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Bashir S, Aiman A, Shahid M, Chaudhary AA, Sami N, Basir SF, Hassan I, Islam A. Amyloid-induced neurodegeneration: A comprehensive review through aggregomics perception of proteins in health and pathology. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102276. [PMID: 38499161 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis of protein caused by fibrillation and aggregation are some of the most exciting new edges not only in protein sciences but also in molecular medicines. The present review discusses recent advancements in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic applications with ongoing clinical trials, featuring new areas of protein misfolding resulting in aggregation. The endogenous accretion of protein fibrils having fibrillar morphology symbolizes the beginning of neuro-disorders. Prognostic amyloidosis is prominent in numerous degenerative infections such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. However, the molecular basis determining the intracellular or extracellular evidence of aggregates, playing a significant role as a causative factor in neurodegeneration is still unclear. Structural conversions and protein self-assembly resulting in the formation of amyloid oligomers and fibrils are important events in the pathophysiology of the disease. This comprehensive review sheds light on the evolving landscape of potential treatment modalities, highlighting the ongoing clinical trials and the potential socio-economic impact of novel therapeutic interventions in the realm of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, many drugs are undergoing different levels of clinical trials that would certainly help in treating these disorders and will surely improve the socio-impact of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Bashir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Neha Sami
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Seemi Farhat Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Guasto A, Dubail J, Aguilera-Albesa S, Paganini C, Vanhulle C, Haouari W, Gorría-Redondo N, Aznal-Sainz E, Boddaert N, Planas-Serra L, Schlüter A, Verdura E, Bruneel A, Rossi A, Huber C, Pujol A, Cormier-Daire V. Biallelic variants in SLC35B2 cause a novel chondrodysplasia with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Brain 2022; 145:3711-3722. [PMID: 35325049 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated proteoglycans are essential in skeletal and brain development. Recently, pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the proteoglycan biosynthesis have been identified in a range of chondrodysplasia associated with intellectual disability. Nevertheless, several patients remain with unidentified molecular basis. This study aimed to contribute to the deciphering of new molecular bases in patients with chondrodysplasia and neuro-developmental disease. Exome sequencing was performed to identify pathogenic variants in patients presenting with chondrodysplasia and intellectual disability. The pathogenic effects of the potentially causative variants were analyzed by functional studies. We identified homozygous variants (c.1218_1220del and c.1224_1225del) in SLC35B2 in two patients with pre- and postnatal growth retardation, scoliosis, severe motor and intellectual disabilities and hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. By functional analyses, we showed that the variants affect SLC35B2 mRNA expression and protein subcellular localization leading to a functional impairment of the protein. Consistent with those results, we detected proteoglycan sulfation impairment in SLC35B2 patient fibroblasts and serum. Our data support that SLC35B2 functional impairment causes a novel syndromic chondrodysplasia with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, most likely through a proteoglycan sulfation defect. This is the first time that SLC35B2 variants are associated with bone and brain development in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guasto
- Paris Cité University, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Johanne Dubail
- Paris Cité University, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sergio Aguilera-Albesa
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain.,Children's Medically Complex Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine Vanhulle
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, pavillon Martainville, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, 76031, Rouen, France
| | - Walid Haouari
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, F-92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nerea Gorría-Redondo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Aznal-Sainz
- Children's Medically Complex Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Service d'Imagerie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Planas-Serra
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research in Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research in Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgard Verdura
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research in Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- INSERM UMR1193, Paris-Saclay University, F-92220 Châtenay-Malabry, France.,AP-HP, Biochimie métabolique et cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Céline Huber
- Paris Cité University, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research in Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Paris Cité University, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Service de Génétique clinique, Centre de référence pour les maladies osseuses constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, F-75015 Paris, France
