilizers such as acetyl-arginine and Tween 20 into the formulation also helped reduce particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavron Hada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Jun Na
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junoh Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Ah Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kizuki S, Wang Z, Torisu T, Yamauchi S, Uchiyama S. Relationship between aggregation of therapeutic proteins and agitation parameters: Acceleration and frequency. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:492-505. [PMID: 36167196 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increase in protein aggregates during transportation should be suppressed in therapeutic protein products because the aggregates have a potential risk of immunogenicity. In this study, three protein solutions in vials were exposed to tri-axial vibration with various combinations of frequency and acceleration using a transportation test system to investigate the relationship between low g-force stresses and protein aggregate generation. The number concentration of micron aggregates detected by flow imaging analysis increased markedly when the acceleration and frequency of agitation were within a specific range, in other words, above a threshold. This threshold was common among the three protein solutions. The suppression of micron aggregate formation by adding a surfactant suggested that agitation above the threshold increased micron aggregates mainly via interface-mediated routes. Notably, agitation, including agitation below the threshold, accelerated spontaneous oligomerization (nanometer aggregate generation) of proteins in bulk solution even in the presence of the surfactant. Studies of stability against mechanical stresses (e.g., a random vibration test to simulate actual shipment, with a time-compressed setting by increasing acceleration) need to be performed and discussed with careful consideration of the threshold for generating micron aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kizuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Formulation Research Lab., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0194, Japan
| | - Zekun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoru Yamauchi
- Business Development Headquarters, ESPEC CORP. 5-2-5, Minamimachi, Kanokodai, Kita-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-1514, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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12
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In vitro and in vivo immunogenicity assessment of protein aggregate characteristics. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122490. [PMID: 36521637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity risk of therapeutic protein aggregates has been extensively investigated over the past decades. While it is established that not all aggregates are equally immunogenic, the specific aggregate characteristics, which are most likely to induce an immune response, remain ambiguous. The aim of this study was to perform comprehensive in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity assessment of human insulin aggregates varying in size, structure and chemical modifications, while keeping other morphological characteristics constant. We found that flexible aggregates with highly altered secondary structure were most immunogenic in all setups, while compact aggregates with native-like structure were found to be immunogenic primarily in vivo. Moreover, sub-visible (1-100 µm) aggregates were found to be more immunogenic than sub-micron (0.1-1 µm) aggregates, while chemical modifications (deamidation, ethylation and covalent dimers) were not found to have any measurable impact on immunogenicity. The findings highlight the importance of utilizing aggregates varying in few characteristics for assessment of immunogenicity risk of specific morphological features and may provide a workflow for reliable particle analysis in biotherapeutics.
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13
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Nishiumi H, Deiringer N, Krause N, Yoneda S, Torisu T, Menzen T, Friess W, Uchiyama S. Utility of Three Flow Imaging Microscopy Instruments for Image Analysis in Evaluating four Types of Subvisible Particle in Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3017-3028. [PMID: 35948157 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Subvisible particles (SVPs) are a critical quality attribute of parenteral and ophthalmic products. United States Pharmacopeia recommends the characterizations of SVPs which are classified into intrinsic, extrinsic, and inherent particles. Flow imaging microscopy (FIM) is useful as an orthogonal method in both the quantification and classification of SVPs because FIM instruments provide particle images. In addition to the conventionally used FlowCam (Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies) and Micro-Flow Imaging (Bio-Techne) instruments, the iSpect DIA-10 (Shimadzu) instrument has recently been released. The three instruments have similar detection principles but different optical settings and image processing, which may lead to different results of the quantification and classification of SVPs based on the information from particle images. The present study compares four types of SVP (protein aggregates, silicone oil droplets, and surrogates for solid free-fatty-acid particles, milled-lipid particles, and sprayed-lipid particles) to compare the results of size distributions and classification abilities obtained using morphological features and a deep-learning approach. Although the three FIM instruments were effective in classifying the four types of SVP through convolutional neural network analysis, there was no agreement on the size distribution for the same protein aggregate solution, suggesting that using the classifiers of the FIM instruments could result in different evaluations of SVPs in the field of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nishiumi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natalie Deiringer
- Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Krause
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saki Yoneda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; U-medico Inc., 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Thite NG, Ghazvini S, Wallace N, Feldman N, Calderon CP, Randolph TW. Machine Learning Analysis Provides Insight into Mechanisms of Protein Particle Formation Inside Containers During Mechanical Agitation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2730-2744. [PMID: 35835184 PMCID: PMC9481670 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Container choice can influence particle generation within protein formulations. Incompatibility between proteins and containers can manifest as increased particle concentrations, shifts in particle size distributions and changes in particle morphology distributions. In this study, flow imaging microscopy (FIM) combined with machine learning-based goodness-of-fit hypothesis testing algorithms were used in accelerated stability studies to investigate the impact of containers on particle formation. Containers in four major container categories subdivided into eleven container types were filled with monoclonal antibody formulations and agitated with and without headspace, producing subvisible particles. Digital images of the particles were recorded using flow imaging microscopy and analyzed with machine learning algorithms. Particle morphology distributions depended on container category and type, revealing differences that would not have been obvious by analysis of particle concentrations or container surface characteristics alone. Additionally, the algorithm was used to compare morphologies of particles generated in containers against those generated using isolated stresses at air-liquid and container-air-liquid interfaces. These comparisons showed that the morphology distributions of particles formed during agitation most closely resemble distributions that result from exposure of proteins to moving triple interface lines at points where container-air-liquid interfaces intersect. The approach described here can be used to identify dominant causes of particle generation due to protein-container interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi G Thite
