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Dreyer S, Schneppendahl J, Hoffmanns M, Muth T, Schipke JD. Narcotic Nitrogen Effects Persist after a Simulated Deep Dive. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1083. [PMID: 39064512 PMCID: PMC11278881 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Scuba divers often experience persistent inert gas narcosis (IGN) even after surfacing. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that breathing oxygen (O2) before surfacing can reduce postdive IGN. Materials and Methods: A group of 58 experienced divers underwent a 5 min dive at a depth of 50 m in a multi-place hyperbaric chamber. They were decompressed using air (air group). Another group of 28 divers (O2 group) breathed 100% O2 during the end of decompression. Prior to and after the dive, all participants performed the Sharpened Romberg test (SRT) and a modified tweezers test. Results: In the air group, the number of positive SRT results increased postdive (47% vs. 67%), indicating a greater impairment in the vestibular system (Cohen's d = 0.41). In the O2 group, the percentage of positive SRT results remained constant at 68% both before and after the dive. In terms of the modified tweezers test, the air group showed no significant change in the number of picked beads (40 ± 9 vs. 39 ± 7), while the O2 group demonstrated an increase (36 ± 7 vs. 44 ± 10) (Cohen's d = 0.34). Conclusion: The results reveal that the SRT revealed a negative effect of nitrogen (N2) on the vestibular system in the air group. The increased number of beads picked in the O2 group can be attributed to the learning effect, which was hindered in the air group. Consistent with our hypothesis, breathing O2 during decompression appears to reduce postdive IGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dreyer
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO), University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Johannes Schneppendahl
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Evangelisches Krankenhaus, 45468 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany;
| | - Martin Hoffmanns
- Klinik für Handchirurgie und Unfallchirurgie, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Thomas Muth
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Jochen D. Schipke
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Walls R, Nageswaran P, Cowell A, Sehgal T, White T, McVeigh J, Staykov S, Basett P, Mitelpunkt D, Sam AH. Virtual reality as an engaging and enjoyable method for delivering emergency clinical simulation training: a prospective, interventional study of medical undergraduates. BMC Med 2024; 22:222. [PMID: 38831293 PMCID: PMC11149210 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a requirement that medical students are educated in emergencies and feel well prepared for practice as a doctor, yet national surveys show that many students feel underprepared. Virtual reality (VR), combined with 360-degree filming, provides an immersive, realistic, and interactive simulation experience. Unlike conventional in-person simulation, it is scalable with reduced workforce demands. We sought to compare students' engagement and enjoyment of VR simulation to desktop computer-based simulation. METHODS We conducted a prospective, interventional, evaluation study. The study was carried out on final year medical students undertaking their Pre-Foundation Assistantship (n = 116) at Imperial College School of Medicine (ICSM) in London. We compared objective engagement, subjective engagement, and subjective enjoyment of VR simulation to desktop computer-based simulation using cardiac arrest and life-threatening asthma scenarios. Engagement was measured objectively using students' physiological parameters, including heart rate and eye tracking, and facilitator observations using the validated 'Behavioural Engagement Related to Instruction' (BERI) protocol. Students' subjective engagement and enjoyment levels were measured using a post-session survey. RESULTS Students' maximum heart rates were significantly higher during VR simulation with a mean difference of 4.2 beats per minute (3.2 to 5.2, p < 0.001), and eye tracking showed they spent a significantly greater mean percentage of time of 6.4% (5.1 to 7.7, p < 0.001) focusing on the scenarios in VR compared to standard desktop. Qualitative data showed students enjoyed and felt engaged with the sessions, which provided a safe space for learning. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that students found VR simulations enjoyable and were more engaged compared to standard desktop simulation. This suggests that 360-degree VR simulation experiences provide students with immersive, realistic training, which is scalable, giving them the unique opportunity to manage emergencies and work within emergency teams, which would not typically occur during traditional training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheka Walls
- Imperial College School of Medicine, St Dunstan's Rd, Charing Cross Campus, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Priyanka Nageswaran
- Imperial College School of Medicine, St Dunstan's Rd, Charing Cross Campus, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Adrian Cowell
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Digital Education Office, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Tunav Sehgal
- Imperial College School of Medicine, St Dunstan's Rd, Charing Cross Campus, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Thomas White
- Imperial College Digital Media Lab, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - James McVeigh
- Imperial College School of Medicine, St Dunstan's Rd, Charing Cross Campus, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Stefan Staykov
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Digital Education Office, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | | | - Daniel Mitelpunkt
- Imperial College Digital Media Lab, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Amir H Sam
- Imperial College School of Medicine, St Dunstan's Rd, Charing Cross Campus, London, W6 8RP, UK.
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Rizvi SMA, Buriro AB, Ahmed I, Memon AA. Analyzing neural activity under prolonged mask usage through EEG. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148624. [PMID: 37838190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent COVID times, mask has been a compulsion at workplaces and institutes as a preventive measure against multiple viral diseases including coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. However, the effects of prolonged mask-wearing on humans' neural activity are not well known. This paper is to investigate the effect of prolonged mask usage on the human brain through electroencephalogram (EEG), which acquires neural activity and translates it into comprehensible electrical signals. The performances of 10 human subjects with and without mask were assessed on a random patterned alphabet game. Besides EEG, physiological parameters of oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were recorded. Spectral and statistical analysis were performed on the recorded entities along with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on extracted spectral features. The mean EEG spectral power in alpha, beta, and gamma sub-bands of the subjects with mask was smaller than the subjects without mask. The performances on the task and the oxygen saturation level between the two groups differed significantly (p < 0.05). Whereas, the blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate of both groups were similar. Based on the LDA analysis, the occipital and frontal lobes exhibited the greatest variability in channel measurements, with O1 and O2 channels in the occipital lobe demonstrating significant variations within the alpha band due to visual focus, while the F3, AF3, and F7 channels were found to be differentiating within the beta and gamma frequency bands due to the cognitive stimulating tasks. All other channels were observed to be non-discriminatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Baseer Buriro
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Pakistan; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, City University, Hong Kong.