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Kim SH, Shishido Y, Sogabe H, Rachadech W, Yorita K, Kato Y, Fukui K. Age- and gender-dependent D-amino acid oxidase activity in mouse brain and peripheral tissues: implication for aging and neurodegeneration. J Biochem 2019; 166:187-196. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme, catalysing oxidative deamination of D-amino acids to produce corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. In our search for DAO activity among various tissues, we developed a sensitive assay based on hydrogen peroxide production involving enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay with peroxidase. We first optimized buffer components to extract DAO protein from mouse tissues. Here we show that DAO activity was detected in kidney, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, midbrain and spinal cord, but not in liver. In addition, we observed that DAO activity and expression were decreased in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord in aged mice when compared with young mice, indicating that decreased DAO is involved in motoneuron degeneration during senescence. We also found gender difference in DAO activity in the kidney, suggesting that DAO activity is influenced by sexual dimorphism. We newly detected DAO activity in the epididymis, although undetected in testis. Furthermore, DAO activity was significantly higher in the caput region than corpus and cauda regions of epididymis, indicating that D-amino acids present in the testis are eliminated in epididymis. Taken together, age- and gender-dependent DAO activity in each organ may underlie the human pathophysiology regulated by D-amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Kim
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Shishido
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sogabe
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Wanitcha Rachadech
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yorita
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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Psychometric properties of outcome measures evaluating decline in gait in cerebellar ataxia: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2018; 61:149-162. [PMID: 29351857 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia often results in impairment in ambulation secondary to gait pattern dysfunction and compensatory gait adjustments. Pharmaceutical and therapy-based interventions with potential benefit for gait in ataxia are starting to emerge, however evaluation of such interventions is hampered by the lack of outcome measures that are responsive, valid and reliable for measurement of gait decline in cerebellar ataxia. This systematic review aimed for the first time to evaluate the psychometric properties of gait and walking outcomes applicable to individuals with cerebellar ataxia. Only studies evaluating straight walking were included. A comprehensive search of three databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE) identified 53 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Forty-nine were rated as 'poor' as assessed by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist. The primary objective of most studies was to explore changes in gait related to ataxia, rather than to examine psychometric properties of outcomes. This resulted in methodologies not specific for psychometric assessment. Thirty-nine studies examined validity, 11 examined responsiveness and 12 measured reliability. Review of the data identified double and single support and swing percentage of the gait cycle, velocity, step length and the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) gait item as the most valid and responsive measures of gait in cerebellar ataxia. However, further evaluation to establish their reliability and applicability for use in clinical trials is clearly warranted. We recommend that inter-session reliability of gait outcomes should be evaluated to ensure changes are reflective of intervention effectiveness in cerebellar ataxia.
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Schade S, Paulus W. D-Cycloserine in Neuropsychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv102. [PMID: 26364274 PMCID: PMC4851259 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Cycloserine, known from tuberculosis therapy, has been widely introduced to neuropsychiatric studies, since its central active mechanism as a partial NMDA-agonist has been found. In this review, we evaluate its therapeutic potential in neuropsychological disorders and discuss its pitfalls in terms of dosing and application frequency as well as its safety in low-dose therapy. Therefore, we identified 91 clinical trials by performing a Medline search. We demonstrate in part preliminary but increasing evidence that D-cycloserine may be effective in various psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, addiction, eating disorders, major depression, and autism as well as in neurological diseases, including dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and spinocerebellar degeneration. D-Cycloserine in low-dose therapy is safe, but there is still a need for new drugs with higher specificity to the different N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schade
- University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Giunti P, Mantuano E, Frontali M, Veneziano L. Molecular mechanism of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6: glutamine repeat disorder, channelopathy and transcriptional dysregulation. The multifaceted aspects of a single mutation. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:36. [PMID: 25762895 PMCID: PMC4329791 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by late onset, slowly progressive, mostly pure cerebellar ataxia. It is one of three allelic disorders associated to CACNA1A gene, coding for the Alpha1 A subunit of P/Q type calcium channel Cav2.1 expressed in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum. The other two disorders are Episodic Ataxia type 2 (EA2), and Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 1 (FHM1). These disorders show distinct phenotypes that often overlap but have different pathogenic mechanisms. EA2 and FHM1 are due to mutations causing, respectively, a loss and a gain of channel function. SCA6, instead, is associated with short expansions of a polyglutamine stretch located in the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of the protein. This domain has a relevant role in channel regulation, as well as in transcription regulation of other neuronal genes; thus the SCA6 CAG repeat expansion results in complex pathogenic molecular mechanisms reflecting the complex Cav2.1 C-terminus activity. We will provide a short review for an update on the SCA6 molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giunti