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Saba Ghazvini
- AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | - Naomi Feldman
- AstraZeneca Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Christopher P Calderon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Ursa Analytics, Denver, CO 80212, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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15
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Thorlaksen C, Stanciu AM, Busch Neergaard M, Jiskoot W, Groenning M, Foderà V. Subtle pH variation around pH 4.0 affects aggregation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of recombinant human insulin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 179:166-172. [PMID: 36087880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a biotherapeutic protein, which, depending on environmental conditions such as pH, has been shown to form a large variety of aggregates with different structures and morphologies. This work focuses on the formation and characteristics of insulin particulates, dense spherical aggregates having diameters spanning from nanometre to low-micron size. An in-depth investigation of the system is obtained by applying a broad range of techniques for particle sizing and characterisation. An interesting observation was achieved regarding the formation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of the particulates; a subtle change in the pH from pH 4.1 to pH 4.3 markedly affected the kinetics of the particulate formation and led to different particulate sizes, either nanosized or micronsized particles. Also, a clear difference between the secondary structure of the protein particulates formed at the two pH values was observed, where the nanosized particulates had an increased content of aggregated β-structure compared to the micronsized particles. The remaining characteristics of the particles were identical for the two particulate populations. These observations highlight the importance of carefully studying the formulation design space and of knowing the impact of parameters such as pH on the aggregation to secure a drug product in control. Furthermore, the identification of particles only varying in few parameters, such as size, are considered highly valuable for studying the effect of particle features on the immunogenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thorlaksen
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark; Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adriana-Maria Stanciu
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark; Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Minna Groenning
- Biophysical analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Vito Foderà
- Department of pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Kim NA, Noh GY, Hada S, Na KJ, Yoon HJ, Park KW, Park YM, Jeong SH. Enhanced protein aggregation suppressor activity of N-acetyl-l-arginine for agitation-induced aggregation with silicone oil and its impact on innate immune responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:42-51. [PMID: 35779650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, N-acetyl-l-arginine (NALA) suppressed the aggregation of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) more effectively and with a minimum decrease in transition temperature (Tm) than arginine monohydrochloride. In this study, we performed a comparative study with etanercept (commercial product: Enbrel®), where 25 mM arginine monohydrochloride (arginine) was added to the prefilled syringe. The biophysical properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and flow-imaging microscopy (FI). NALA retained the transition temperature of etanercept better than arginine, where arginine significantly reduced the Tm by increasing its concentration. End-over-end rotation was applied to each formulation for 5 days to accelerate protein aggregation and subvisible particle formation. Higher monomeric content was retained with NALA with a decrease in particle level. Higher aggregation onset temperature (Tagg) was detected for etanercept with NALA than arginine. The results of this comparative study were consistent with previous study, suggesting that NALA could be a better excipient for liquid protein formulations. Agitated IVIG and etanercept were injected into C57BL/6 J female mice to observe immunogenic response after 24 h. In the presence of silicone oil, NALA dramatically reduced IL-1 expression, implying that decreased aggregation was related to reduced immunogenicity of both etanercept and IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ah Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ga Yeon Noh
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Shavron Hada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Na
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Yoon
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Woong Park
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Min Park
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Transfer Learning Analysis for Subvisible Particle Flow Imaging of Pharmaceutical Formulations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subvisible particles are an ongoing problem in biotherapeutic injectable pharmaceutical formulations, and their identification is an important prerequisite for tracing them back to their source and optimizing the process. Flow imaging microscopy (FIM) is a favored imaging technique, mainly because of its ability to achieve rapid batch imaging of subvisible particles in solution with excellent imaging quality. This study used VGG16 after transfer learning to identify subvisible particle images acquired using FlowCam. We manually prepared standards for seven classes of particles, acquired the image information through FlowCam, and fed the images over 5 µm into VGG16 consisting of a convolutional base of VGG16 pre-trained with ImageNet data and a custom classifier for training. An accuracy of 97.51% was obtained for the test set data. The study also demonstrated that the recognition method using transfer learning outperforms machine learning methods based on morphological parameters in terms of accuracy, and has a significant training speed advantage over scratch-trained CNN. The combination of transfer learning and FIM images is expected to provide a general and accurate data-analysis method for identifying subvisible particles.
