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Robinson L, Flynn M, Cooper M. Individual differences in motivation to change in individuals with eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:1069-1087. [PMID: 38436481 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motivation to change has been suggested to significantly impact treatment outcomes in eating disorders (EDs). This review will investigate factors associated with motivation to change in EDs with the aim of supporting clinicians to be aware and sensitive to factors that might obstruct recovery and to inform motivation-based interventions. METHOD Using PRISMA guidelines, this article identified 24 studies through database searches meeting eligibility criteria. Only correlates of motivation were identified, limiting the ability of this review to identify causal relationships. Factors that changed alongside changes in motivation were identified from longitudinal studies. RESULTS This review identified factors such as individual characteristics, co-morbid psychopathology, lack of treatment autonomy and relationships with others to be associated with motivation to change in individuals with EDs. In addition, motivation to change significantly increased alongside self-esteem and identity re-negotiation when measured longitudinally. DISCUSSION Motivational interviewing can typically focus on exploring ambivalence to treatment, identifying goals and values, and increasing self-efficacy. However, this review identifies individual and relational factors to be particularly significant and may obstruct recovery from an ED. As such, evidence-based targets have been identified to inform clinicians and motivation-based interventions. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Knowledge of factors associated with motivation to change in EDs is important to understand those who may have poorer treatment outcomes. Motivation may be improved by supporting individuals' relationship with others and tailoring interventions according to temperament and personality traits. Utilizing an individual's social support as they enter ED treatment may be effective in maximizing motivation to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Robinson
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Michaela Flynn
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myra Cooper
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Tan ST, Kannan TM. Comparison of eating behaviour by relative weight change status of young adults throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2023; 2:100094. [PMID: 36568862 PMCID: PMC9767657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose The enforcement of nationwide lockdowns has worsened the obesity epidemic in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to compare eating behaviour by relative weight change status among young adults in Malaysia throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Socio-demographics, body height, pre-pandemic body weight, and post-lockdown body weight were self-reported by the young adults. The eating behaviour was assessed using the validated Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18-item (TFEQ-R18). The mean difference in eating behaviour subscales was analysed using MANCOVA with a Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc test. Findings One-third of the young adults put on body weight due to the lockdowns, with an average relative weight gain of 12.44 ± 9.67%. Conversely, about one-fifth of the young adults reported having lighter body weight in the post-lockdown pandemic phase, with an average relative weight loss of 10.10 ± 4.66%. Young adults in the weight loss category had a significantly higher standardised raw score in cognitive restraints than those in the sustained weight and weight gain categories. In addition, young adults in the weight gain category had statistically higher standardised raw scores in uncontrolled eating and emotional eating compared to those in the sustained weight category. Weight trajectory during the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to disordered eating behaviour among young adults in Malaysia. Originality/value The findings presented in this study can be potentially valuable in formulating weight management strategies in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Celik Erden S, Karakus Yilmaz B, Kozaci N, Uygur AB, Yigit Y, Karakus K, Aydin IE, Ersahin T, Ersahin DA. The Relationship Between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Levels and Eating Behavior in Emergency Service Workers. Cureus 2023; 15:e35504. [PMID: 37007378 PMCID: PMC10058381 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is seen that shift work causes various biological, psychological, and behavioral problems in individuals. This study aimed to determine the eating attitudes and behaviors of health workers working in shifts in a stressful environment such as the emergency service and to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress levels and eating behaviors (emotional eating, restrictive eating, and external eating) in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Material and Methods Sociodemographic data form; Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS); and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used. The study sample consisted of 92 employees (doctor, nurse, emergency medical technician (EMT), medical secretary, and security, staff) who were actively on duty in the emergency department of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Medical Faculty Training and Research Hospital. Results In our study, when the eating behavior of emergency service workers was evaluated in terms of "emotional, external, and restricted eating" sub-dimensions, depression (p=0.043), anxiety (p=0.017), increased stress levels (p=0.002), being female (p=0.022), nurse-emergency medical technician profession (p=0.001), working in 24-hour shifts (p=0.001), and diet history (p=0.013) were associated with "emotional eating." In addition, an increase in depression levels (p=0.048), being single (p=0.015), working in 24-hour shifts (p=0.005), a decrease in age (p<0.001) with "extrinsic eating," an increase in body mass index (BMI) (p=0.020) and waist circumference (p=0.049), and diet history (p<0.001) were associated with "restricted eating." Conclusions In our study, among the sociodemographic factors, being female, being single, working in 24-hour shifts, diet history, nurse-EMT profession, and undergraduate education level were found to increase the tendency to develop eating behavior problems. An increase in depression levels, being single, working in 24-hour shifts, and a decrease in age were associated with "extrinsic eating." There is a correlation between depression, anxiety, and stress scores and emotional eating scores. Additionally, we found significant correlations between body mass index, waist circumference, diet history, and restricted eating scores. In the approach to eating behavior problems, it is important to determine the individual eating behavior disorder. Due to the increased risk of eating behavior disorder in those who work in long shifts such as 24 hours, it will be possible to organize work programs and increase the quality of service.