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology London, UK
| | - Elide Mantuano
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Frontali
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Veneziano
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy Rome, Italy
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Vogel AP, Folker J, Poole ML. Treatment for speech disorder in Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxia syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD008953. [PMID: 25348587 PMCID: PMC11214034 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008953.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary ataxia syndromes can result in significant speech impairment, a symptom thought to be responsive to treatment. The type of speech impairment most commonly reported in hereditary ataxias is dysarthria. Dysarthria is a collective term referring to a group of movement disorders affecting the muscular control of speech. Dysarthria affects the ability of individuals to communicate and to participate in society. This in turn reduces quality of life. Given the harmful impact of speech disorder on a person's functioning, treatment of speech impairment in these conditions is important and evidence-based interventions are needed. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions for speech disorder in adults and children with Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxias. SEARCH METHODS On 14 October 2013, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA), Dissertation Abstracts and trials registries. We checked all references in the identified trials to identify any additional published data. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs that compared treatments for hereditary ataxias with no treatment, placebo or another treatment or combination of treatments, where investigators measured speech production. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies using the standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. The review authors collected information on adverse effects from included studies. We did not conduct a meta-analysis as no two studies utilised the same assessment procedures within the same treatment. MAIN RESULTS Fourteen clinical trials, involving 721 participants, met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Thirteen studies compared a pharmaceutical treatment with placebo (or a low dose of the intervention), in heterogenous groups of degenerative cerebellar ataxias. Three compounds were studied in two trials each: a levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HT), idebenone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate (TRH-T); each of the other compounds (riluzole, varenicline, buspirone, betamethasone, coenzyme Q10 with vitamin E, α-tocopheryl quinone and erythropoietin) were studied in one trial. The 14th trial, involving a mixed group of participants with spinocerebellar ataxia, compared the effectiveness of nonspecific physiotherapy and occupational therapy within an inpatient hospital setting to no treatment. No studies utilised traditional speech therapies. We defined the primary outcome measure in this review as the percentage change (improvement) in overall speech production immediately following completion of the intervention or later, measured by any validated speech assessment tool. None of the trials included speech as a primary outcome or examined speech using any validated speech assessment tool. Eleven studies reported speech outcomes derived from a subscale embedded within disease rating scales. The remaining three studies used alternative assessments to measure speech, including mean time to produce a standard sentence, a subjective rating of speech on a 14-point analogue scale, patient-reported assessment of the impact of dysarthria on activities of daily living and acoustic measures of syllable length. One study measured speech both subjectively as part of a disease rating scale and with further measures of speech timing. Three studies utilised the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and one used the Child Health Questionnaire as measures of general quality of life. A further study utilised the Functional Independence Measure to assess functional health.Five studies reported statistically significant improvement on an overall disease rating scale in which a speech subscale was included. Only three of those studies provided specific data on speech performance; all were comparisons with placebo. Improvements in overall disease severity were observed with α-tocopheryl quinone; however, no significant changes were found on the speech subscale in a group of individuals with Friedreich ataxia. A statistically significant improvement in speech according to a speech disorders subscale was observed with betamethasone. Riluzole was found to have a statistically significant effect on speech in a group of participants with mixed hereditary, sporadic and unknown origin ataxias. No significant differences were observed between treatment and placebo in any other pharmaceutical study. A statistically significant improvement in functional independence occurred at the end of the treatment period in the rehabilitation study compared to the delayed treatment group but these effects were not present 12 to 24 weeks after treatment. Of the four studies that assessed quality of life, none found a significant effect. A variety of minor adverse events were reported for the 13 pharmaceutical therapies, including gastrointestinal side effects and nausea. Serious adverse effects were reported in two participants in one of the L-5HT trials (participants discontinued due to gastrointestinal effects), and in four participants (three taking idebenone, one taking placebo) in the idebenone studies. Serious adverse events with idebenone were gastrointestinal side effects and, in people with a previous history of these events, chest pain and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The rehabilitation study did not report any adverse events.We considered six studies to be at high risk of bias in some respect. We suspected inadequate blinding of participants or assessors in four studies and poor randomisation in a further two studies. There was a high risk of reporting bias in two studies and attrition bias in four studies. Only one study had a low risk of bias across all criteria. Taken together with other limitations of the studies relating to the validity of the measurement scales used, we downgraded the quality of the evidence for many of the outcomes to low or very low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient and low or very low quality evidence from either RCTs or observational studies to determine the effectiveness of any treatment for speech disorder in any of the hereditary ataxia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Vogel