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18
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Commentary: Multiplex dPCR and SV-AUC are Promising Assays to Robustly Monitor the Critical Quality Attribute of AAV Drug Product Integrity. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2143-2148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Cavicchi RE, Philips LA, Cheong FC, Ruffner DB, Kasimbeg P, Vreeland W. Distribution of Average Aggregate Density from Stir-stressed NISTmAb Protein. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1614-1624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Testing Precision Limits of Neural Network-Based Quality Control Metrics in High-Throughput Digital Microscopy. Pharm Res 2022; 39:263-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Nakajima T, Nagano K, Fukuda Y, Ishima Y, Shibata H, Isaka R, Zhang TQ, Haga Y, Higashisaka K, Tsujino H, Ishida T, Ishii-Watabe A, Tsutsumi Y. Subvisible particles derived by dropping stress enhance anti-PEG antibody production and clearance of PEGylated proteins in mice. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1363-1369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Choy CH, He L, Tulumello D, Gajewska B, Terebiznik MR, Botelho RJ, Azizi A. Aggregation and Size Attributes Analysis of Unadsorbed and Adjuvant-adsorbed Antigens using a Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometer Platform. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:672-679. [PMID: 34742727 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various vaccine quality attributes should be monitored to ensure consistency, potency, purity, and safety of vaccine products prior to lot release. Vaccine particle size and protein antigen aggregation are two important considerations for particle-adsorbed vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the use of imaging flow cytometry as a potential all-in-one platform to measure adjuvant particle size and to detect protein aggregates through a combination of brightfield microscopy, side scatter detection, and fluorescence microscopy. An aluminum phosphate adjuvant was analyzed for size using the brightfield function, and the size measurement was compared against laser diffraction. Heat-induced protein aggregates of either unadsorbed antigens or aluminum phosphate adjuvant-adsorbed antigens were stained with the fluorescent ProteoStat aggregation dye, followed by detection and analysis using a combination of the brightfield and fluorescence microscopy functions. The change in aggregation of unadsorbed antigens was confirmed using dynamic light scattering. These results demonstrate the versatility of the imaging flow cytometry platform for the evaluation of multiple vaccine quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Choy
- Immunology platform, Analytical Sciences North America, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Liwei He
- Immunology platform, Analytical Sciences North America, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - David Tulumello
- Biochemistry platform, Analytical Sciences North America, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Beata Gajewska
- Immunology platform, Analytical Sciences North America, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Mauricio R Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Ali Azizi
- Immunology platform, Analytical Sciences North America, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada.
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23
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Movafaghi S, Daniels AL, Kelly MD, Witeof AE, Calderon CP, Randolph TW, Goodwin AP. Hydrogel Coatings on Container Surfaces Reduce Protein Aggregation Caused by Mechanical Stress and Cavitation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6946-6953. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Movafaghi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Austin L. Daniels
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mary D. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alyssa E. Witeof
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher P. Calderon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Ursa Analytics, Inc., Denver, Colorado 80212, United States
| | - Theodore W. Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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24
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Plate Reader-Based Analytical Method for the Size Distribution of Submicron-Sized Protein Aggregates Using Three-Dimensional Homodyne Light Detection. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3803-3810. [PMID: 34425131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of aggregates is essential in biopharmaceutical development. Although submicron-sized aggregates are considered to have a potential immunogenicity risk, analytical techniques are limited. In this study, we present a new analytical technique using three-dimensional homodyne light detection (3D-HLD). In this system, submicron-sized particles are quantified by combining the reflected light detection of each particle by high-speed 3D scan and then enhancing the amplitude of the reflected light using HLD. The particle concentrations and size distributions of human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) aggregates generated by stirring were measured using 3D-HLD. Both concentrations and distributions were comparable to those obtained via resonant mass measurement (RMM), a technique commonly used for submicron-sized particle measurement. Aiming at feasibility assessment of 3D-HLD for the high-through-put formulation development, 30 formulations of TIG and rituximab under agitation stress were analyzed by 3D-HLD. The results showed that 3D-HLD can automatically and simultaneously assess the aggregate concentrations and size distributions of at least 90 samples. This study demonstrates that 3D-HLD can be used for submicron-sized aggregate analysis as an orthogonal method to RMM and also as a screening tool during formulation development.
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25
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Off-label use of plastic syringes with silicone oil for intravenous infusion bags of antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:205-215. [PMID: 34237379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of particulates in post-manufacture biopharmaceuticals continues to be a major concern in medical treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the content of micro-sized particles using flow imaging of antibodies in intravenous infusion bags. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and Avastin® were selected as model drugs and plastic syringes with and without silicone oil (SO) were used to transfer the drugs into the bags (0.9% saline or 5% dextrose). Antibodies exposed to SO had significantly increased levels of microparticles in both diluents, suggesting SO accelerates particle formation, especially at a higher antibody concentration. Even before the drop stress, their count exceeded the USP guideline. Dropping the bags in the presence of SO produced larger microparticles. Meanwhile, air bubbles were retained longer in saline suggesting more protein film formation on its air-water interface. Overall, both drugs were conformationally stable and produced less particles in dextrose than in saline.