| | - Abdul Aziz Memon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, 65200 Sukkur, Pakistan
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Wang Z, Spielmann G, Johannsen N, Greenway F, Irving BA, Dalecki M. A simple 100% normobaric oxygen treatment can substantially enhance sequence learning processes. Behav Brain Res 2023; 455:114658. [PMID: 37690702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Motor learning processes are crucial for our everyday life, and improving skills by tailored interventions is of great clinical interest and value. Our previous work revealed a positive effect of normo-baric oxygen treatment on visuomotor adaptation. Here, we investigate whether it could positively affect sequence learning (SL) processes as well. Sixty-four healthy young adults were divided into a 100% oxygen treatment (NbOxTr; N = 32, M=20.7 ± 1.63 yrs.) and a normal air treatment (AirTr; N = 32, M=20.8 ± 0.95 yrs.) group. Participants performed a standardized SL task by pressing the spatial-compatible key on a keyboard according to four visual stimuli with two pre-determined 8-item sequences with different training depths. Following a baseline session (10 trials), both groups received a gas treatment (5 L/min, via nasal cannula) during the next training session (4 blocks, 45 trials each block), followed by a testing session (30 trials) without gas treatment. On day two, participants completed another 30 trials, similar to the first-day testing session, also without gas treatment. ANOVA revealed no significant group differences during baseline (p > 0.05) but a significantly faster response time (+45.5%) in the NbOxTr than AirTr group in the training session with gas treatment for all training depths (p < 0.05). The positive NbOxTr effect consolidated into the following testing session without gas treatment for deeply trained sequences (+17%; p < 0.05), and for all training depth on day-two testing (+45.2%; p < 0.05). Results suggest that the NbOxTr substantially improved participants' SL processing speed. Notably, improvements consolidated after an overnight sleep. The present work confirms a beneficial effect of a single, simple NbOxTr on fundamental motor learning processes. This treatment approach may provide promising implications for practice in neurological rehabilitation and other motor learning-related scenarios and should be further investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, U.S
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S
| | - Neil Johannsen
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S
| | - Frank Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S
| | - Brian A Irving
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S
| | - Marc Dalecki
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.; German University of Health and Sports, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Wang Z, Spielmann G, Johannsen N, Greenway F, Irving BA, Dalecki M. Boost your brain: a simple 100% normobaric oxygen treatment improves human motor learning processes. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1175649. [PMID: 37496738 PMCID: PMC10366362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1175649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human motor learning processes are a fundamental part of our daily lives and can be adversely affected by neurologic conditions. Motor learning largely depends on successfully integrating cognitive and motor-related sensory information, and a simple, easily accessible treatment that could enhance such processes would be exciting and clinically impactful. Normobaric 100% oxygen treatment (NbOxTr) is often used as a first-line intervention to improve survival rates of brain cells in neurological trauma, and recent work indicates that improvements in elements crucial for cognitive-motor-related functions can occur during NbOxTr. However, whether NbOxTr can enhance the motor learning processes of healthy human brains is unknown. Here, we investigated whether a brief NbOxTr administered via nasal cannula improves motor learning processes during a visuomotor adaptation task where participants adapt to a visual distortion between visual feedback and hand movements. Methods 40 healthy young adults (M = 21 years) were randomly assigned to a NbOxTr (N = 20; 100% oxygen) or air (N = 20; regular air) group and went through four typical visuomotor adaptation phases (Baseline, Adaptation, After-Effect, Refresher). Gas treatment (flow rate 5 L/min) was only administered during the Adaptation phase of the visuomotor experiment, in both groups. Results The NbOxTr provided during the Adaptation phase led to significantly faster and about 30% improved learning (p < 0.05). Notably, these motor learning improvements consolidated into the subsequent experiment phases, i.e., after the gas treatment was terminated (p < 0.05). Discussion We conclude that this simple and brief NbOxTr dramatically improved fundamental human motor learning processes and may provide promising potential for neurorehabilitation and skill-learning approaches. Further studies should investigate whether similar improvements exist in elderly and neurologically impaired individuals, other motor learning tasks, and also long-lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Neil Johannsen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Frank Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Brian A. Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Marc Dalecki
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Shaw DM, Bloomfield PM, Gant N. The effect of acute normobaric hyperoxia on cognition: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114208. [PMID: 37121344 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression examined the effect of acute normobaric hyperoxia breathing on cognition in healthy humans. 23 studies were included providing 76 effect estimates (EE). Hyperoxic breathing improved memory accuracy (22 EEs; g = 0.34) and speed (9 EEs; g = 0.59), attention accuracy (7 EEs; g = 0.59) and speed (7 EEs; g = 0.51), reaction speed (8 EEs; g = 0.82), crystallised intelligence (7 EEs; g = 0.73), executive function (6 EEs; g = 0.88) and information processing (10 EEs; g = 0.62). However, the overall quality of evidence was low (average Rosendal score of 47%) and there was a large range of study heterogeneity, with prediction intervals often crossing 0; therefore, reducing the reliability of the magnitude of these favourable effects. Oxygen percentage, 100% compared with 22-99% oxygen, temporal position of administration to task performance, and study quality did not influence the overall weighted mean effects for most cognitive domains. Altogether, despite beneficial results, further high quality research is required prior to recommending hyperoxic breathing to enhance cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Shaw
- Aviation Medicine Unit, Royal New Zealand Air Force Base Auckland, Whenuapai, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | | | - Nicholas Gant
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Vrijdag XCE, van Waart H, Sames C, Mitchell SJ, Sleigh JW. Does hyperbaric oxygen cause narcosis or hyperexcitability? A quantitative EEG analysis. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15386. [PMID: 35859332 PMCID: PMC9300958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Divers breathe higher partial pressures of oxygen at depth than at the surface. The literature and diving community are divided on whether or not oxygen is narcotic. Conversely, hyperbaric oxygen may induce dose‐dependent cerebral hyperexcitability. This study evaluated whether hyperbaric oxygen causes similar narcotic effects to nitrogen, and investigated oxygen's hyperexcitability effect. Twelve human participants breathed “normobaric” air and 100% oxygen, and “hyperbaric” 100% oxygen at 142 and 284 kPa, while psychometric performance, electroencephalography (EEG), and task load perception were measured. EEG was analyzed with functional connectivity and temporal complexity algorithms. The spatial functional connectivity, estimated using mutual information, was summarized with the global efficiency network measure. Temporal complexity was calculated with a “default‐mode‐network (DMN) complexity” algorithm. Hyperbaric oxygen‐breathing caused no change in EEG global efficiency or in the psychometric test. However, oxygen caused a significant reduction of DMN complexity and a reduction in task load perception. Hyperbaric oxygen did not cause the same changes in EEG global efficiency seen with hyperbaric air, which likely related to a narcotic effect of nitrogen. Hyperbaric oxygen seemed to disturb the time evolution of EEG patterns that could be taken as evidence of early oxygen‐induced cortical hyperexcitability. These findings suggest that hyperbaric oxygen is not narcotic and will help inform divers' decisions on suitable gas mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier C E Vrijdag
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hanna van Waart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Sames
- Slark Hyperbaric Unit, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Mitchell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Slark Hyperbaric Unit, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jamie W Sleigh