- University of MelbourneSpeech Neuroscience Unit550 Swanston StreetParkvilleMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3010
| | - Joanne Folker
- The University of QueenslandSchool of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4072
| | - Matthew L Poole
- University of MelbourneSpeech Neuroscience Unit550 Swanston StreetParkvilleMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3010
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Nag N, Tarlac V, Storey E. Assessing the efficacy of specific cerebellomodulatory drugs for use as therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. THE CEREBELLUM 2013; 12:74-82. [PMID: 22718440 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias are autosomal dominant diseases, associated in some types with a CAG repeat expansion, and characterised by a progressive loss of motor function. Currently, as there is no cure for most ataxias, treatment predominantly involves physical therapy. Various symptomatic drug treatments have been tried; however, published clinical studies have provided inconsistent results, likely due to small sample sizes, mixed patient populations and insensitive or subjective assessment scales. SCA1(154Q) transgenic mice display motor function impairments and ultimately a reduced number of cerebellar Purkinje neurons-characteristics comparable to most forms of sporadic and hereditary ataxias. We monitored motor function in SCA1(154Q) mice from 5 to 20 weeks of age and assessed the efficacy of four potential cerebellar modulatory drugs in attenuating deficits in rotor-rod performance. The drugs riluzole, amantadine, zolpidem and buspirone were selected based on their different mechanisms of action and their Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration approval for other indications. SCA1(154Q) and C57/Bl6 wild-type mice were administered with four ascending acute doses of each drug, over 2 days. Following each dose, mice were assesed for motor function on the accelerating rotor-rod. None of the four drugs attenuated motor deficts in SCA1(154Q) mice at any dose; at FDA equivalent and higher dose administration of zolpidem and buspirone led to sedation in both strains. Our results suggest that the aforementioned drugs are likely to be ineffective for symptomatic treatment of SCA1 and most other ataxic patients and emphasise the need for comphrehensive drug studies prior to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nag
- Van Cleef Roet Centre for Nervous Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Nissenkorn A, Hassin-Baer S, Lerman SF, Levi YB, Tzadok M, Ben-Zeev B. Movement disorder in ataxia-telangiectasia: treatment with amantadine sulfate. J Child Neurol 2013; 28:155-60. [PMID: 22550086 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812441999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia is a cerebellar neurodegenerative disorder presenting with ataxia, chorea, myoclonus, and bradykinesia. Literature on treatment of movement disorders is scarce. We treated 17 children (aged 11.2 ± 3.9 years) for 8 weeks with the dopaminergic and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) agent amantadine sulfate 6.3 ± 0.87 mg/kg/d. Ataxia was assessed by using the International Cooperative Ataxia Scale, parkinsonism by the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, and chorea/myoclonus by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Responders were considered those patients who had at least 20% improvement in the summation of the 3 scales. Overall, 76.5% of patients were responders, with a mean 29.3% improvement. Ataxia, involuntary movements, and parkinsonism improved significantly (25.3%, 32.5%, and 29.5%, respectively); (P < .001, t test). Side effects were mild and transient, and they did not lead to drug discontinuation. Amantadine is a well-tolerated and effective treatment for motor symptoms in ataxia telangiectasia. Assessment of long-term effects and a double-blind study should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Nissenkorn
- The National A-T Clinic, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Abstract
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive motor incoordination, in some cases with ataxia alone and in others in association with additional progressive neurological deficits. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is the prototype of a pure cerebellar ataxia, associated with a severe form of progressive ataxia and cerebellar dysfunction. SCA6, originally classified as such by Zhuchenko et al. (1997), is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the CACNA1A gene which encodes the α1A subunit of the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel. SCA6 is one of ten polyglutamine-encoding CAG nucleotide repeat expansion disorders comprising other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease. The present review describes clinical, genetic, and pathological manifestations associated with this illness. Currently, there is no treatment for this neurodegenerative disease. Successful therapeutic strategies must target a valid pathological mechanism; thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of disease is crucial to finding a proper treatment. Hence, this chapter will discuss as well the molecular mechanisms possibly associated with SCA6 pathology and their implication for the development of future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Solodkin
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 606337, USA.