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26
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Pardeshi NN, Ahmadi M, Sierzputowska I, Fogg M, Baker M, Carpenter JF. Subvisible Particles in Solutions of Remicade in Intravenous Saline Activate Immune System Pathways in In Vitro Human Cell Systems. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2894-2903. [PMID: 33864780 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among patients that receive Remicade® therapy, more than 20% have adverse infusion related reactions and approximately 50% have immunogenic responses.1-3 Upon characterization of initial Remicade®-IV solution we observed a high concentration of subvisible particles that could inadvertently be delivered to patients. This solution was processed through the IV infusion system, mimicking the typical clinical administration setup - either with or without an in-line filter connected to the IV line. The samples generated thereafter were tested using various in vitro assays for activation of the innate immune system via cytokine release in whole blood and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, and activation of the Toll like receptors (TLRs). Activation of the adaptive immune system was evaluated by monitoring upregulation of surface receptors on dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+ T cell proliferation in response to IV solution of Remicade®. Our results indicate that subvisible particles in Remicade®-saline solution have a significant role in activation of the immune system but there are extrinsic factors potentially contributed by the in-line filters or other process parameters that also contribute to immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Mark Fogg
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Matthew Baker
- Abzena Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
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27
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Dauer K, Kamm W, Wagner KG, Pfeiffer-Marek S. High-Throughput Screening for Colloidal Stability of Peptide Formulations Using Dynamic and Static Light Scattering. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1939-1955. [PMID: 33789055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selection of an appropriate formulation to stabilize therapeutic proteins against aggregation is one of the most challenging tasks in early-stage drug product development. The amount of aggregates is more difficult to quantify in the case of peptides due to their small molecular size. Here, we investigated the suitability of diffusion self-interaction parameters (kD) and osmotic second virial coefficients (B22) for high-throughput (HT) screening of peptide formulations regarding their aggregation risk. These parameters were compared to the effect of thermal stress on colloidal stability. The formulation matrix comprised six buffering systems at two selected pH values, four tonicity agents, and a common preservative. The results revealed that electrostatic interactions are the main driver to control colloidal stability. Preferred formulations consisted of acetate and succinate buffer at pH 4.5 combined with glycerol or mannitol and optional m-cresol. kD proved to be a suitable surrogate for B22 as an indicator of high colloidal stability in the case of peptides as was previously described for globular proteins and antibodies. Formulation assessment solely based on kD obtained by HT methods offers important insights into the optimization of colloidal stability during the early development of peptide-based liquid formulations and can be performed with a limited amount of peptide (∼360 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Kamm
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefania Pfeiffer-Marek
- Pharmaceutical Development Platform, Tides Drug Product Pre-Development Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Katsura S, Furuishi T, Ueda H, Yonemochi E. Cholesteryl-Conjugated Ribonuclease A Exhibits Enzyme Activity in Aqueous Solution and Resistance to Dimethyl Sulfoxide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:533-543. [PMID: 33458505 PMCID: PMC7807799 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and cholesterol, we synthesized cholesteryl-conjugated ribonuclease A (CHRNase A) to evaluate the influence of a conjugated hydrophobic moiety on protein function. Nuclear magnetic resonance and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight spectrometry suggested that one cholesteryl group was conjugated to RNase A. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that CHRNase A was denatured in the solid state but was folded in phosphate buffer (0.05 mol/L, pH 6.5). CHRNase A resembled RNase A in its secondary structure, but circular dichroism (CD) spectra revealed that the helical content of CHRNase A was decreased and the tertiary structure of CHRNase A differed from that of RNase A. Furthermore, fluorescence measurements, CD spectra, an 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt-based assay, and surface tension measurements suggested that cholesterol was conjugated to a tyrosine residue on the protein surface. The relative activity of CHRNase A to RNase A was 79 ± 7%, and the enzyme activity of CHRNase A by adding β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD) increased to 129 ± 7%. Therefore, we considered that the cholesteryl group interacted with substrate (cytidine 2'3'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium salt) to inhibit the enzyme reaction. Finally, the environment around tyrosine residues in CHRNase A in dimethyl sulfoxide was similar to that of native RNase A in phosphate buffer (0.05 mol/L, pH 6.5). These results suggest that cholesterol conjugation to RNase A altered RNase A functionality, including improvement of RNase A resistance to dimethyl sulfoxide and modulation of the ability of β-CyD to control RNase A enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Katsura
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Formulation
Research Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0194, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furuishi
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Ueda
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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The Impact of Product and Process Related Critical Quality Attributes on Immunogenicity and Adverse Immunological Effects of Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1025-1041. [PMID: 33316242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has experienced great successes with protein therapeutics in the last two decades and with novel modalities, including cell therapies and gene therapies, more recently. Biotherapeutics are complex in structure and present challenges for discovery, development, regulatory, and life cycle management. Biotherapeutics can interact with the immune system that may lead to undesired immunological responses, including immunogenicity, hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), injection site reactions (ISR), and others. Many product and process related critical quality attributes (CQAs) have the potential to trigger or augment such immunological responses to the product. Tremendous efforts, both clinically and preclinically, have been invested to understand the impact of product and process related CQAs on adverse immunological effects. The information and knowledge are critical for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD), which requires risk assessment and establishment of specifications and control strategies for CQAs. A quality target product profile (QTPP) that identifies the key CQAs through process development can help assign severity scores based on safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the molecule. Gaps and future directions related to biotherapeutics and emerging novel modalities are presented.
