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Abdelwahab AB, El-Sawy ER, Hanna AG, Bagrel D, Kirsch G. A Comprehensive Overview of the Developments of Cdc25 Phosphatase Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082389. [PMID: 35458583 PMCID: PMC9031484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cdc25 phosphatases have been considered promising targets for anticancer development due to the correlation of their overexpression with a wide variety of cancers. In the last two decades, the interest in this subject has considerably increased and many publications have been launched concerning this issue. An overview is constructed based on data analysis of the results of the previous publications covering the years from 1992 to 2021. Thus, the main objective of the current review is to report the chemical structures of Cdc25s inhibitors and answer the question, how to design an inhibitor with better efficacy and lower toxicity?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eslam Reda El-Sawy
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (E.R.E.-S.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Atef G. Hanna
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (E.R.E.-S.); (A.G.H.)
| | - Denyse Bagrel
- Laboratoire Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes, UMR CNRS 7565, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, Rue du Général Delestraint, 57050 Metz, France;
| | - Gilbert Kirsch
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire (L.2.C.M.), Université de Lorraine, 57078 Metz, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-03-72-74-92-00; Fax: +33-03-72-74-91-87
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Asami S, Suzuki M, Nakayama T, Shimoda Y, Miura M, Kato K, Tokuda E, Ono S, Kawakubo T, Nishizawa K, Yamanaka K, Suzuki T. Apoptotic Effects of a Thioether Analog of Vitamin K 3 in a Human Leukemia Cell Line. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:517-529. [PMID: 34610772 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211047992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that thioether analogs of vitamin K3 (VK3) can act to preserve the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors by blocking enzymes (phosphatases) responsible for their dephosphorylation. Additionally, these derivatives can induce apoptosis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspase-3 activation, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis. However, vitamin K1 exhibits only weak inhibition of phosphatase activity, while the ability of VK3 to cause oxidative DNA damage has raised concerns about carcinogenicity. Hence, in the current study, we designed, synthesized, and screened a number of VK3 analogs for their ability to enhance phosphorylation activity, without inducing off-target effects, such as DNA damage. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay revealed that each analog produced a different level of cytotoxicity in the Jurkat human leukemia cell line; however, none elicited a cytotoxic effect that differed significantly from that of the control. Of the VK3 analogs, CPD5 exhibited the lowest EC50, and flow cytometry results showed that apoptosis was induced at final concentrations of ≥10 μM; hence, only 0.1, 1, and 10 μM were evaluated in subsequent assays. Furthermore, CPD5 did not cause vitamin K-attributed ROS generation and was found to be associated with a significant increase in caspase 3 expression, indicating that, of the synthesized thioether VK3 analogs, CPD5 was a more potent inducer of apoptosis than VK3. Hence, further elucidation of the apoptosis-inducing effect of CPD5 may reveal its efficacy in other neoplastic cells and its potential as a medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Asami
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, 12976Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikana Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, 12976Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Nakayama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, 38113Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Shimoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 539261Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motofumi Miura
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 539261Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tokuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, 12976Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ono
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, 12976Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakubo
- Department of Pharmacy, 157437Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishizawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, 539261Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, 12976Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba, Japan
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Vera MC, Lorenzetti F, Lucci A, Comanzo CG, Ceballos MP, Pisani GB, Alvarez MDL, Quiroga AD, Carrillo MC. Vitamin K2 supplementation blocks the beneficial effects of IFN-α-2b administered on the early stages of liver cancer development in rats. Nutrition 2019; 59:170-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kiely M, Hodgins SJ, Merrigan BA, Tormey S, Kiely PA, O'Connor EM. Real-time cell analysis of the inhibitory effect of vitamin K2 on adhesion and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Nutr Res 2015; 35:736-43. [PMID: 26082424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer type worldwide. Continued efforts to improve treatment strategies for patients with breast cancer will be instrumental in reducing the death rates associated with this disease. In particular, the triple-negative breast cancer subtype of breast cancer has no targeted therapy available so it is essential to continue to work on any potential therapies. Vitamin K (VK) is known for its essential role in the clotting cascade. The antitumor properties of VK derivatives have been reported in both hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma. Our hypothesis was that menaquinone-4, the most common form of vitamin K2 (VK2), is an effective anticancer agent against breast cancer cell types. In this study, we used a novel impedance-based live cell monitoring platform (xCELLigence) to determine the effects of VK derivatives on the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, and the HER2+ breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-453. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of menaquinone-4 (VK2) previously reported to have an antiproliferative effect on human glioblastoma cells. After initial testing, these concentrations were adjusted to 100, 125, and 150 μmol/L. A significant dose-dependent, growth inhibitory effect was found when cells were treated at these concentrations. These effects were seen in both adhesion and proliferation phases and show a dramatic reduction in cell growth. Additional analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with VK2 (100 μmol/L) in combination with a low-glucose nutrient media showed a further decrease in adhesion and viability. This is the first study of its kind showing the real-time effects of VK derivatives on breast cancer cells and suggests that dietary factors may be an important consideration for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Stokes Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Spencer J Hodgins