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Perlman SL. Treatment and management issues in ataxic diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:635-54. [PMID: 21827924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Perlman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic pain is a frequent component of many neurological disorders, affecting 20-40% of patients for many primary neurological diseases. These diseases result from a wide range of pathophysiologies including traumatic injury to the central nervous system, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and exploring the aetiology of pain in these disorders is an opportunity to achieve new insight into pain processing. Whether pain originates in the central or peripheral nervous system, it frequently becomes centralized through maladaptive responses within the central nervous system that can profoundly alter brain systems and thereby behaviour (e.g. depression). Chronic pain should thus be considered a brain disease in which alterations in neural networks affect multiple aspects of brain function, structure and chemistry. The study and treatment of this disease is greatly complicated by the lack of objective measures for either the symptoms or the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain. In pain associated with neurological disease, it is sometimes difficult to obtain even a subjective evaluation of pain, as is the case for patients in a vegetative state or end-stage Alzheimer's disease. It is critical that neurologists become more involved in chronic pain treatment and research (already significant in the fields of migraine and peripheral neuropathies). To achieve this goal, greater efforts are needed to enhance training for neurologists in pain treatment and promote greater interest in the field. This review describes examples of pain in different neurological diseases including primary neurological pain conditions, discusses the therapeutic potential of brain-targeted therapies and highlights the need for objective measures of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- MD Center for Pain and the Brain C/O Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Drago A, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Serretti A. The molecular interaction between the glutamatergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems informs a detailed genetic perspective on depressive phenotypes. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:418-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Leipnitz G, Silva LDB, Fernandes CG, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Dutra‐Filho CS, Wajner M. d
‐Serine administration provokes lipid oxidation and decreases the antioxidant defenses in rat striatum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:297-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhian Leipnitz
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Lucila de Bortoli Silva
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Carolina Gonçalves Fernandes
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Carlos Severo Dutra‐Filho
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Serviço de Genética MédicaHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrazil
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15
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Zanatta A, Schuck PF, Viegas CM, Knebel LA, Busanello ENB, Moura AP, Wajner M. In vitro evidence that D-serine disturbs the citric acid cycle through inhibition of citrate synthase activity in rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1298:186-93. [PMID: 19733154 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated the in vitro effects of D-serine (D-Ser) on important parameters of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of young rats. The parameters analyzed were CO(2) generation from glucose and acetate, glucose uptake and the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I-IV, of the citric acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase and of creatine kinase and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Our results show that D-Ser significantly reduced CO(2) production from acetate, but not from glucose, reflecting an impairment of the citric acid cycle function. Furthermore, D-Ser did not affect glucose uptake. We also observed that the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase from mitochondrial preparations and purified citrate synthase was significantly inhibited by D-Ser, whereas the other activities of the citric acid cycle as well as the activities of complexes I-III, II-III, II and IV of the respiratory chain, creatine kinase and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were not affected by this D-amino acid. We also found that L-serine did not affect citrate synthase activity from mitochondrial preparations and purified enzyme. The data indicate that D-Ser impairs the citric acid cycle activity via citrate synthase inhibition, therefore compromising energy metabolism production in cerebral cortex of young rats. Therefore, it is presumed that this mechanism may be involved at least in part in the neurological damage found in patients affected by disorders in which D-Ser metabolism is impaired, with altered cerebral concentrations of this D-amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zanatta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos No. 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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da Silva LDB, Leipnitz G, Seminotti B, Fernandes CG, Beskow AP, Amaral AU, Wajner M. D-Serine induces lipid and protein oxidative damage and decreases glutathione levels in brain cortex of rats. Brain Res 2009; 1256:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Tanabe M, Nakano T, Honda M, Ono H. Glycine Transporter Blockade Ameliorates Motor Ataxia in a Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Atrophy. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:444-8. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08329fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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18