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N-Acetylated-L-arginine (NALA) is an enhanced protein aggregation suppressor under interfacial stresses and elevated temperature for protein liquid formulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:654-664. [PMID: 33137385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Even though arginine hydrochloride has been recognized as a protein aggregation suppressor in the biopharmaceutical industry, its use has been questioned due to decreasing transition unfolding temperatures (Tm). Four compounds were designed to enhance the role of arginine by changing the length of the carbon chain with removal or N-acetylation of α-amino group. Biophysical properties were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and flow imaging (FI). N-Acetyl-L-arginine (NALA) performed the best at minimizing decrease in Tm with arginine at different pH. NALA also demonstrated relatively higher colloidal stability than arginine hydrochloride, especially in the acidic pH, thereby reducing agitation stress of IgG. Moreover, NALA exhibited a cooperative effect with commercially used glycine buffer for IVIG to maintain the monomer contents with almost no change and suppressed larger particle formation after agitation with heat. The study concludes that the decreasing Tm of proteins by arginine hydrochloride is due to amide group in the α-carbon chain. Moreover, chemical modification on the group compared to removing it will be a breakthrough of arginine's limitations and optimize storage stability of protein therapeutics.
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31
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Ruesch MN, Benetti L, Berkay E, Cirelli DJ, Frantz N, Gastens MH, Kelley WP, Kretsinger J, Lewis M, Novick S, Rellahan B, Pack L, Stroop CJM, Subashi A, Yin P, Zeng M, Stults J. Strategies for Setting Patient-Centric Commercial Specifications for Biotherapeutic Products. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:771-784. [PMID: 33035537 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Commercial specifications for a new biotherapeutic product are a critical component of the product's overall control strategy that ensures safety and efficacy. This paper describes strategies for setting commercial specifications as proposed by a consortium of industry development scientists. The specifications for some attributes are guided by compendia and regulatory guidance. For other product quality attributes (PQAs), product knowledge and the understanding of attribute criticality built throughout product development should drive specification setting. The foundation of PQA knowledge is an understanding of potential patient impact through an assessment of potency, PK, immunogenicity and safety. In addition to PQA knowledge, the ability of the manufacturing process to consistently meet specifications, typically assessed through statistical analyses, is an important consideration in the specification-setting process. Setting acceptance criteria that are unnecessarily narrow can impact the ability to supply product or prohibit consideration of future convenient dosage forms. Patient-centric specifications enable appropriate control over higher risk PQAs to ensure product quality for the patient, and flexibility for lower risk PQAs for a sustainable supply chain. This paper captures common strategic approaches for setting specifications for standard biotherapeutic products such as monoclonal antibodies and includes considerations for ensuring specifications are patient centric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret N Ruesch
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA.
| | | | | | - David J Cirelli
- Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Neha Frantz
- Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Wayne P Kelley
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Juliana Kretsinger
- Bioproduct Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Mike Lewis
- Janssen R&D, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Shawn Novick
- BioPhia Consulting, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | | | - Laura Pack
- Product Quality, Seagen, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | | | - Ann Subashi
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- Parenteral Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - John Stults
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Advanced Characterization of Silicone Oil Droplets in Protein Therapeutics Using Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Imaging Flow Cytometry Data. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2996-3005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Movafaghi S, Wu H, Francino Urdániz IM, Bull DS, Kelly MD, Randolph TW, Goodwin AP. The Effect of Container Surface Passivation on Aggregation of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Induced by Mechanical Shock. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000096. [PMID: 32437086 PMCID: PMC8006594 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of therapeutic proteins can result from a number of stress conditions encountered during their manufacture, transportation, and storage. This work shows the effects of two interrelated sources of protein aggregation: the chemistry and structure of the surface of the container in which the protein is stored, and mechanical shocks that may result from handling of the formulation. How different mechanical stress conditions (dropping, tumbling, and agitation) and container surface passivation affect the stability of solutions of intravenous immunoglobulin are investigated. Application of mechanical shock causes cavitation to occur in the protein solution, followed by bubble collapse and the formation of high-velocity fluid microjets that impinged on container surfaces, leading to particle formation. Cavitation was observed after dropping of vials from heights as low as 5 cm, but polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting provided temporary protection against drop-induced cavitation. PEG treatment of the vial surface reduced the formation of protein aggregates after repeated dropping events, most likely by reducing protein adsorption to container surfaces. These studies enable the development of new coatings and surface chemistries that can reduce the particulate formation induced by surface adsorption and/or mechanical shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Movafaghi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Irene M. Francino Urdániz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - David S. Bull
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mary D. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Theodore W. Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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34
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Kim NA, Kim DJ, Jeong SH. Do not flick or drop off-label use plastic syringes in handling therapeutic proteins before administration. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Katsura S, Furuishi T, Ueda H, Yonemochi E. Synthesis and Characterization of Cholesteryl Conjugated Lysozyme (CHLysozyme). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163704. [PMID: 32823837 PMCID: PMC7465789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction is important for protein conformation. Conjugation of a hydrophobic group can introduce intermolecular hydrophobic contacts that can be contained within the molecule. It is possible that a strongly folded state can be formed in solution compared with the native state. In this study, we synthesized cholesteryl conjugated lysozyme (CHLysozyme) using lysozyme and cholesterol as the model protein and hydrophobic group, respectively. Cholesteryl conjugation to lysozyme was confirmed by nuclear-magnetic resonance. Differential-scanning calorimetry suggested that CHLysozyme was folded in solution. CHLysozyme secondary structure was similar to lysozyme, although circular dichroism spectra indicated differences to the tertiary structure. Fluorescence measurements revealed a significant increase in the hydrophobic surface of CHLysozyme compared with that of lysozyme; CHLysozyme self-associated by hydrophobic interaction of the conjugated cholesterol but the hydrophobic surface of CHLysozyme decreased with time. The results suggested that hydrophobic interaction changed from intramolecular interaction to an intermolecular interaction. Furthermore, the relative activity of CHLysozyme to lysozyme increased with time. Therefore, CHLysozyme likely forms a folded state with an extended durability of activity. Moreover, lysozyme was denatured in 100% DMSO but the local environment of tryptophan in CHLysozyme was similar to that of a native lysozyme. Thus, this study suggests that protein solution stability and resistance to organic solvents may be improved by conjugation of a hydrophobic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Katsura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (S.K.); (T.F.); (H.U.)