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Obeid S, Awad E, Wachten H, Hallit S, Strahler J. Temperaments and orthorexia nervosa: a cross-cultural study between Germany and Lebanon. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the association between affective temperaments and orthorexic eating and whether temperament may explain cross-cultural differences in this behavior while considering the two dimensions of orthorexic eating, healthy (HeOr) and nervosa (OrNe). To accomplish this, 337 and 389 individuals were recruited in Lebanon and Germany, respectively. The brief version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego explored depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic, anxious and irritable temperaments, and the Teruel Orthorexia scale explored orthorexic eating. HeOr appeared comparable between countries but OrNe was higher in Lebanon. In terms of affective temperaments, the higher the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments, the higher were the levels of OrNe. Only the hyperthymic temperament scale was positively associated with HeOr. Three-step regression analysis indicated only gender as a unique predictor for HeOr. By contrast, gender, depressive, hyperthymic, and anxious temperament as well as the two-way interactions country*depressive temperament and country*hyperthymic temperament were significant predictors of OrNe. The positive association between OrNe and depressive temperament was only found for the German sample while the negative association between hyperthymic temperament and OrNe was somewhat stronger in the Lebanese sample. Overall, a higher healthy interest in diet was linked to the hyperthymic temperament. Findings emphasized the role of temperaments in pathological orthorexic eating in general as well as in explaining cross-cultural differences in these behaviors. The assessment of temperaments could help to fit treatments for eating pathologies to individuals from different cultures, focusing interventions more on these aspects.
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Ali AM, Hori H, Kim Y, Kunugi H. Predictors of Nutritional Status, Depression, Internet Addiction, Facebook Addiction, and Tobacco Smoking Among Women With Eating Disorders in Spain. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:735109. [PMID: 34899416 PMCID: PMC8663168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are a complex group of psychiatric conditions that involve dysfunctional eating patterns, nutritional alterations, and other comorbid psychopathologies. Some women with EDs may develop problematic internet use while they attempt to get information on dieting/weight control or get online support from people with similar problems. They may also drift toward tobacco smoking as a method to regulate their weight or to cope with their weight-related dysphoria. The occurrence of these conditions in EDs may prolong disease course and impede recovery. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate nutritional status (noted by body mass index, BMI), depression psychopathology, internet addiction (depicted by the Internet Addiction Test), Facebook addiction (depicted by the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale), and smoking among 123 Spanish women diagnosed with EDs (mean age = 27.3 ± 10.6 years). History of hospitalization, marital status, age, and the level of education predicted BMI in certain ED groups. BMI did not predict depression, but it predicted internet addiction, Facebook addiction, and smoking in certain ED groups. Depression did not predict BMI, internet/Facebook addition, or smoking in any ED group. Some sociodemographic and clinical variables had indirect effects on depression, internet addiction, and Facebook addiction while age was the only variable expressing a direct effect on all outcome measures. Age, education, and history of prolonged treatment predicted smoking in certain ED patients. The findings signify that a considerable target for interventional strategies addressing nutritional and addictive problems in EDs would be women with high BMI, history of hospitalization, history of prolonged treatment, who are particularly young, single, and less educated. Replication studies in larger samples, which comprise various subtypes of EDs from both genders, are warranted to define the exact interaction among the addressed variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mohammed Ali
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Puttevils L, Vanderhasselt MA, Horczak P, Vervaet M. Differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies between anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2021; 109:152262. [PMID: 34265598 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has identified abnormal emotion regulation (ER) as an underlying mechanism in the onset and maintenance of eating disorders. Yet, it still remains unclear whether different forms of ER, adaptive and maladaptive strategies, are similar across categories of eating disorders. METHOD A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to look at ER differences between anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), two common eating disorder pathologies with different eating patterns. RESULTS 41 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed no differences in the use of maladaptive ER strategies between individuals with AN and BN, however patients with AN tend to use less adaptive ER strategies as compared to patients with BN. CONCLUSIONS Making less use of adaptive strategies in AN might be due to low body weight and high levels of alexithymia which define AN. In order to improve treatment outcome in individuals suffering from AN, these findings suggest to focus more on improving the use of adaptive ER strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Puttevils