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Assadi M, Campellone JV, Janson CG, Veloski JJ, Schwartzman RJ, Leone P. Treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia with buspirone. J Neurol Sci 2007; 260:143-6. [PMID: 17512011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary data suggest potential benefit of 5-HT receptor agonists in the treatment of ataxias. We studied the effects of buspirone in a cohort of twenty patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Twenty patients were treated in this double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial with either buspirone HCl 30 mg twice daily or placebo for 3 months. Buspirone was not shown to be superior to placebo in the treatment of patients with SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Assadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
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19
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Fujihira T, Kanematsu S, Umino A, Yamamoto N, Nishikawa T. Selective increase in the extracellular D-serine contents by D-cycloserine in the rat medial frontal cortex. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:233-6. [PMID: 17662507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A partial agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, D-cycloserine, acting at its glycine modulatory site, ameliorates the neuropsychiatric symptoms that are mimicked by NMDA antagonists and include cognitive disturbances, antipsychotic-resistant schizophrenic symptoms and cerebellar ataxia. To obtain a further insight into the mechanisms of the therapeutic efficacies of D-cycloserine, we investigated the effects of the systemic administration of D-cycloserine on the extracellular contents of an endogenous NMDA co-agonist, D-serine, in the medial frontal cortex of the rat using an in vivo dialysis technique. An acute intraperitoneal injection of D-cycloserine (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused an increase in extracellular concentrations of D-serine without significant effects on those of L-serine, glycine, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-alanine, L-threonine and taurine in the medial frontal cortex. The selective increase in the extracellular D-serine contents may, at least partially, be associated with the facilitating effects of D-cycloserine on the NMDA receptor functions in addition to its direct stimulation of the NMDA receptor glycine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Fujihira
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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20
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Taniguchi G, Yamamoto N, Tsuchida H, Umino A, Shimazu D, Sakurai SI, Takebayashi H, Nishikawa T. Cloning of a D-serine-regulated transcript dsr-2 from rat cerebral neocortex. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1541-9. [PMID: 16277602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-serine is now considered to be an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA receptor in mammalian brain. To obtain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying D-serine metabolism and function, we explored transcripts that are responsive to D-serine in the neocortex of the 8-day-old infant rat by a differential cloning technique, RNA arbitrarily primed PCR. We isolated a novel D-serine inducible transcript, D-serine-responsive transcript-2 (dsr-2), that was exclusively expressed in the brain. Sequence analysis of the corresponding cDNAs to the transcript revealed that the dsr-2 mRNA consists of 7199 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 111 amino acids. The dsr-2 gene was located on the reverse strand within an intron of the neurexin-3alpha gene, mapped to rat chromosome 6q24-31. The regional distribution of the basal expression of dsr-2 and its ontogenic changes in the brain closely correlated with those of free D-serine and of NMDA receptor R2B subunit mRNA, but were somewhat different from those of the neurexin-3alpha transcript. These findings suggest that dsr-2 may be involved in D-serine metabolism and/or function, and in the interactions between D-serine, NMDA receptor and neurexin-3alpha, in mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Taniguchi