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - B Anne Merrigan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shona Tormey
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Stokes Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, Zhang A, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Liu J, Gao J, Fang D, Rao Z. Synergistic growth inhibition by sorafenib and vitamin K2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:1093-9. [PMID: 23018309 PMCID: PMC3438252 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that has been proven effective as a single-agent therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma, and there is a strong rationale for investigating its use in combination with other agents. Vitamin K2 is nearly non-toxic to humans and has been shown to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a combination of sorafenib and vitamin K2 on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS Flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and nude mouse xenograft assays were used to examine the effects of sorafenib and vitamin K2 on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Western blotting was used to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. RESULTS Assays for 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) revealed a strong synergistic growth-inhibitory effect between sorafenib and vitamin K2. Flow cytometry showed an increase in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after treatment with a combination of these two drugs at low concentrations. Sorafenib-mediated inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation was promoted by vitamin K2, and downregulation of Mcl-1, which is required for sorafenib-induced apoptosis, was observed after combined treatment. Vitamin K2 also attenuated the downregulation of p21 expression induced by sorafenib, which may represent the mechanism by which vitamin K2 promotes the inhibitory effects of sorafenib on cell proliferation. Moreover, the combination of sorafenib and vitamin K2 significantly inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results determined that combined treatment with sorafenib and vitamin K2 can work synergistically to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This finding raises the possibility that this combined treatment strategy might be promising as a new therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma, especially for patients with poor liver tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China
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Masyuk TV, Radtke BN, Stroope AJ, Banales JM, Masyuk AI, Gradilone SA, Gajdos GB, Chandok N, Bakeberg JL, Ward CJ, Ritman EL, Kiyokawa H, LaRusso NF. Inhibition of Cdc25A suppresses hepato-renal cystogenesis in rodent models of polycystic kidney and liver disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:622-633.e4. [PMID: 22155366 PMCID: PMC3506023 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In polycystic kidney disease and polycystic liver disease (PLD), the normally nonproliferative hepato-renal epithelia acquire a proliferative, cystic phenotype that is linked to overexpression of cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25)A phosphatase and cell-cycle deregulation. We investigated the effects of Cdc25A inhibition in mice and rats via genetic and pharmacologic approaches. METHODS Cdc25A(+/-) mice (which have reduced levels of Cdc25A) were cross-bred with polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1(del2/del2)) mice (which have increased levels of Cdc25A and develop hepatic cysts). Cdc25A expression was analyzed in livers of control and polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, control and polycystic kidney 2 (Pkd2(ws25/-)) mice, healthy individuals, and patients with PLD. We examined effects of pharmacologic inhibition of Cdc25A with vitamin K3 (VK3) on the cell cycle, proliferation, and cyst expansion in vitro; hepato-renal cystogenesis in PCK rats and Pkd2(ws25/-)mice; and expression of Cdc25A and the cell-cycle proteins regulated by Cdc25A. We also examined the effects of the Cdc25A inhibitor PM-20 on hepato-renal cystogenesis in Pkd2(ws25/-) mice. RESULTS Liver weights and hepatic and fibrotic areas were decreased by 32%-52% in Cdc25A(+/-):Pkhd1(del2/del2) mice, compared with Pkhd1(del2/del2) mice. VK3 altered the cell cycle and reduced proliferation of cultured cholangiocytes by 32%-83% and decreased growth of cultured cysts by 23%-67%. In PCK rats and Pkd2(ws25/-) mice, VK3 reduced liver and kidney weights and hepato-renal cystic and fibrotic areas by 18%-34%. PM-20 decreased hepato-renal cystogenesis in Pkd2(ws25/-) mice by 15%. CONCLUSIONS Cdc25A inhibitors block cell-cycle progression and proliferation, reduce liver and kidney weights and cyst growth in animal models of polycystic kidney disease and PLD, and might be developed as therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Brynn N Radtke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Angela J Stroope
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Jesús M Banales
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and CIMA, Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Natasha Chandok
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Jason L Bakeberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Erik L Ritman