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium; Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Paula Horczak
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Belgium
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Tabler J, Utz RL. Hospitalization following eating disorder diagnosis: The buffering effect of marriage and childbearing events. SSM Popul Health 2020; 12:100672. [PMID: 33072843 PMCID: PMC7548443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating Disorders (ED) are defined as abnormal eating behaviors, stemming from an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape. EDs affect 10 million men and 20 million women in the US, with an estimated 15% lifetime prevalence among women. An ED diagnosis is often accompanied with a host of adverse physical and mental health outcomes, including a heightened risk for suicidality. Given the complex comorbidities associated with EDs, treatment occurs in inpatient and outpatient settings. This study used linked administrative and health records from the Utah Population Database to create a cohort of women n = 4183 and men n = 423 who had a known diagnosis of ED between 1995 and 2015. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to model ED-related hospitalization trajectories, including subsequent risk for suicidality/self-injurious behavior-related hospitalization. To better estimate the risk profiles associated with different health care utilization patterns, models explored how family-related life course events (childbirth, marriage transitions) and sociodemographic characteristics (race, sex, and median income at census-block) modify hospitalization trajectories following initial diagnosis. Results suggested that increased outpatient treatment was associated with reduced risk of initial ED-related hospitalization, but higher risk for subsequent ED-related hospital readmission. In addition, transition to marriage (i.e., getting married) was associated with reduced risk of ED-related and suicidality/self-injurious behavior-related hospitalizations (initial hospitalization and subsequent readmission). Increased number of children was only associated with reduced risk of initial ED-hospitalization, but not readmission. When assessing individuals' risk for ED-related hospitalizations, social and health services researchers should contextualize treatment trajectories within the individual's life experiences, particularly marital transitions, while simultaneously considering sociodemographic characteristics and utilization of outpatient care. Future research should further examine whether marriage represents an important turning point in the health trajectories of individuals with EDs. Childbearing reduces risk of initial eating disorder hospitalization. Marriage reduces risk of eating disorder hospitalization and readmission. Marriage reduces risk of suicidality hospitalization for persons with prior eating disorder. Higher outpatient treatment reduces risk of initial eating disorder hospitalization. Higher outpatient treatment increases risk of eating disorder hospital readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tabler
- University of Wyoming, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, Laramie, WY, 82070, United States
| | - Rebecca L Utz
- University of Utah, Department of Sociology, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United States
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Strahler J, Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, Obeid S, Hallit S. Cross-cultural differences in orthorexic eating behaviors: Associations with personality traits. Nutrition 2020; 77:110811. [PMID: 32447071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sociocultural factors and personality traits play key roles in determining dietary behaviors. Orthorexia nervosa (ON), the pathologic obsession with healthy eating, is increasingly receiving scientific attention. However, mechanisms and risk factors are not completely understood. The aims of this study were to compare the prevalence of orthorexic eating attitudes among adults in Germany and Lebanon, and to examine the relationship with primary facets of personality and maladaptive personality traits. METHODS The German sample comprised 391 adults, of which 314 were women (80.3%) and the mean age was 27 y. The Lebanese sample comprised 519 adults, of which 283 were women (56%) and the mean age was 36 y. In addition to sociodemographic data, participants completed the Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS), the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), the Big Five Inventory, and the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. RESULTS Generally higher levels of healthy orthorexia among women and higher levels of ON according to the TOS-ON and DOS scores were found in Lebanon. In the Lebanese sample, 8.4% presented a high risk for ON, whereas this was true for only 4.9% of the German sample. Some associations between DOS/TOS scores and personality traits appeared but coefficients were generally low. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that the negative association between ON and the traits agreeableness and negative affectivity was clearly evident in the Lebanese sample but less so in the German sample. Age, body mass index, marital status, and subjective social status were not relevant moderators of effects. Comparison by country indicated higher prevalence of pathologic healthful eating and ON in the Lebanese sample compared with the German group. Personality traits, but not sociodemographic variables, partly contributed to this difference. CONCLUSION The present results suggested the importance of sociocultural factors in the development of eating pathologies and proposed specific personality traits as important associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- Department of Health Psychology and Applied Diagnostics, Faculty of Human-Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon; INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; CH Esquirol, Department of Psychiatry, Limoges, France