- Formulation research Lab., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0194, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furuishi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (S.K.); (T.F.); (H.U.)
| | - Haruhisa Ueda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (S.K.); (T.F.); (H.U.)
| | - Etsuo Yonemochi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (S.K.); (T.F.); (H.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5498-5048
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36
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Aggregation and Particle Formation During Pumping of an Antibody Formulation Are Controlled by Electrostatic Interactions Between Pump Surfaces and Protein Molecules. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1473-1482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Effects of Tubing Type, Operating Parameters, and Surfactants on Particle Formation During Peristaltic Filling Pump Processing of a mAb Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1439-1448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Rech J, Fradkin A, Krueger A, Kraft C, Paskiet D. Evaluation of Particle Techniques for the Characterization of Subvisible Particles From Elastomeric Closure Components. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1725-1735. [PMID: 32017902 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating a particle profile for parenteral drug products is a well-known challenge due to inevitable variability of results with limited accuracy to actual particle levels present in the product, especially in the subvisible particulate (SbVP) range. It is important to understand the appropriate SbVP counting/characterization technology, methodology capability, and the particle source (intrinsic or extrinsic). Elastomeric closures are prevalent in many types of drug product container closure systems and are a known source of particle contribution. These components need to be considered when establishing a drug product particle profile. In this work, we describe available particle extraction methodology and its applicability in the analysis of elastomeric closure components using multiple detection technologies. Optimum sample preparation and analytical techniques were established to evaluate submicron particle and SbVP loads from elastomeric closure components. In addition, the impact of stopper siliconization and polysorbate 80 interaction on the degree of SbVPs in the final drug product was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rech
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341.
| | | | | | - Crystal Kraft
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
| | - Diane Paskiet
- West Pharmaceutical Services, 530 Herman O. West Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341
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39
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Her C, Carpenter JF. Effects of Tubing Type, Formulation, and Postpumping Agitation on Nanoparticle and Microparticle Formation in Intravenous Immunoglobulin Solutions Processed With a Peristaltic Filling Pump. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:739-749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Probst C. Characterization of Protein Aggregates, Silicone Oil Droplets, and Protein-Silicone Interactions Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:364-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Wälchli R, Vermeire PJ, Massant J, Arosio P. Accelerated Aggregation Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies: Considerations for Storage Stability. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:595-602. [PMID: 31676272 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of mAbs is a crucial concern with respect to their safety and efficacy. Among the various properties of protein aggregates, it is emerging that their size can potentially impact their immunogenicity. Therefore, stability studies of antibody formulations should not only evaluate the rate of monomer loss but also determine the size distribution of the protein aggregates, which in turn depends on the aggregation mechanism. Here, we study the aggregation behavior of different formulations of 2 monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgGs) in the temperature range from 5°C to 50°C over 52 weeks of storage. We show that the aggregation kinetics of both antibodies follow non-Arrhenius behavior and that the aggregation mechanisms change between 40°C and 5°C, leading to different types of aggregates. Specifically, for a given monomer conversion, dimer formation dominates at low temperatures, while larger aggregates are formed at higher temperatures. We further show that the stability ranking of different molecules as well as of different formulations is drastically different at 40°C and 5°C while it correlates better between 30°C and 5°C. Our findings have implications for the level of information provided by accelerated aggregation studies with respect to protein stability under storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Wälchli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter-Jan Vermeire
- UCB Pharma, BioTech Sciences, Formulation Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jan Massant
- UCB Pharma, BioTech Sciences, Formulation Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Subvisible Particles in IVIg Formulations Activate Complement in Human Serum. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:558-565. [PMID: 31672401 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When administered intravenously, various particles and nanomedicines activate complement, potentially leading to infusion reactions and other adverse drug reactions. Particles form within formulations of therapeutic proteins due to stresses incurred during shipping, handling, and administration to patients. In this study, IVIg solutions were stored in multiple types of vials and prefilled syringes and exposed to agitation and freeze-thaw stresses to generate particles. The stressed samples were added to human serum to determine whether these particles activated complement. Subvisible IVIg particles ranging in size between 2 and 10 microns activated complement in a fashion that was linearly dependent on the number of particles dosed, whereas little correlation was found between doses of larger particles (>10 microns) and complement activation. Activation of complement by subvisible particles of IVIg followed the alternative pathway, as shown by the release of complement cascade factor Bb and the production of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a without generation of C4a. The number and the morphology of subvisible particles formed depended on the applied stress, formulation, and on the container material. But the capacity of the 2- to 10-micron-sized particles to activate complement in human serum appeared to depend only on particle concentration.