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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Iwamoto J, Seki A, Sato Y, Matsumoto H, Takeda T, Yeh JK. Effect of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bone mass and hepatic lipids in rats with combined methionine-choline deficiency. Bone 2011; 48:1015-21. [PMID: 21352961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined changes of cancellous and cortical bone in rats with combined methionine-choline deficiency (MCD). In addition, the effects of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bone mass and hepatic lipids were investigated in rats with MCD. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups of ten, including an age-matched control (standard diet) group, an MCD diet group, and an MCD diet+vitamin K2 (menatetrenone at 30mg/kg/d orally, 5 times a week) group. After the one-month experimental period, histomorphometric analysis was performed on cortical and cancellous bone from the tibial diaphysis and proximal metaphysis, respectively, while histological examination of the liver was performed after staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O. MCD rats displayed weight loss, diffuse and centrilobular fatty changes of the liver, and a decrease of the cancellous bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) and percent cortical area (Ct Ar) as a result of decreased trabecular, periosteal, and endocortical bone formation along with increased trabecular and endocortical bone resorption. Administration of vitamin K2 to rats with MCD attenuated weight loss, accelerated the decrease of cancellous BV/TV due to an increase of bone remodeling, and ameliorated the decrease of percent Ct Ar by increasing periosteal and endocortical bone formation. Vitamin K2 administration also prevented MCD-induced diffuse fatty change of the liver. These findings suggest a beneficial effect of vitamin K2 on cortical bone mass and hepatic lipid metabolism in rats with MCD. The loss of cancellous bone mass could possibly have been due to re-distribution of minerals to cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwamoto
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, a vitamin K3 analogue, suppresses STAT3 activation pathway through induction of protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1: potential role in chemosensitization. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:107-18. [PMID: 20068065 PMCID: PMC2808447 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been linked with carcinogenesis through survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Agents that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential not only for prevention but also for treatment of cancer. In the present report, we investigated whether 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (plumbagin), an analogue of vitamin K, and isolated from chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica), an Ayurvedic medicinal plant, can modulate the STAT3 pathway. We found that plumbagin inhibited both constitutive and interleukin 6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and this correlated with the inhibition of c-Src, Janus-activated kinase (JAK)1, and JAK2 activation. Vanadate, however, reversed the plumbagin-induced downregulation of STAT3 activation, suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Indeed, we found that plumbagin induced the expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, and silencing of the SHP-1 abolished the effect of plumbagin. This agent also downregulated the expression of STAT3-regulated cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, and vascular endothelial growth factor; activated caspase-3; induced poly (ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage; and increased the sub-G(1) population of MM cells. Consistent with these results, overexpression of constitutive active STAT3 significantly reduced the plumbagin-induced apoptosis. When compared with AG490, a rationally designed STAT3/JAK2 inhibitor, plumbagin was found more potent in suppressing the proliferation of cells. Plumbagin also significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of thalidomide and bortezomib in MM cells. Overall, these results suggest that the plumbagin inhibits STAT3 activation pathway through the induction of SHP-1 and this may mediate the sensitization of STAT3 overexpressing cancers to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 713-792-3503/6459; FAX: 713-794-1613.
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Acharya BR, Choudhury D, Das A, Chakrabarti G. Vitamin K3 Disrupts the Microtubule Networks by Binding to Tubulin: A Novel Mechanism of Its Antiproliferative Activity. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6963-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bipul R. Acharya
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata, WB 700019, India
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata, WB 700019, India
| | - Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata, WB 700019, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata, WB 700019, India
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Involvement of hepatoma-derived growth factor in the growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by vitamin K(2). J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:228-35. [PMID: 19214667 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K(2) has been reported to suppress the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro and hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis in vivo. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a unique nuclear targeting growth factor that is highly expressed in HCC cells and is a possible prognostic factor for patients with HCC. We investigated the regulation of HDGF expression by vitamin K(2). METHODS Three HCC-derived cell lines, HepG2, HuH-7, and SK-Hep-1, were used. Cell number was determined with the MTT assay. The expression levels of HDGF mRNA and protein were measured by the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and ELISA and Western blot analysis, respectively. The HDGF promoter activity was measured by a dual luciferase-reporter assay. RESULTS Vitamin K(2) suppressed the growth of the three HCC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin K(2) significantly suppressed the expression of the HDGF protein and mRNA in three cell lines. By a luciferase assay, vitamin K(2) significantly suppressed the promoter activity of the HDGF protein. Based on some luciferase-reporter plasmids containing truncated promoter regions, the possible responsive site of vitamin K(2) seems to reside in the region -1 to -150 bp of the HDGF gene. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that regulation of the HDGF gene expression is one of the crucial mechanisms of vitamin K(2)-induced cell growth suppression for HCC.