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anaesthesia, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Lan L, Tang J, Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Lian Z. Cognitive performance was reduced by higher air temperature even when thermal comfort was maintained over the 24-28°C range. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12916. [PMID: 34324229 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study managed to create thermal comfort conditions at three temperatures (24°C-T24, 26°C-T26, and 28°C-T28) by adjusting clothing and air velocity. Thirty-six subjects (18 males and 18 females) were exposed to each of the three conditions for 4.5 h in a design balanced for order of presentation of conditions. During each exposure, they rated the physical environment, their comfort, the intensity of acute subclinical health symptoms, and their mental load, and they performed a number of cognitive tasks. Their physiological reactions were monitored. The subjects rated T24 to be comfortably cool, T26 to be comfortably neutral, and T28 to be comfortably warm. Their self-estimated performance did not differ between conditions but 12 of 14 objective metrics of cognitive performance decreased significantly at the elevated temperatures: compared with T24, their average cognitive performance decreased by 10% at T26 and by 6% at T28. At the elevated temperatures, their parasympathetic nervous system activity (as indicated by PNN50) and their arterial blood oxygen saturation level (SpO2) were both lower, which would be expected to result in reduced cognitive performance. The subjects also rated their acute subclinical health symptoms as more intense and their workload as higher at the elevated temperatures. These results suggest that where cognitive performance is the priority, it is wise to ensure a comfortably cool environment. The present study also supports the use of fans or natural ventilation to reduce the need for mechanical cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lan
- Department of Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyu Tang
- Department of Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David P Wyon
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhiwei Lian
- Department of Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Silva AS, Correia MV, Silva HP. Invisible ECG for High Throughput Screening in eSports. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227601. [PMID: 34833674 PMCID: PMC8620828 DOI: 10.3390/s21227601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
eSports is a rapidly growing industry with increasing investment and large-scale international tournaments offering significant prizes. This has led to an increased focus on individual and team performance with factors such as communication, concentration, and team intelligence identified as important to success. Over a similar period of time, personal physiological monitoring technologies have become commonplace with clinical grade assessment available across a range of parameters that have evidenced utility. The use of physiological data to assess concentration is an area of growing interest in eSports. However, body-worn devices, typically used for physiological data collection, may constitute a distraction and/or discomfort for the subjects. To this end, in this work we devise a novel "invisible" sensing approach, exploring new materials, and proposing a proof-of-concept data collection system in the form of a keyboard armrest and mouse. These enable measurements as an extension of the interaction with the computer. In order to evaluate the proposed approach, measurements were performed using our system and a gold standard device, involving 7 healthy subjects. A particularly advantageous characteristic of our setup is the use of conductive nappa leather, as it preserves the standard look and feel of the keyboard and mouse. According to the results obtained, this approach shows 3-15% signal loss, with a mean difference in heart rate between the reference and experimental device of -1.778 ± 4.654 beats per minute (BPM); in terms of ECG waveform morphology, the best cases show a Pearson correlation coefficient above 0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santos Silva
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-365 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-932183503
| | - Miguel Velhote Correia
- INESC TEC/FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-365 Porto, Portugal;
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Mobile Sensing with Smart Wearables of the Physical Context of Distance Learning Students to Consider Its Effects on Learning. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196649. [PMID: 34640969 PMCID: PMC8512266 DOI: 10.3390/s21196649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that various contextual factors can have an impact on learning. Some of these factors can originate from the physical learning environment (PLE) in this regard. When learning from home, learners have to organize their PLE by themselves. This paper is concerned with identifying, measuring, and collecting factors from the PLE that may affect learning using mobile sensing. More specifically, this paper first investigates which factors from the PLE can affect distance learning. The results identify nine types of factors from the PLE associated with cognitive, physiological, and affective effects on learning. Subsequently, this paper examines which instruments can be used to measure the investigated factors. The results highlight several methods involving smart wearables (SWs) to measure these factors from PLEs successfully. Third, this paper explores how software infrastructure can be designed to measure, collect, and process the identified multimodal data from and about the PLE by utilizing mobile sensing. The design and implementation of the Edutex software infrastructure described in this paper will enable learning analytics stakeholders to use data from and about the learners’ physical contexts. Edutex achieves this by utilizing sensor data from smartphones and smartwatches, in addition to response data from experience samples and questionnaires from learners’ smartwatches. Finally, this paper evaluates to what extent the developed infrastructure can provide relevant information about the learning context in a field study with 10 participants. The evaluation demonstrates how the software infrastructure can contextualize multimodal sensor data, such as lighting, ambient noise, and location, with user responses in a reliable, efficient, and protected manner.
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Spang RP, Pieper K. The tiny effects of respiratory masks on physiological, subjective, and behavioral measures under mental load in a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19601. [PMID: 34599253 PMCID: PMC8486780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), face coverings are recommended to diminish person-to-person transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Some public debates concern claims regarding risks caused by wearing face masks, like, e.g., decreased blood oxygen levels and impaired cognitive capabilities. The present, pre-registered study aims to contribute clarity by delivering a direct comparison of wearing an N95 respirator and wearing no face covering. We focused on a demanding situation to show that cognitive efficacy and individual states are equivalent in both conditions. We conducted a randomized-controlled crossover trial with 44 participants. Participants performed the task while wearing an N95 FFR versus wearing none. We measured physiological (blood oxygen saturation and heart rate variability), behavioral (parameters of performance in the task), and subjective (perceived mental load) data to substantiate our assumption as broadly as possible. We analyzed data regarding both statistical equivalence and differences. All of the investigated dimensions showed statistical equivalence given our pre-registered equivalence boundaries. None of the dimensions showed a significant difference between wearing an FFR and not wearing an FFR.Trial Registration: Preregistered with the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/c2xp5 (15/11/2020). Retrospectively registered with German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00024806 (18/03/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Spang
- Quality and Usability Lab, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Pieper
- Quality and Usability Lab, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Assessment of Cognitive Student Engagement Using Heart Rate Data in Distance Learning during COVID-19. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci11090540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Student engagement allows educational institutions to make better decisions regarding teaching methodologies, methods for evaluating the quality of education, and ways to provide timely feedback. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying cognitive student engagement in distance learning has been a challenge in higher education institutions. In this study, we implemented a non-self-report method assessing students’ heart rate data to identify the cognitive engagement during active learning activities. Additionally, as a supplementary tool, we applied a previously validated self-report method. This study was performed in distance learning lessons on a group of university students in Bogota, Colombia. After data analysis, we validated five hypotheses and compared the results from both methods. The results confirmed that the heart rate assessment had a statistically significant difference with respect to the baseline during active learning activities, and this variance could be positive or negative. In addition, the results show that if students are previously advised that they will have to develop an a new task after a passive learning activity (such as a video projection), their heart rate will tend to increase and consequently, their cognitive engagement will also increase. We expect this study to provide input for future research assessing student cognitive engagement using physiological parameters as a tool.