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43
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Jing X, Jin K. A gold mine for drug discovery: Strategies to develop cyclic peptides into therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:753-810. [PMID: 31599007 DOI: 10.1002/med.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally "undruggable" protein surfaces. However, the deficiency of cell permeability and metabolic stability always limits the success of in vitro bioactive peptides as drug candidates. Peptide macrocyclization is one of the most established strategies to overcome these limitations. Over the past decades, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs have been clinically approved, the vast majority of which are derived from natural products. The de novo discovered cyclic peptides on the basis of rational design and in vitro evolution, have also enabled the binding with targets for which nature provides no solutions. The current review summarizes different classes of cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, and presents an overview of various approaches to develop cyclic peptide-based drug candidates, drawing upon series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Jing
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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44
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Wish JB. Will There Be a Role for a Short-Acting Biosimilar Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent in US Nephrology Practice? Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:1199-1202. [PMID: 31528778 PMCID: PMC6737340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay B. Wish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Correspondence: Jay B. Wish, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University Health, 550 N. University Boulevard, Suite 6100, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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45
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Mathaes R, Manning MC, Winter G, Engert J, Wilson GA. Shape Characterization of Subvisible Particles Using Dynamic Imaging Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:375-379. [PMID: 31476311 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregates and subvisible particles (SbvP), inherently present in all marketed protein drug products, have received increasing attention by health authorities. Dynamic imaging analysis was introduced to visualize SbvP and facilitate understanding of their origin. The educational United States Pharmacopeia chapter <1787> emphasizes that dynamic imaging analysis could be used for morphology measurements in the size range of 4-100 μm. However, adequate morphology characterization, as suggested in the United States Pharmacopeia <1787> proposed size range, remains challenging as nonspherical size standards are not commercially available. In this study, a homogenous and well-defined nonspherical particle standard was fabricated and used to investigate the capabilities of 2 dynamic imaging analysis systems (microflow imaging (MFI) and FlowCAM) to characterize SbvP shape in the size range of 2-10 μm. The actual aspect ratio of the SbvP was measured by scanning electron microscopy and compared to the results obtained by dynamic imaging analysis. The test procedure was used to assess the accuracy in determining the shape characteristics of the nonspherical particles. In general, dynamic imaging analysis showed decreasing accuracy in morphology characterization for 5 μm and 2 μm particles. The test procedure was also capable to compare and evaluate differences between the 2 dynamic imaging methods. The present study should help to define ranges of operation for dynamic imaging analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mathaes
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ludwig-Maximilian Universitaet, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Winter
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ludwig-Maximilian Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Engert
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ludwig-Maximilian Universitaet, Munich, Germany
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46
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Crommelin DJA, Mastrobattista E, Hawe A, Hoogendoorn KH, Jiskoot W. Shifting Paradigms Revisited: Biotechnology and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:30-43. [PMID: 31449815 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2003, Crommelin et al. published an article titled: "Shifting paradigms: biopharmaceuticals versus low molecular weight drugs" (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00376-4). In the present commentary, 16 years later, we discuss pharmaceutically relevant aspects of the evolution of biologics since then. First, we discuss the increasing repertoire of biologics, in particular, the rapidly growing monoclonal antibody family and the advent of advanced therapy medicinal products. Next, we discuss trends in formulation and characterization as well as summarize our current insights into immunogenicity of biologics. We spend a separate section on new product(ion) paradigms for biologics, such as cell-free production systems, production of advanced therapy medicinal products, and downscaled production approaches. Furthermore, we share our views on issues related to reaching the patient, including routes and techniques of administration, alternative development models for affordable biologics, biosimilars, and handling of biologics. In the concluding section, we outline outstanding issues and make some suggestions for resolving those.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Karin H Hoogendoorn