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Matzno S, Yamaguchi Y, Akiyoshi T, Nakabayashi T, Matsuyama K. An Attempt to Evaluate the Effect of Vitamin K3 Using as an Enhancer of Anticancer Agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1270-3. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Matzno
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
- The Joint Center of Industry and Mukogawa Women's University for Developing Receptor-targeting Anticancer Agents
| | - Yuka Yamaguchi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | | | - Kenji Matsuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy
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Liu W, Nakamura H, Yamamoto T, Ikeda N, Saito M, Ohno M, Hara N, Imanishi H, Shimomura S, Yamamoto T, Sakai T, Nishiguchi S, Hada T. Vitamin K2 inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells by up-regulating the transcription of p21 gene. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:360-5. [PMID: 17441809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Vitamin K2 has been reported to inhibit the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro and suppress hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. However, its inhibitory mechanism has not yet been clarified. METHODS Different concentrations of vitamin K2 (30, 10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 muM) were added to the HCC cell line HepG2 to assess effects on cell growth. The effect of vitamin K2 on cell cycle progression was determined by flow-cytometric analysis. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins p21 and p27 was then examined by Western blot. Whether vitamin K2 regulates the gene expression through action on the p21 promoter region was investigated by luciferase assay. RESULTS Vitamin K2 inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells dose-dependently, and its inhibitory rate reached approximately 50% at the dose of 30 muM after 96 h treatment. After treatment with vitamin K2, the proportion of cells in G0-G1 phase increased, and in S phase decreased. Apoptotic cells were not detected. The expression of cell cycle regulatory protein p21 was induced by vitamin K2 treatment, but p27 was not. By the luciferase assay, vitamin K2 significantly activated the promoter of p21. Knock-down of p21 by siRNA reversed the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells by vitamin K2. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that vitamin K2 suppresses the proliferation of HCC cells by blocking the cell cycle G1/S progression through the transcriptional induction of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Beier JI, von Montfort C, Sies H, Klotz LO. Activation of ErbB2 by 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione) in human keratinocytes: role of EGFR and protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1859-64. [PMID: 16516204 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases triggers multiple signaling pathways that regulate cellular proliferation and survival. We here demonstrate that ErbB2 is activated via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) upon exposure of cultured human keratinocytes to 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione). Both ErbB2 and EGFR are shown to be regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases that are inhibited by menadione, giving rise to the hypothesis that phosphatase inhibition by menadione may result in a net activation of EGFR and an enhanced ErbB2 phosphorylation. Isolated PTP-1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase known to be associated with ErbB receptors, is demonstrated to be inhibited by menadione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I Beier
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb. 22.03; D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Ge L, Wang Z, Wang M, Kar S, Carr BI. Involvement of c-Myc in growth inhibition of Hep 3B human hepatoma cells by a vitamin K analog. J Hepatol 2004; 41:823-9. [PMID: 15519656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A synthetic vitamin K analog, compound 5 (Cpd 5), is a potent inhibitor of cell growth. The aim was to investigate whether c-Myc was involved in Cpd 5-induced cell growth inhibition. METHODS Human hepotoma cells (Hep 3B) were cultured and treated with Cpd 5, and c-Myc protein expression and phosphorylation were investigated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Cpd 5 was found to inhibit c-Myc protein expression and induce c-Myc phosphorylation in Hep 3B cells. The phosphorylation of c-Myc was induced by both Cpd 5-mediated persistent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and Cpd 5 increased glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity. When using GSK-3 inhibitor, SB216763, c-Myc phosphorylation was significantly decreased and c-Myc levels were restored in Cpd 5 treated cells, suggesting that Cpd 5-mediated increase of GSK-3 activity enhanced c-Myc degradation and resulted in reduction of c-Myc levels. The lower c-Myc levels were found to cause altered expression of two c-Myc target genes, growth arrest gene gadd45 and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Cpd 5-mediated c-Myc phosphorylation resulted in enhanced c-Myc protein degradation and reduced c-Myc protein levels, which may contribute to cell growth inhibition by Cpd 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Ge
- Department of Surgery, Liver Cancer Center, Starzl Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E1552 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Wang J, Mongayt DA, Lukyanov AN, Levchenko TS, Torchilin VP. Preparation and in vitro synergistic anticancer effect of vitamin K3 and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene in poly(ethylene glycol)-diacyllipid micelles. Int J Pharm 2004; 272:129-35. [PMID: 15019076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphoethanolamine conjugates (PEG-DSPE) loaded with Vitamin K3 (VK3) to 0.2 mg of drug/mg of carrier and with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU) to 0.06 mg of drug/mg of carrier were prepared. These micelles were stable for as long as 6 months during storage at 4 degrees C and did not change their size or release the incorporated drugs. Co-encapsulation of VK3 and DBU into PEG-DSPE micelles resulted in synergistic anticancer effects against both murine and human cancer cells in vitro. The synergism may be explained by the fact that the presence of DBU promotes the escape of drug-loaded micelles from the endosomes of cancer cells directly into the cytoplasm as demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Mugar Building 312, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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