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Bashir S, Al-Sultan F, Jamea AA, Almousa A, Alnafisah M, Alzahrani M, Abualait T, Yoo WK. Physical exercise keeps the brain connected by increasing white matter integrity in healthy controls. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27015. [PMID: 34477131 PMCID: PMC8415959 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Physical exercise leads to structural changes in the brain. However, it is unclear whether the initiation or continuous practice of physical exercise causes this effect and whether brain connectivity benefits from exercise. We examined the effect of 6 months of exercise on the brain in participants who exercise regularly (n = 25) and in matched healthy controls (n = 20). Diffusion tensor imaging brain scans were obtained from both groups. Our findings demonstrate that regular physical exercise significantly increases the integrity of white matter fiber tracts, especially those related to frontal function. This implies that exercise improves brain connectivity in healthy individuals, which has important implications for understanding the effect of fitness programs on the brains of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Sultan
- King Saudi Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Abu Jamea
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almousa
- King Saudi Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alnafisah
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
- Hallym Institute for Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
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14
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Piispanen WW, Lundell RV, Tuominen LJ, Räisänen-Sokolowski AK. Assessment of Alertness and Cognitive Performance of Closed Circuit Rebreather Divers With the Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency Test in Arctic Diving Conditions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:722915. [PMID: 34447319 PMCID: PMC8384076 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.722915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cold water imposes many risks to the diver. These risks include decompression illness, physical and cognitive impairment, and hypothermia. Cognitive impairment can be estimated using a critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) test, but this method has only been used in a few studies conducted in an open water environment. We studied the effect of the cold and a helium-containing mixed breathing gas on the cognition of closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three divers performed an identical dive with controlled trimix gas with a CCR device in an ice-covered quarry. They assessed their thermal comfort at four time points during the dive. In addition, their skin temperature was measured at 5-min intervals throughout the dive. The divers performed the CFFF test before the dive, at target depth, and after the dive. Results: A statistically significant increase of 111.7% in CFFF values was recorded during the dive compared to the pre-dive values (p < 0.0001). The values returned to the baseline after surfacing. There was a significant drop in the divers’ skin temperature of 0.48°C every 10 min during the dive (p < 0.001). The divers’ subjectively assessed thermal comfort also decreased during the dive (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings showed that neither extreme cold water nor helium-containing mixed breathing gas had any influence on the general CFFF profile described in the previous studies from warmer water and where divers used other breathing gases. We hypothesize that cold-water diving and helium-containing breathing gases do not in these diving conditions cause clinically relevant cerebral impairment. Therefore, we conclude that CCR diving in these conditions is safe from the perspective of alertness and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm W Piispanen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,DAN Europe Research Division, Finnish Branch, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard V Lundell
- The Centre for Military Medicine, The Finnish Defense Forces, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura J Tuominen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.,Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne K Räisänen-Sokolowski
- DAN Europe Research Division, Finnish Branch, Helsinki, Finland.,The Centre for Military Medicine, The Finnish Defense Forces, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Rossi GS, Wright PA. Does leaving water make fish smarter? Terrestrial exposure and exercise improve spatial learning in an amphibious fish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210603. [PMID: 34130503 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibious fishes transition between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and must therefore learn to navigate two dramatically different environments. We used the amphibious killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus to test the hypothesis that the spatial learning ability of amphibious fishes would be altered by exposure to terrestrial environments because of neural plasticity in the brain region linked to spatial cognition (dorsolateral pallium). We subjected fish to eight weeks of fluctuating air-water conditions or terrestrial exercise before assessing spatial learning using a bifurcating T-maze, and neurogenesis in the dorsolateral pallium by immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In support of our hypothesis, we found that air-water fluctuations and terrestrial exercise improved some markers of spatial learning. Moreover, air-water and exercised fish had 39% and 46% more proliferating cells in their dorsolateral pallium relative to control fish, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that fish with more terrestrial tendencies may have a cognitive advantage over those that remain in water, which ultimately may influence their fitness in both aquatic and terrestrial settings. More broadly, understanding the factors that promote neural and behavioural plasticity in extant amphibious fishes may provide insights into how ancestral fishes successfully colonized novel terrestrial environments before giving rise to land-dwelling tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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16
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Zhao Y, Liu P, Turner MP, Abdelkarim D, Lu H, Rypma B. The neural-vascular basis of age-related processing speed decline. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13845. [PMID: 34115388 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most studies examining neurocognitive aging are based on the blood-oxygen level-dependent signal obtained during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The physiological basis of this signal is neural-vascular coupling, the process by which neurons signal cerebrovasculature to dilate in response to an increase in active neural metabolism due to stimulation. These fMRI studies of aging rely on the hemodynamic equivalence assumption that this process is not disrupted by physiologic deterioration associated with aging. Studies of neural-vascular coupling challenge this assumption and show that neural-vascular coupling is closely related to cognition. In this review, we put forward a theory of processing speed decline in aging and how it is related to age-related neural-vascular coupling changes based on the results of studies elucidating the relationships between cognition, cerebrovascular dynamics, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monroe P Turner
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Dema Abdelkarim
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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17
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Möller F, Hoffmann U, Dalecki M, Dräger T, Doppelmayr M, Steinberg F. Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:227-239. [PMID: 31596615 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819879313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intact cognitive processing capacity in highly demanding and dynamically changing situations (e.g., in extreme environmental conditions) is of central relevance for personal safety. This study therefore investigated whether underwater physical exercise (PE) affected cognitive performance by comparing these effects during underwater fin-swimming as opposed to inactivity under normal environmental conditions. BACKGROUND Although acute bouts of PE can modulate cognitive performance under highly controlled and standardized laboratory conditions, no previous study has determined whether PE acutely modulates cognitive performance in non-laboratory testing conditions involving extreme environments (e.g., underwater). METHOD A total of 27 healthy volunteers (16 males and 11 females; 28.9 ± 7.4 years of age) participated in two experiments involving either moderate or high PE intensity. A PRE/POST crossover design was employed among participants while performing cognitive tests in a counterbalanced order (i.e., before and after 20 min of PE in submersion [WET] and once before and after inactivity [DRY] while in the laboratory). Cognitive performance was measured as a combination of executive functions through the Eriksen Flanker (inhibition) and Two-Back (working memory) Tasks using an underwater tablet computer. RESULTS ANOVAs revealed enhanced reaction times only in the Flanker test after moderate PE for the WET condition. No other effects were detected. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that cognitive performance is exercise-intensity-dependent with enhanced effects during moderate PE, even in extreme environments (i.e., underwater). APPLICATION These results should be relevant in recreational and occupational contexts involving underwater activity and may also apply to microgravity (e.g., during extra-vehicular activities). DESCRIPTION This study compared the acute effects of physical exercise (PE) on cognitive performance in an underwater environment while participants fin-swam with SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) gear. Findings revealed that 20 min of moderate PE positively affected cognitive performance (i.e., inhibitory control ability). However, no changes were observed after high-intensity exercise.