- Leiden University Medical Center, Hospital Pharmacy, Interdivisional GMP Facility, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Coriolis Pharma, Martinsried, Germany; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Yogurtcu ON, Sauna ZE, McGill JR, Tegenge MA, Yang H. TCPro: an In Silico Risk Assessment Tool for Biotherapeutic Protein Immunogenicity. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:96. [PMID: 31376048 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most immune responses to biotherapeutic proteins involve the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). New drugs must undergo immunogenicity assessments to identify potential risks at early stages in the drug development process. This immune response is T cell-dependent. Ex vivo assays that monitor T cell proliferation often are used to assess immunogenicity risk. Such assays can be expensive and time-consuming to carry out. Furthermore, T cell proliferation requires presentation of the immunogenic epitope by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) proteins on antigen-presenting cells. The MHC proteins are the most diverse in the human genome. Thus, obtaining cells from subjects that reflect the distribution of the different MHCII proteins in the human population can be challenging. The allelic frequencies of MHCII proteins differ among subpopulations, and understanding the potential immunogenicity risks would thus require generation of datasets for specific subpopulations involving complex subject recruitment. We developed TCPro, a computational tool that predicts the temporal dynamics of T cell counts in common ex vivo assays for drug immunogenicity. Using TCPro, we can test virtual pools of subjects based on MHCII frequencies and estimate immunogenicity risks for different populations. It also provides rapid and inexpensive initial screens for new biotherapeutics and can be used to determine the potential immunogenicity risk of new sequences introduced while bioengineering proteins. We validated TCPro using an experimental immunogenicity dataset, making predictions on the population-based immunogenicity risk of 15 protein-based biotherapeutics. Immunogenicity rankings generated using TCPro are consistent with the reported clinical experience with these therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Yogurtcu
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R McGill
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Million A Tegenge
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA.
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DEHP Nanodroplets Leached From Polyvinyl Chloride IV Bags Promote Aggregation of IVIG and Activate Complement in Human Serum. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:429-442. [PMID: 31229435 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Concerns regarding the impact of subvisible particulate impurities on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic protein products have led manufacturers to implement strategies to minimize protein aggregation and particle formation during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. However, once these products are released, manufacturers have limited control over product handling. In this work, we investigated the effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) nanodroplets generated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags of intravenous (IV) saline on the stability and immunogenicity of IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) formulations. We showed that PVC IV bags containing saline can release DEHP droplets into the solution when agitated or transported using a pneumatic tube transportation system in a clinical setting. We next investigated the effects of emulsified DEHP nanodroplets on IVIG stability and immunogenicity. IVIG adsorbed strongly to DEHP nanodroplets, forming a monolayer. In addition, DEHP nanodroplets accelerated IVIG aggregation in agitated samples. The immunogenicity of DEHP nanodroplets and IVIG aggregates generated in these formulations were evaluated using an in vitro assay of complement activation in human serum. The results suggested DEHP nanodroplets shed from PVC IV bags could reduce protein stability and induce activation of the complement system, potentially contributing to adverse immune responses during the administration of therapeutic proteins.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sotatercept and luspatercept are recombinant soluble activin type-II receptor-IgG-Fc fusion proteins that are tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various types of anemias, including renal anemia. The mechanism of the action of the novel drugs is incompletely understood, but it seems to be based on the inactivation of soluble proteins of the transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) family. This review considers pros and cons of the clinical use of the drugs in reference to the current therapy with recombinant erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). RECENT FINDINGS One or more activin type-II receptor (ActRII) ligands appear to inhibit erythroid precursors, for example growth and differentiation factor 11. Trapping of these ligands by the recombinant ActRII fusion proteins, sotatercept and luspatercept increases red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin levels in humans. Reportedly, the novel compounds were well tolerated in trials on healthy volunteers and patients suffering from anemia due to chronic kidney disease or malignancies. On approval, the drugs may prove particularly useful in patients suffering from ineffective erythropoiesis, such as in myelodysplastic syndrome, multiple myeloma or ß-thalassemia, where ESAs are of little use. Independent of their effect on erythropoiesis, ActRII ligand traps were found to exert beneficial effects on renal tissue in experimental animals. SUMMARY ESAs are likely to remain standard of care in renal anemia. There is a need for a better understanding of the effects of ActRII ligand traps on TGFß-like proteins. The novel drugs have not been approved for sale as therapeutics so far. Their long-term efficacy and safety still needs to be proven, particularly with respect to immunogenicity. Antifibrotic effects may be worthy to be investigated in humans.
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Evers A, Pfeiffer-Marek S, Bossart M, Heubel C, Stock U, Tiwari G, Gebauer B, Elshorst B, Pfenninger A, Lukasczyk U, Hessler G, Kamm W, Wagner M. Peptide Optimization at the Drug Discovery-Development Interface: Tailoring of Physicochemical Properties Toward Specific Formulation Requirements. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1404-1414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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