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon; Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychology, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
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Khosravi M. Eating disorders among patients with borderline personality disorder: understanding the prevalence and psychopathology. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32821383 PMCID: PMC7429899 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment protocols can be bolstered and etiological and maintenance factors can be recognized more easily by a superior understanding of emotions and emotion regulation in the comorbidity of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and feeding and eating disorders (FEDs). Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the prevalence and psychopathology of FEDs in patients with BPD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 220 participants were examined in three groups, namely BPD (n = 38), BPD + FEDs (n = 72), and healthy controls (n = 110), from August 2018 to November 2019. The participants were selected by systematic random sampling among the patients who referred to Baharan psychiatric hospital in Zahedan, Iran, with the sampling interval of 3. The subjects were evaluated by 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD), Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-5: Research Version (SCID-5-RV), the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). RESULTS The results showed a 65.4% (n = 72) prevalence of FEDs in patients with BPD. Also, the highest and lowest prevalence rates were reported for other specified feeding and eating disorders (51.3%) and bulimia nervosa (6.9%), respectively. Although the highest mean score of TAS-20 was related to anorexia nervosa, there was no significant difference between the scores of various types of FEDs. The mediation analysis showed that anxiety and depression would play a mediating role in the relationship between alexithymia and eating-disordered behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The results have suggested that alexithymia, anxiety, and depression should receive clinical attention as potential therapeutic targets in the comorbidity of BPD and FEDs. The clinical implications of the research have been conducted to date, and directions for future research have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Baharan Psychiatric Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9813913777 Iran
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O'Connor P, Daly L, Higgins A. Partners' experiences of living with a person with an eating disorder: A grounded theory study. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:1741-1750. [PMID: 31012143 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the experiences of intimate partners of people with an eating disorder. DESIGN Qualitative grounded theory study. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 partners of people with an eating disorder from 2013-2016. Data were analysed using the principles of classic grounded theory including, concurrent data collection and analysis, theoretical sampling, constant comparative analysis and memo writing. RESULTS Partners encounter disruptions to their lives when their significant other experiences an eating disorder. As a result, partners engage in a four-stage cyclical process involving: encountering a disruption; becoming an informed self; countering the disruption and reclaimed livability. By engaging in this process partners learn to support their significant other, remain committed to the relationship and recover their own lives. The process is drawn together and defined as the theory of 'Reconstructing Livability'. CONCLUSION The theory of 'Reconstructing Livability' provides a unique conceptualization of the experiences of partners who are living with a person with an eating disorder. It highlights the challenges faced by partners when supporting the recovery of their significant other and the intimate relationship, while reclaiming their own lives. IMPACT This study addresses the dearth of knowledge and understanding of partners' experiences. Partners engage in a process to enable them support recovery of their significant other and their own lives, but this is hindered by the challenges and unmet needs they experience. The theory provides a basis on which nurses can provide effective and timely supports to partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia O'Connor
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, St. Patricks University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Daly
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnes Higgins
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Alwosaifer AM, Alawadh SA, Abdel Wahab MM, Boubshait LA, Almutairi BA. Eating disorders and associated risk factors among Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal university preparatory year female students in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:910-921. [PMID: 30251735 PMCID: PMC6201000 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.9.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of eating disorders among Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU) in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, female students and to investigate the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at IAU, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in 2016 with 670 participants. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaires, including the Eating attitude test 26 (EAT-26) and the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-4). Eating behavior questions were asked to determine whether the respondents should seek evaluation for an eating disorder (ED) from a professional. Results: Eating attitude test 26 results showed that 29.4% of participants were categorized at a high level of concern for an ED, and 45.5% were categorized as at risk of having problematic feeding behaviors. Of the participants who scored above 20 on the EAT-26, 60.7% demonstrated high-risk feeding behavior attitudes, and approximately 11.5% who scored a body mass index (BMI) classified as underweight or very underweight required referral to a psychologist. A significant relationship was found between family stress to lose weight and EAT-26 scores above 20. The media was also found to represent external influence to lose weight. Conclusion: This study concluded that early detection of EDs or problematic feeding behaviors and attitude is vital to minimize the risks to physical health and well-being of the sufferers’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M Alwosaifer
- Department of Family Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Andreeva VA, Tavolacci MP, Galan P, Ladner J, Buscail C, Péneau S, Galmiche M, Hercberg S, Déchelotte P, Julia C. Sociodemographic correlates of eating disorder subtypes among men and women in France, with a focus on age. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 73:56-64. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2018-210745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundOn the population level, the association of age and other sociodemographic factors with eating disorders (ED) is unclear.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the French general population-based NutriNet-Santé e-cohort (n=49 603 adults; 76.3% women; mean age=50.4±14.6 years). ED were evaluated in 2014 with the 5-item SCOFF screening questionnaire and the Expali algorithmic tool. Likely cases of restrictive, bulimic, hyperphagic and other ED were the dependent variables. Age, marital status, education, occupation, physical activity and smoking were the independent variables. Associations were estimated via gender-stratified multivariable polytomous logistic regression.ResultsAmong women, age displayed inverse linear associations with both restrictive and bulimic ED, underscoring 18–25 years as the most vulnerable period (adjusted OR=3.37, 95% CI: 2.24 to 5.08 for restrictive ED; adjusted OR=2.98, 95% CI: 2.37 to 3.74 for bulimic ED, respectively). A similar association was observed in men regarding bulimic ED. In women, age was not associated with hyperphagic ED for which living alone, low education, low physical activity, being a homemaker/disabled/unemployed/retired, a manual worker or a former/current smoker had increased importance. In men, 18–39 years emerged as the least vulnerable period regarding hyperphagic ED (adjusted OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.99). Across gender, having postsecondary education had significant inverse associations with all except restrictive ED, whereas being a student had a significant positive association with restrictive ED.ConclusionsThe findings support gender-specific associations of age with four ED subtypes and could inform future prevention initiatives targeting specific ED among specific age groups.Trial registration numberNCT03335644; Pre-results.
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Teufel M, Wild B, Giel KE, Friederich HC, Resmark G, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S, Löwe B, Tagay S, von Wietersheim J, Zeeck A, Burgmer M, Dinkel A, Ziser K, Zehnpfennig D, Zipfel S, Herzog W, Junne F. Familie, Partnerschaft, Bildung und berufliche Situation bei Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-017-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pauli D, Aebi M, Winkler Metzke C, Steinhausen HC. Motivation to change, coping, and self-esteem in adolescent anorexia nervosa: a validation study of the Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ). J Eat Disord 2017; 5:11. [PMID: 28417002 PMCID: PMC5392907 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-016-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding motivation to change is a key issue in both the assessment and the treatment of eating disorders. Therefore, sound instruments assessing this construct are of great help to clinicians. Accordingly, the present study analysed the psychometric properties of the Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ), including its relation to coping style and self-esteem. METHODS N = 92 adolescents referred to an eating disorders outpatient clinic meeting criteria for anorexia nervosa gave written informed consent to participate in this study and completed the ANSOCQ, the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Image Questionnaire, two questionnaires measuring Self-Related Cognitions and the Coping Across Situations Questionnaire. After a treatment period of nine months, clinical anorexia nervosa diagnosis and the body mass index were re-assessed. In addition to exploratory factor analysis, correlational analysis was used to test for the convergent validity of the ANSOCQ and logistic regression analysis was used to test its predictive validity. RESULTS The ANSOCQ had good psychometric properties. Factor analysis yielded two meaningful factors labelled as 'weight gain and control' and 'attitudes and feelings'. Internal consistencies of the two factors amounted to Cronbach's alpha = .87 and .76, respectively. Significant correlations with other scales measuring eating disorder psychopathology were indicative of meaningful construct validity. Higher motivation to change was related to higher self-esteem and a more active coping style. Higher (positive) ANSOCQ total scores predicted remission of anorexia nervosa after nine months of treatment. A higher score on 'attitudes and feelings' was a protective factor against drop-out from intervention. CONCLUSIONS The ANSOCQ is a clinically useful instrument for measuring motivation to change in adolescents with AN. Two factorial dimensions explain most of the variation. Self-esteem and coping style are relevant additional constructs for the understanding of the motivation to change in anorexia nervosa. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02828956. Retrospectively registered July 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Pauli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Neumünsterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Aebi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Neumünsterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Child and Youth Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Psychology for Children/Adolescents and Couples/Families, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christa Winkler Metzke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Neumünsterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Neumünsterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Antoine P, Flinois B, Doba K, Nandrino JL, Dodin V, Hendrickx M. Living as a couple with anorexia nervosa: A dyadic interpretative phenomenological analysis. J Health Psychol 2016; 23:1842-1852. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105316672095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the difficulties couples face in relation to anorexia nervosa. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, five couples in which one of the partners lives with anorexia nervosa were interviewed separately. The findings are conceptualized into three areas: first, the encounter ‘at the crossroads between remission and relapse’; second, the way that ‘anorexia reveals itself’; and finally, the way the ‘ménage à trois’ works, including the illness fully as part of the couple. Psychotherapists should take into account the context of the couple and the complex interaction between the couple and the illness to support both partners’ development of appropriate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Antoine
- Lille University, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives,Lille, France
| | - Bérengère Flinois
- Lille University, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives,Lille, France
| | - Karyn Doba
- Lille University, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives,Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nandrino
- Lille University, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives,Lille, France
| | - Vincent Dodin
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, GHICL, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Hendrickx
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, GHICL, F-59000 Lille, France
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16
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Weigel A, Rossi M, Wendt H, Neubauer K, von Rad K, Daubmann A, Romer G, Löwe B, Gumz A. Duration of untreated illness and predictors of late treatment initiation in anorexia nervosa. J Public Health (Oxf) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-014-0642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Arcelus J, Yates A, Whiteley R. Romantic relationships, clinical and sub-clinical eating disorders: a review of the literature. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2012.696095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Whisman MA, Dementyeva A, Baucom DH, Bulik CM. Marital functioning and binge eating disorder in married women. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:385-9. [PMID: 21560137 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between marital functioning and binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD In a population-based survey of 2,084 married women, women with current (i.e., occurring in the past 12 months) BED were compared on three measures of marital functioning (marital satisfaction, negative interaction, and positive interaction) to women with (a) other current Axis I disorders and (b) no current disorder. RESULTS Women with BED reported lower levels of marital satisfaction and higher levels of negative interaction than women with other disorders, who in turn reported poorer functioning than women with no disorder. Women with other disorders reported lower levels of positive interaction than women with BED, who in turn reported lower levels than women with no disorder. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that marital functioning for women with BED is comparable to or worse than for women with other psychiatric disorders, which supports the need for continued investigation into the marital functioning of people with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Whisman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental illness that affects women and men of all ages. Despite the gravity of its chronic morbidity, risk of premature death, and societal burden, the evidence base for its treatment-especially in adults-is weak. Guided by the finding that family-based interventions confer benefit in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescents, we developed a cognitive-behavioral couple-based intervention for adults with anorexia nervosa who are in committed relationships that engages both the patient and her/his partner in the treatment process. This article describes the theoretical rationale behind the development of Uniting Couples in the treatment of Anorexia nervosa (UCAN), practical considerations in delivering the intervention, and includes reflections from the developers on the challenges of working with couples in which one member suffers from anorexia nervosa. Finally, we discuss future applications of a couple-based approach to the treatment of adults with eating disorders.