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18
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Vrijdag XC, van Waart H, Sleigh JW, Balestra C, Mitchell SJ. Investigating critical flicker fusion frequency for monitoring gas narcosis in divers. Diving Hyperb Med 2020; 50:377-385. [PMID: 33325019 PMCID: PMC7872789 DOI: 10.28920/dhm50.4.377-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) has been used in various studies to measure the cognitive effects of gas mixtures at depth, sometimes with conflicting or apparently paradoxical results. This study aimed to evaluate a novel automatic CFFF method and investigate whether CFFF can be used to monitor gas-induced narcosis in divers. METHODS Three hyperbaric chamber experiments were performed: 1) Automated and manual CFFF measurements during air breathing at 608 kPa (n = 16 subjects); 2) Manual CFFF measurements during air and heliox breathing at sea level (101.3 kPa) and 608 kPa (n = 12); 3) Manual CFFF measurements during oxygen breathing at sea level, 142 and 284 kPa (n = 10). All results were compared to breathing air at sea level. RESULTS Only breathing oxygen at sea level, and at 284 kPa, caused a significant decrease in CFFF (2.5% and 2.6% respectively compared to breathing air at sea level. None of the other conditions showed a difference with sea level air breathing. CONCLUSIONS CFFF did not significantly change in our experiments when breathing air at 608 kPa compared to air breathing at sea level pressure using both devices. Based on our results CFFF does not seem to be a sensitive tool for measuring gas narcosis in divers in our laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ce Vrijdag
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Deep Dive Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Corresponding author: Xavier Vrijdag, Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand,
| | - Hanna van Waart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jamie W Sleigh
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anaesthesia, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational and Ageing (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon J Mitchell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Uchida K, Baker SE, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Shepherd JRA, Trenerry MR, Buchholtz ZA, Clifton HR, Holmes DR, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. A Novel Method to Measure Transient Impairments in Cognitive Function During Acute Bouts of Hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2020; 91:839-844. [PMID: 33334403 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5665.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Exposure to low oxygen environments (hypoxia) can impair cognitive function; however, the time-course of the transient changes in cognitive function is unknown. In this study, we assessed cognitive function with a cognitive test before, during, and after exposure to hypoxia.METHODS: Nine participants (28 4 yr, 7 women) completed Conners Continuous Performance Test (CCPT-II) during three sequential conditions: 1) baseline breathing room air (fraction of inspired oxygen, FIo₂ 0.21); 2) acute hypoxia (FIo₂ 0.118); and 3) recovery after exposure to hypoxia. End-tidal gas concentrations (waveform capnography), heart rate (electrocardiography), frontal lobe tissue oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy), and mean arterial pressure (finger photoplethysmography) were continuously assessed.RESULTS: Relative to baseline, during the hypoxia trial end-tidal (-30%) and cerebral (-9%) oxygen saturations were reduced. Additionally, the number of commission errors during the CCPT-II was greater during hypoxia trials than baseline trials (2.6 0.4 vs. 1.9 0.4 errors per block of CCPT-II). However, the reaction time and omission errors did not differ during the hypoxia CCPT-II trials compared to baseline CCPT-II trials. During the recovery CCPT-II trials, physiological indices of tissue hypoxia all returned to baseline values and number of commission errors during the recovery CCPT-II trials was not different from baseline CCPT-II trials.DISCUSSION: Oxygen concentrations were reduced (systemically and within the frontal lobe) and commission errors were increased during hypoxia compared to baseline. These data suggest that frontal lobe hypoxia may contribute to transient impairments in cognitive function during short exposures to hypoxia.Uchida K, Baker SE, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Shepherd JRA, Trenerry MR, Buchholtz ZA, Clifton HR, Holmes DR, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. A novel method to measure transient impairments in cognitive function during acute bouts of hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(11):839844.
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20
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Damato EG, Flak TA, Mayes RS, Strohl KP, Ziganti AM, Abdollahifar A, Flask CA, LaManna JC, Decker MJ. Neurovascular and cortical responses to hyperoxia: enhanced cognition and electroencephalographic activity despite reduced perfusion. J Physiol 2020; 598:3941-3956. [PMID: 33174711 DOI: 10.1113/jp279453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Extreme aviation is accompanied by ever-present risks of hypobaric hypoxia and decompression sickness. Neuroprotection against those hazards is conferred through fractional inspired oxygen ( F I , O 2 ) concentrations of 60-100% (hyperoxia). Hyperoxia reduces global cerebral perfusion (gCBF), increases reactive oxygen species within the brain and leads to cell death within the hippocampus. However, an understanding of hyperoxia's effect on cortical activity and concomitant levels of cognitive performance is lacking. This limits our understanding of whether hyperoxia could lower the brain's threshold of tolerance to physiological stressors inherent to extreme aviation, such as high gravitational forces. This study aimed to quantify the impact of hyperoxia upon global cerebral perfusion (gCBF), cognitive performance and cortical electroencephalography (EEG). Hyperoxia evoked a rapid reduction in gCBF, yet cognitive performance and vigilance were enhanced. EEG measurements revealed enhanced alpha power, suggesting less desynchrony, within the cortical temporal regions. Collectively, this work suggests hyperoxia-induced brain hypoperfusion is accompanied by enhanced cognitive processing and cortical arousal. ABSTRACT Extreme aviators continually inspire hyperoxic gas to mitigate risk of hypoxia and decompression injury. This neuroprotection carries a physiological cost: reduced cerebral perfusion (CBF). As reduced CBF may increase vulnerability to ever-present physiological challenges during extreme aviation, we defined the magnitude and duration of hyperoxia-induced changes in CBF, cortical electrical activity and cognition in 30 healthy males and females. Magnetic resonance imaging with pulsed arterial spin labelling provided serial measurements of global CBF (gCBF), first during exposure to 21% inspired oxygen ( F I , O 2 ) followed by a 30-min exposure to 100% F I , O 2 . High-density EEG facilitated characterization of cortical activity during assessment of cognitive performance, also measured during exposure to 21% and 100% F I , O 2 . Acid-base physiology was measured with arterial blood gases. We found that exposure to 100% F I , O 2 reduced gCBF to 63% of baseline values across all participants. Cognitive performance testing at 21% F I , O 2 was accompanied by increased theta and beta power with decreased alpha power across multiple cortical areas. During cognitive testing at 100% F I , O 2 , alpha activity was less desynchronized within the temporal regions than at 21% F I , O 2 . The collective hyperoxia-induced changes in gCBF, cognitive performance and EEG were similar across observed partial pressures of arterial oxygen ( P a O 2 ), which ranged between 276-548 mmHg, and partial pressures of arterial carbon dioxide ( P aC O 2 ), which ranged between 34-50 mmHg. Sex did not influence gCBF response to 100% F I , O 2 . Our findings suggest hyperoxia-induced reductions in gCBF evoke enhanced levels of cortical arousal and cognitive processing, similar to those occurring during a perceived threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Damato
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Tod A Flak
- Bioautomatix, LLC, Shaker Heights, OH, 44122, USA
| | - Ryan S Mayes
- United States Air Force, 711th Human Performance Wing, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Kingman P Strohl
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aemilee M Ziganti
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alireza Abdollahifar
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chris A Flask
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Joseph C LaManna
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael J Decker
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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21
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Choi JW, Kim TH, Han E. Anemia and incidence of dementia in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001289. [PMID: 32747381 PMCID: PMC7398094 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to examine the association between anemia and the incidence of dementia in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort and included 32 590 participants aged ≥40 years who were diagnosed with new-onset type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2007 and followed up until 2013. Anemia was defined according to the criteria provided by the WHO, hemoglobin <120 g/L for women and <130 g/L for men, and was measured from after diagnosis date of type 2 diabetes to 2007. Dementia was defined by the Classification of Diseases 10th revision code as primary diagnosis and was measured from after hemoglobin measurement to 2013. We calculated the adjusted HR (AHR) and 95% CI to assess the risk of dementia using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS We identified 1682 patients who developed dementia within a 7.5-year follow-up. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, patients with anemia were associated with an increased risk of dementia than those without anemia (AHR, 1.21; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.39). Patients with mild (AHR, 1.18; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.38) and moderate (AHR, 1.39; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.83) anemia were associated with an increased risk of dementia than those without anemia among patients with type 2 diabetes. Men (AHR, 1.47; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.83) and middle-aged adults (AHR, 1.31; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.75) with anemia were associated with an increased risk of dementia than their counterparts without anemia among patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that anemia is significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Euna Han
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea (the Republic of)
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22
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Hadanny A, Daniel-Kotovsky M, Suzin G, Boussi-Gross R, Catalogna M, Dagan K, Hachmo Y, Abu Hamed R, Sasson E, Fishlev G, Lang E, Polak N, Doenyas K, Friedman M, Tal S, Zemel Y, Bechor Y, Efrati S. Cognitive enhancement of healthy older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13740-13761. [PMID: 32589613 PMCID: PMC7377835 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