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Shimazu D, Yamamoto N, Umino A, Ishii S, Sakurai SI, Nishikawa T. Inhibition of D-serine accumulation in the Xenopus oocyte by expression of the rat ortholog of human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter gene isolated from the neocortex as D-serine modulator-1. J Neurochem 2005; 96:30-42. [PMID: 16277611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-serine in mammalian brains has been suggested to be an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor. We have explored the molecules regulating D-serine uptake and release from the rat neocortex cDNA library using a Xenopus oocyte expression system, and isolated a cDNA clone designated as dsm-1 (D-serine modulator-1) encoding a protein that reduces the accumulation of D-serine to the oocyte. dsm-1 is the rat orthologue of the human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 (PAPST1) gene. The hydropathy analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the Dsm-1 protein predicts the 10 transmembrane domains with a long hydrophobic stretch in the C-terminal like some amino acid transporters. The dsm-1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the forebrain areas that are enriched with D-serine and NMDA receptors, and in the liver. The transient expression of dsm-1 in COS-7 cells demonstrates a partially Golgi apparatus-related punctuate distribution throughout the cytoplasm with a concentration near the nucleus. dsm-1-expressing oocytes diminishes the sodium-dependent and -independent accumulation of D-serine and the basal levels of the intrinsic D-serine and increases the rate of release of the pre-loaded D-serine. These findings indicate that dsm-1 may, at least in part, be involved in the D-serine translocation across the vesicular or plasma membranes in the brain, and thereby control the extra- and intracellular contents of D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Shimazu
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Abstract
It has now been well established that D-serine, a coagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors (NR1/NR2 type), is maintained at a high concentration in mammalian brains for life and shows a brain-selective and NMDA receptor R2B subunit-related distribution, overturning the hitherto generally accepted theory that D-amino acid is not always present in mammalian tissues. D-Serine in the brain has been shown to be contained in both the glia and neurons and to have specific processes of biosynthesis, extracellular release, uptake, and degradation. Moreover, the selective elimination of D-serine reduces the NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular signaling and long-term potentiation of synaptic connections. Together with the anti-psychotic and anti-ataxic property of D-serine and the pivotal roles of the NMDA receptor in divergent higher brain functions, these observations support the view that the D-amino acid may be involved as an endogenous modulator for the NMDA receptor in various neuropsychiatric functions and their pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nishikawa
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Manto M, Laute MA, Pandolfo M. Depression of extra-cellular GABA and increase of NMDA-induced nitric oxide following acute intra-nuclear administration of alcohol in the cerebellar nuclei of the rat. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2005; 4:230-8. [PMID: 16321878 DOI: 10.1080/14734220500243835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitric oxide are two key-transmitters in cerebellar nuclei, the major output of cerebellar circuitry. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of acute intra-cerebellar administration of ethanol (20 mM) on extra-cellular levels of GABA and on the NMDA-induced nitric oxide (NO) production using microdialysis in the rat. We also studied: (i) the effects of a pre-administration of DNQX, a specific antagonist of AMPA receptors, on NO production, (ii) the effects of a pre-administration of 7-NI (7-nitroindazole, an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase NOS) and APV (D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, a specific blocker of the NMDA type glutamate receptors) on the actions of alcohol/NMDA on glutamate receptors, and (iii) the in vivo interaction between DNQX, ethanol and NMDA receptor activation. We found that ethanol decreased the amount of extra-cellular GABA, and that this effect was counterbalanced by administration of tiagabine 1 mg/kg, a potent inhibitor of GAT-1 GABA transporter, given by the i.p. route. In loco administration of NMDA increased the levels of NO, as previously reported. A pre-administration of DNQX (500 microM) increased significantly the production of NO up to toxic levels, as well as ethanol administration. A pre-administration of 7-NI or APV reduced significantly the amounts of NO when NMDA and alcohol were infused simultaneously. The combination of ethanol with DNQX was associated with a marked enhancement of the concentrations of NO. The activity of GAT-1 in cerebellar nuclei and around this target, including in glial cells expressing GAT-1 activated by ambient GABA, seems to be spared by ethanol. Tiagabine could be considered as a candidate for future investigational treatments of acute ethanol-induced dysfunction of cerebellar nuclei. We found a potentiation of the production of NO when AMPA antagonists are given simultaneously to ethanol. The hypothesis of AMPA neurotoxicity, which has convincing arguments during chronic exposure, is challenged in this model of acute cerebellar nuclear toxicity of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Laboratoire de Neurologie Expérimentale, Hôpital Erasme - ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
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