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic analysis of data collected with the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) was made. METHOD A literature search identified 94 sources in which the mean values of the EDI or EDI-2 subscales were reported, comprising 310 samples differing by sex, age, diagnosis, language, ethnicity, or some other relevant attribute. The total number of respondents was 43,722, from 25 different countries, having used the EDI in one of the 16 languages (1-94). RESULTS The factorial structure of the aggregate means of the EDI subscales, for both clinical versus nonclinical and Western versus non-Western samples, was almost identical suggesting generalizability across languages and cultures. Non-Western participants scored higher than Western participants on virtually all EDI subscales, both in normal and eating-disordered samples. It was shown that age is a risk factor when someone is already diagnosed with an eating disorder but, in the general population, increasing age reduces the likelihood of being afflicted by eating disorders. DISCUSSION Symptoms of eating disorders are more pronounced in non-Western than in Western samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Podar
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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21
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Casasnovas C, Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Krug I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Bulik CM, Vallejo-Ruiloba J. Motivation to change in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2007; 15:449-56. [PMID: 17960774 DOI: 10.1002/erv.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to understand the clinical impact of the motivational stage of change on the psychopathology and symptomatology of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). METHOD The participants were 218 eating disorder (ED) patients (58 AN, 95 BN and 65 EDNOS), consecutively admitted to our hospital. All patients fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for these disorders. ASSESSMENT Assessment measures included the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), Bulimic Investigation Test Edinburgh (BITE), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), four analogue scales of motivational stage, as well as a number of other clinical and psychopathological indices. RESULTS Our results indicated higher motivation for change in BN than in AN and EDNOS patients (p < 0.05). For all groups, motivation to change was predicted by chronological age (p < 0.05). However, a longer duration of illness was only predictive of the motivational levels in EDNOS (p < 0.05) patients. CONCLUSIONS Compared to BN, AN and EDNOS patients are most resistant to change and the younger these patients are, the less likely they are to be motivated to change their disturbed eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casasnovas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Bardone-Cone AM, Wonderlich SA, Frost RO, Bulik CM, Mitchell JE, Uppala S, Simonich H. Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27:384-405. [PMID: 17267086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The literature examining the relation between perfectionism and eating disorders was reviewed and content and methodological comparisons were made with the perfectionism literature in anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. A PsychInfo search using the key words "perfectionism/perfect/perfectionistic," "anorexia," "bulimia," and "eating disorders" was performed and the generated list of papers was supplemented based on a review of reference lists in the papers. A total of 55 papers published between 1990 and 2005 were identified that assessed perfectionism among individuals with diagnosed eating disorders. The key research questions were distilled from these publications and empirical findings were summarized for each question, followed by a comparison with perfectionism papers in the anxiety and depressive disorder literatures. Also, key research design methodological parameters were identified and comparisons made across the three literatures: eating disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders. The current review concludes with conceptual and methodological recommendations for researchers interested in perfectionism and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This current study examines the relationship between cohabitation and changes in bulimic symptoms in young adults. METHOD A sample of 2601 initially noncohabitating adolescents was followed over a 5-year period and growth curve analyses were conducted. RESULTS Females who over the course of the study moved in with a partner had greater decreases in bulimic symptoms compared with female noncohabitators. This difference was highly significant, even if small in size. No such effect was found in males. When examining the frequency of bulimic behaviors in females, the most socially unacceptable bulimic behaviors were those most reduced by cohabitation, whereas less obtrusive bulimic behaviors were not reduced. CONCLUSION The results give some indication that social control exercised in close relationships may account for decreased bulimic symptoms in female cohabitators. Further studies are needed to confirm the importance of social control and to examine how it affects symptom reduction.