More than half of community-dwelling individuals sixty years and older express concern about declining cognitive abilities. The current study’s aim was to evaluate hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) effect on cognitive functions in healthy aging adults. A randomized controlled clinical trial randomized 63 healthy adults (>64) either to HBOT(n=33) or control arms(n=30) for three months. Primary endpoint included the general cognitive function measured post intervention/control. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was evaluated by perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. There was a significant group-by-time interaction in global cognitive function post-HBOT compared to control (p=0.0017). The most striking improvements were in attention (net effect size=0.745) and information processing speed (net effect size=0.788). Voxel-based analysis showed significant cerebral blood flow increases in the HBOT group compared to the control group in the right superior medial frontal gyrus (BA10), right and left supplementary motor area (BA6), right middle frontal gyrus (BA6), left middle frontal gyrus (BA9), left superior frontal gyrus (BA8) and the right superior parietal gyrus (BA7). In this study, HBOT was shown to induce cognitive enhancements in healthy aging adults via mechanisms involving regional changes in CBF. The main improvements include attention, information processing speed and executive functions, which normally decline with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hadanny
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Malka Daniel-Kotovsky
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Gil Suzin
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Rahav Boussi-Gross
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Merav Catalogna
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Kobi Dagan
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yafit Hachmo
- Research and Development Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ramzia Abu Hamed
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Efrat Sasson
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Gregory Fishlev
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Erez Lang
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Nir Polak
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Keren Doenyas
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Mony Friedman
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Sigal Tal
- Radiology Department, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yonatan Zemel
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yair Bechor
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- The Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir (Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Research and Development Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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23
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Desmond KL, Chavez SE. Editorial for "Effect of Drinking Oxygenated Water Assessed by in vivo MRI Relaxometry". J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:729-730. [PMID: 32521071 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Desmond
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia E Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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West K, Sivakolundu D, Maruthy G, Zuppichini M, Liu P, Thomas B, Spence J, Lu H, Okuda D, Rypma B. Baseline cerebral metabolism predicts fatigue and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis patients. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102281. [PMID: 32544855 PMCID: PMC7298673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), a measure of global oxygen metabolism, reflects resting cellular activity. The mechanisms underlying fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain unknown. If fatigue indeed reflects ongoing autoimmune activity and cortical reorganization, and cognitive decline is the result of gray matter atrophy and white matter degeneration, we postulate that changes in CMRO2 should reflect disease activity and predict these symptoms. OBJECTIVE We sought to utilize T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST) and phase-contrast (PC) MRI to measure global CMRO2 to understand its relationships to white matter microstructure, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS We measured venous oxygenation (TRUST) and cerebral blood flow (PC-MRI) in superior sagittal sinus to calculate global CMRO2 and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate white matter microstructure in healthy controls (HC) and MS patients. Participants underwent neuropsychological examinations including Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and Symbol-Digit-Modalities Test (SDMT). RESULTS We observed lower CMRO2 in MS patients compared to HC. After controlling for demographic and disease characteristics (i.e., age, education, disability, lesion volume), CMRO2 predicted increased fatigue (MFIS) and reduced cognitive performance (SDMT) in MS patients. Finally, MS patients with higher CMRO2 have reduced FA in normal-appearing white-matter. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results suggest that increased CMRO2 reflects ongoing demyelination and autoimmune activity which plays an important role in both fatigue and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kl West
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Dk Sivakolundu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Gb Maruthy
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Md Zuppichini
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - P Liu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bp Thomas
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Js Spence
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - H Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dt Okuda
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - B Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Darnell DK, Krieg PA. Student engagement, assessed using heart rate, shows no reset following active learning sessions in lectures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225709. [PMID: 31790461 PMCID: PMC6886849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate can be used as a measure of cognitive engagement. We measured average student heart rates during medical school lecture classes using wristwatch-style monitors. Analysis of 42 classes showed a steady decline in heart rate from the beginning to end of a lecture class. Active learning sessions (peer-discussion based problem solving) resulted in a significant uptick in heart rate, but this returned to the average level immediately following the active learning period. This is the first statistically robust assessment of changes in heart rate during the course of college lecture classes and indicates that personal heart rate monitors may be useful tools for assessment of different teaching modalities. The key findings suggest that the value of active learning within the classroom resides in the activity itself and not in an increase in engagement or reset in attention during the didactic period following an active learning session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K. Darnell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul A. Krieg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Abdelkarim D, Zhao Y, Turner MP, Sivakolundu DK, Lu H, Rypma B. A neural-vascular complex of age-related changes in the human brain: Anatomy, physiology, and implications for neurocognitive aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:927-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Scholey AB, Benson S, Sela-Venter S, Mackus M, Moss MC. Oxygen Administration and Acute Human Cognitive Enhancement: Higher Cognitive Demand Leads to a More Rapid Decay of Transient Hyperoxia. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dresler M, Sandberg A, Bublitz C, Ohla K, Trenado C, Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, Kühn S, Repantis D. Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 30550256 PMCID: PMC6429408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly complex information society, demands for cognitive functioning are growing steadily. In recent years, numerous strategies to augment brain function have been proposed. Evidence for their efficacy (or lack thereof) and side effects has prompted discussions about ethical, societal, and medical implications. In the public debate, cognitive enhancement is often seen as a monolithic phenomenon. On a closer look, however, cognitive enhancement turns out to be a multifaceted concept: There is not one cognitive enhancer that augments brain function per se, but a great variety of interventions that can be clustered into biochemical, physical, and behavioral enhancement strategies. These cognitive enhancers differ in their mode of action, the cognitive domain they target, the time scale they work on, their availability and side effects, and how they differentially affect different groups of subjects. Here we disentangle the dimensions of cognitive enhancement, review prominent examples of cognitive enhancers that differ across these dimensions, and thereby provide a framework for both theoretical discussions and empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen 6525 EN , The Netherlands
| | - Anders Sandberg
- Future of Humanity Institute , Oxford University , Oxford OX1 1PT , United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich 52428 , Germany
| | - Carlos Trenado
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225 , Germany
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44139 , Germany
| | | | - Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development , Berlin 14195 , Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Clinic Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg 20246 , Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin 12203 , Germany
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Debatin T. A Revised Mental Energy Hypothesis of the g Factor in Light of Recent Neuroscience. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019832846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The article proposes a revised mental energy hypothesis for the emergence of the g factor. Charles E. Spearman interpreted the g factor as a kind of domain-general mental energy. Nowadays, it is known that the energy currency of organisms is the chemical energy transporter adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced by complex metabolic processes (mainly by glucose oxidation), and most of it in the human brain is used for neural signaling. There are substantial individual differences in the metabolic properties of the brain, which lead to different levels of energy production. It is thereby proposed to place more emphasis on individual differences of metabolic functions in intelligence research. Neuroscientific findings suggest that increased brain metabolism and, therefore, higher energy-production levels facilitate better performance on different cognitive tasks. These findings are not in conflict with the refined neural efficiency hypothesis. In addition, building on Dennis Garlick’s proposal that neural plasticity is the core process underlying the development of the g factor, it is illustrated why ATP is crucial for neural plasticity. Taken together, the direct effects of level of energy production on cognitive performance and the relations with neural plasticity suggest an important role in the emergence of the g factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Debatin
- Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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Rocco M, Pelaia P, Di Benedetto P, Conte G, Maggi L, Fiorelli S, Mercieri M, Balestra C, De Blasi RA. Inert gas narcosis in scuba diving, different gases different reactions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:247-255. [PMID: 30350155 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Underwater divers face several potential neurological hazards when breathing compressed gas mixtures including nitrogen narcosis which can impact diver's safety. Various human studies have clearly demonstrated brain impairment due to nitrogen narcosis in divers at 4 ATA using critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) as a cortical performance indicator. However, recently some authors have proposed a probable adaptive phenomenon during repetitive exposure to high nitrogen pressure in rats, where they found a reversal effect on dopamine release. METHODS Sixty experienced divers breathing Air, Trimix or Heliox, were studied during an open water dive to a depth of 6 ATA with a square profile testing CFFF measurement before (T0), during the dive upon arriving at the bottom (6 ATA) (T1), 20 min of bottom time (T2), and at 5 m (1.5 ATA) (T3). RESULTS CFFF results showed a slight increase in alertness and arousal during the deep dive regardless of the gas mixture breathed. The percent change in CFFF values at T1 and T2 differed among the three groups being lower in the air group than in the other groups. All CFFF values returned to basal values 5 min before the final ascent at 5 m (T3), but the Trimix measurements were still slightly better than those at T0. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that nitrogen and oxygen alone and in combination can produce neuronal excitability or depression in a dose-related response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rocco
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - P Pelaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Università Politecnica delle Marche Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - P Di Benedetto
- Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - G Conte
- Department of Informatics Engineering, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - L Maggi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Università Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - S Fiorelli
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mercieri
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - C Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational and Ageing (Integrative) Physiology Lab, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - R A De Blasi
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Hynes NJ, Cufflin MP, Hampson KM, Mallen EAH. Cognitive Demand and Accommodative Microfluctuations. Vision (Basel) 2018; 2:vision2030036. [PMID: 31735899 PMCID: PMC6836075 DOI: 10.3390/vision2030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown cognition to have an influence on accommodation. Temporal variation in the accommodative response occurs during the fixation on a stationary target. This constantly shifting response has been called accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMFs). The aim of this study is to determine the effects of increasing task cognitive demand on the ocular accommodation response. AMFs for 12 myopes and 12 emmetropes were measured under three conditions of varying cognitive demand and comprising reading of numbers (Num), simple arithmetic (SA), and complex arithmetic (CA). Fast Fourier transforms were used to analyze the different frequency band components of the AMFs. Other aspects of AMFs including root mean square accommodation values and chaos analysis was applied. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of cognition in the mean power of the high frequency component (HFC) (F2,44 = 10.03, p < 0.005). Pairwise analyses revealed that these differences exist between SA and CA tasks (p < 0.005) and the Num and CA (p < 0.005) tasks with the HFC power being the highest for the CA condition. It appears that the difficulty of a task does affect active accommodation but to a lesser extent than other factors affecting accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J. Hynes
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew P. Cufflin
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Karen M. Hampson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Edward A. H. Mallen
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Stevens D, Halaki M, Chow CM, O'Dwyer N. The effects of multi-stage exercise with and without concurrent cognitive performance on cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamic responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2121-2132. [PMID: 30014452 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of cerebral haemodynamics have shown changes with increased exercise intensity, but the patterns have been highly variable and reliable associations with cognitive performance have not been identified. The aim of this study was to examine whether exercise-induced changes in oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) led to changes in concomitant cognitive performance. METHODS This study examined cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics during multi-stage exercise from rest to exhaustion, with (Ex + C) and without (Ex) concurrent cognitive performance (Go/No-go task). RESULTS The presence of the cognitive task affected both cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics. The patterns in the cerebral haemodynamics during Ex and Ex + C diverged above the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT), but differences were significant only at 100% [Formula: see text], displaying increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), decreased difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HbDiff), and decreased cerebral oxygenation (COx) during Ex + C. More complex haemodynamic trends against intensity during Ex + C suggested that the presence of a cognitive task increases cerebral metabolic demand at high exercise intensities. The levels of O2Hb, HHb, HbDiff and total haemoglobin increased most steeply at intensities around the RCT during both Ex and Ex + C, but these changes were not accompanied by improved cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The primary hypothesis, that cognitive performance would match changes in O2Hb, was not supported. Small variations in reaction time and response accuracy across exercise intensities were not significant, suggesting that cognitive performance is unaffected by intense short-duration exercise. Our results add further evidence that exercise-induced changes in cerebral haemodynamics do not affect cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stevens
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health - A Flinders Centre for Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas O'Dwyer
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
The term ‘Cerebral hypoxia’ refers to reduced supply of oxygen to the brain tissues. If a brain cell becomes completely deprived of oxygen, the condition is referred to as cerebral anoxia. Since brain needs constant supply of oxygen for its vital functioning, cerebral hypoxia can have major impact of cerebral hemispheres, leading to cognitive, behavioural as well as personality changes including anxiety, depression and memory loss.
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Nucci MP, Lukasova K, Vieira G, Sato JR, Amaro Júnior E. Cognitive performance in transient global hypoxic brain injury due to moderate drowning. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:462-472. [PMID: 28922960 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1371674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drowning is a serious and frequently neglected public health threat. Primary respiratory impairment after submersion often leads to brain dysfunction. Depending on the period of global hypoxia (respiratory failure), clinical aspects of neurological dysfunction are evident on the first evaluation after the water rescue. Nowadays, many neuropsychological assessments after drowning are inconclusive, with some studies reporting only minor neurological or cognitive impairments. The aim of this study is to identify measures in neuropsychological tests that most contribute to classify volunteers as moderate drowning subjects or healthy controls. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first neuropsychological prospective case-control study of moderate drowning in a country with large coastal cities. METHOD Fifteen moderate drowning patients (DP), who met the inclusion criteria, were compared with 18 healthy controls (HC). All subjects were assessed on memory, learning, visual spatial ability, executive function, attention, and general intellectual functioning and underwent structural magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain at 3.0 T, in order to exclude subjects with anatomic abnormalities. RESULTS Neuropsychological tests assessing learning, execution function, and verbal fluency-Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) general learning ability, Digit Span total, Phonological Verbal Fluency (total FAS correct), and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised (BVMT) correct recognition-have the strongest discriminating ability, using predictive models via the partial least squares (PLS) approach for data classification, while the other tests have shown similar predictive values between groups. CONCLUSIONS Learning, execution function, and verbal fluency domains were the most critically affected domains. Serious impairments in the same domains have already been reported in severe drowning cases, and we hypothesize that subtle alterations found in moderate drowning cases, although not sufficient to be detected in daily routine, may possibly have a negative impact on cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Penteado Nucci
- a LIM-44 (NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional), Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Katerina Lukasova
- a LIM-44 (NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional), Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Faculdade de Psicologia , Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gilson Vieira
- a LIM-44 (NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional), Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- c Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro Júnior
- a LIM-44 (NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional), Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Abstract
Our current therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease are predominantly derived from the alkaloid class of plant phytochemicals. These drugs, such as galantamine and rivastigmine, attenuate the decline in the cholinergic system but, as the alkaloids occupy the most dangerous end of the phytochemical spectrum (indeed they function as feeding deterrents and poisons to other organisms within the plant itself), they are often associated with unpleasant side effects. In addition, these cholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids target only one system in a disorder, which is typified by multifactorial deficits. The present paper will look at the more benign terpene (such as Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng, Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) and Salvia lavandulaefolia (sage)) and phenolic (such as resveratrol) phytochemicals; arguing that they offer a safer alternative and that, as well as demonstrating efficacy in cholinesterase inhibition, these phytochemicals are able to target other salient systems such as cerebral blood flow, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, inhibition of amyloid-β neurotoxicity, glucoregulation and interaction with other neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid) and signalling pathways (e.g. via kinase enzymes).