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24
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Lai BPY, Tang CSK, Tse WKL. A longitudinal study investigating disordered eating during the transition to motherhood among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39:303-11. [PMID: 16528680 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current longitudinal study explored the prevalence and psychosocial factors of disordered eating among new Chinese mothers in Hong Kong. METHOD Self-report questionnaires on bulimic symptoms and pregnancy-related factors were collected at both prenatal and postnatal periods from 131 Chinese women. RESULTS Participants reported significantly more severe disordered eating in the postnatal than in the prenatal period, with percentages being 19.08% and 8.4%, respectively, using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Results revealed that prenatal disordered eating, weak maternal-fetal attachment, a low level of instrumental spousal support during pregnancy, postnatal depressive symptoms, and a poor mother-infant relationship were significantly related to disordered eating at 6 months postchildbirth. CONCLUSION Findings suggested that the transition to motherhood is a period of stress that may either precipitate or exacerbate disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pui-yee Lai
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shating, NT, Hong Kong
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25
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Huke K, Slade P. An exploratory investigation of the experiences of partners living with people who have bulimia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Newton M, Boblin S, Brown B, Ciliska D. Romantic relationships for women with anorexia nervosa: an integrative literature review. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10:139-53. [PMID: 16277136 DOI: 10.1007/bf03327541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically appraise literature concerning romantic relationships for women with anorexia nervosa (AN), and to gain perspective on future research directives. METHOD Key electronic databases, reference lists, and journals were searched. The search was limited to features of romantic relationships and their quality. Nineteen studies were critiqued and abstracted. RESULTS All 19 studies used a quantitative design; no qualitative studies were retrieved. Methodological strengths of these studies included confounder control and appropriate statistical analyses for design. Weaknesses included a failure to declare study designs, address sources of bias, and justify study samples, as well as a lack of con-founder control. DISCUSSION The review drew attention to the varied relational experiences and marked relationship dissatisfaction expressed by women with AN. However, an understanding of relationship quality and its dynamic nature remains limited. Future research should focus on how meanings are negotiated in relationships, providing detailed descriptions of the women's experiences, which is best done with qualitative study. Well-conducted longitudinal research should address questions that cannot be answered by current research designs, such as temporality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Newton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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27
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Baş M, Karabudak E, Kiziltan G. Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents. Appetite 2005; 44:309-15. [PMID: 15927731 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist in eating attitudes, self-esteem, social trait anxiety and social physique anxiety of self-reported vegetarian and nonvegetarian Turkish adolescents. The sample for the Turkish University' students is designed to provide the estimates of vegetarian indicators and prevalence. The participants were 608 females and 597 males, in total 1205 adolescents aged between 17 and 21 years. Disturbed eating behaviors (EAT-26> or =20) was found in 45.2% (14 of vegetarian) of the total vegetarian sample; which included two of the male vegetarians and 12 of the female vegetarians. The mean BMI was 19.78+/-1.49 kg/m(2) for female vegetarians and 20.78+/-2.46 kg/m(2) for female nonvegetarians (p<0.05). Male vegetarians had significantly higher score than male nonvegetarians on EAT-26 (17.25+/-11.18 for male vegetarians and 9.38+/-6.60 for male nonvegetarians), dieting (6.50+/-7.65 for male vegetarians and 2.55+/-3.87 for male nonvegetarians) and oral control (6.13+/-4.67 for male vegetarians and 3.20+/-3.19 for male nonvegetarians) scores (p<0.05). Besides, female vegetarians had significantly higher score than female nonvegetarians on EAT-26 (22.04+/-13.62 for female vegetarians and 11.38+/-8.28 for female nonvegetarians), dieting (10.35+/-9.58 for female vegetarians and 4.41+/-5.30 for female nonvegetarians), oral control (7.78+/-5.13 for female vegetarians and 3.33+/-3.51 for female nonvegetarians) and STAI (51.39+/-7.28 for female vegetarians and 47.29+/-5.13 for female nonvegetarians) scores (p<0.05). As a conclusion, the present study indicated abnormal eating attitudes, low self-esteem, high social physique anxiety, and high trait anxiety in Turkish vegetarian adolescents. The vegetarian adolescents may be more likely to display disordered eating attitudes and behaviors than nonvegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Baş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Sciences Faculty, Baskent University, Bağlica Kampusu, Eskişehir Yolu 20.km, 06530 Ankara, Turkey.
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28
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Lai BPY, Tang CSK, Tse WKL. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of disordered eating among Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong. Eat Disord 2005; 13:171-86. [PMID: 16864340 DOI: 10.1080/10640260590918991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-hundred-and-fifty-nine Chinese pregnant women were surveyed to determine prevalence and psychosocial correlates of eating disturbance in pregnancy. About 9.8% of participants reported disordered eating symptoms. Prevalence of these symptoms was related to general factors of drive for thinness, body image dissatisfaction, and traditional gender role attitudes. These general factors were, in turn, associated with factors specific to pregnant women. In particular, drive for thinness was related to poor spousal support; body image dissatisfaction was related to poor maternal-fetal attachment; and traditional gender role attitudes were related to strong maternal-fetal attachment and spousal support. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pui-Yee Lai
- Department of Psychology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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