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Freiberger JJ, Derrick BJ, Natoli MJ, Akushevich I, Schinazi EA, Parker C, Stolp BW, Bennett PB, Vann RD, Dunworth SAS, Moon RE. Assessment of the interaction of hyperbaric N2, CO2, and O2 on psychomotor performance in divers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:953-964. [PMID: 27633739 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diving narcosis results from the complex interaction of gases, activities, and environmental conditions. We hypothesized that these interactions could be separated into their component parts. Where previous studies have tested single cognitive tasks sequentially, we varied inspired partial pressures of CO2, N2, and O2 in immersed, exercising subjects while assessing multitasking performance with the Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB-II) flight simulator. Cognitive performance was tested under 20 conditions of gas partial pressure and exercise in 42 male subjects meeting U.S. Navy age and fitness profiles. Inspired nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) partial pressures were 0, 4.5, and 5.6 ATA and 0.21, 1.0, and 1.22 ATA, respectively, at rest and during 100-W immersed exercise with and without 0.075-ATA CO2 Linear regression modeled the association of gas partial pressure with task performance while controlling for exercise, hypercapnic ventilatory response, dive training, video game frequency, and age. Subjects served as their own controls. Impairment of memory, attention, and planning, but not motor tasks, was associated with N2 partial pressures >4.5 ATA. Sea level O2 at 0.925 ATA partially rescued motor and memory reaction time impaired by 0.075-ATA CO2; however, at hyperbaric pressures an unexpectedly strong interaction between CO2, N2, and exercise caused incapacitating narcosis with amnesia, which was augmented by O2 Perception of narcosis was not correlated with actual scores. The relative contributions of factors associated with diving narcosis will be useful to predict the effects of gas mixtures and exercise conditions on the cognitive performance of divers. The O2 effects are consistent with O2 narcosis or enhanced O2 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Freiberger
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - B J Derrick
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M J Natoli
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - I Akushevich
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - E A Schinazi
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - C Parker
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - B W Stolp
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - P B Bennett
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R D Vann
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S A S Dunworth
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R E Moon
- Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology and Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Di Palma S, Tonacci A, Narzisi A, Domenici C, Pioggia G, Muratori F, Billeci L. Monitoring of autonomic response to sociocognitive tasks during treatment in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by wearable technologies: A feasibility study. Comput Biol Med 2016; 85:143-152. [PMID: 27080078 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) represent a heterogeneous set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social domain, where the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role. Several researchers have studied the ANS in ASD, during specific cognitive or sensory stimuli while few studies have examined response during social interactions. Wearable technologies can be very helpful in monitoring autonomic response in children with ASD in semi-naturalistic setting. The novelty of this study is to use such technologies to acquire physiological signals during therapeutic sessions supported by interactive "serious games" and to correlate the ANS response to the engagement of the child during sociocognitive tasks for an evaluation of the treatment effect and for the personalization of the therapy. METHOD A wearable chest belt for electrocardiographic (ECG) signal recording was used and specific algorithms for the extraction of clinically relevant features (Heart Rate - HR, Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences - RMSSD and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia - RSA) were developed. Sociocognitive tasks were mediated by "serious games" implemented on two tablets, which allowed a precise coding of the behaviors of the children. A longitudinal assessment of the physiological response of the children during six months of treatment was performed. RESULTS A link between physiological response, i.e. decrease in RMSSD and RSA, and engagement of the children during sociocognitive tasks was found. Longitudinal changes in the children's autonomic response, including a decrease of RSA during the engagement throughout the therapeutic sessions, were found. CONCLUSIONS These results foster the feasibility of this methodology to be applied in a clinical setting for the monitoring of the ANS response of children with ASD during treatment. A larger sample of patients is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Narzisi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Domenici
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Muratori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Billeci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ardeshiri R, Hosseini L, Amini N, Rezai P. Cardiac screening of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae under exposure to aqueous and gaseous toxins in a microfluidic device. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a semi-automated microfluidic chip for orientation, immobilization, chemical exposure, and cardiac screening of 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ardeshiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - L. Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - N. Amini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - P. Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
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Decreased hemoglobin levels, cerebral small-vessel disease, and cortical atrophy: among cognitively normal elderly women and men. Int Psychogeriatr 2016; 28:147-56. [PMID: 25990664 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610215000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased hemoglobin levels increase the risk of developing dementia among the elderly. However, the underlying mechanisms that link decreased hemoglobin levels to incident dementia still remain unclear, possibly due to the fact that few studies have reported on the relationship between low hemoglobin levels and neuroimaging markers. We, therefore, investigated the relationships between decreased hemoglobin levels, cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD), and cortical atrophy in cognitively healthy women and men. METHODS Cognitively normal women (n = 1,022) and men (n = 1,018) who underwent medical check-ups and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled at a health promotion center. We measured hemoglobin levels, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) scales, lacunes, and microbleeds. Cortical thickness was automatically measured using surface based methods. Multivariate regression analyses were performed after controlling for possible confounders. RESULTS Decreased hemoglobin levels were not associated with the presence of WMH, lacunes, or microbleeds in women and men. Among women, decreased hemoglobin levels were associated with decreased cortical thickness in the frontal (Estimates, 95% confidence interval, -0.007, (-0.013, -0.001)), temporal (-0.010, (-0.018, -0.002)), parietal (-0.009, (-0.015, -0.003)), and occipital regions (-0.011, (-0.019, -0.003)). Among men, however, no associations were observed between hemoglobin levels and cortical thickness. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that decreased hemoglobin levels affected cortical atrophy, but not increased CSVD, among women, although the association is modest. Given the paucity of modifiable risk factors for age-related cognitive decline, our results have important public health implications.
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Kot J, Winklewski PJ, Sicko Z, Tkachenko Y. Effect of oxygen on neuronal excitability measured by critical flicker fusion frequency is dose dependent. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:276-84. [PMID: 25715640 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1007118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reactive oxygen species are involved in the functional changes necessary for synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive function. It is far from clear whether the increased excitability, and which forms of neuronal excitability, should be considered a part of the learning process or, rather, cellular manifestation of neuronal oxygen poisoning. It is yet to be elucidated whether oxygen (O2)-induced learning and poisoning use the same or distinct cellular pathways. PURPOSE We hypothesized that O2-induced neuronal excitability might use the same or an intertwined signaling cascade as the poisoning cellular pathway. METHOD Eighty-one healthy, young males, mean age 27.7 ± 4.1 (SD) years, were exposed in the hyperbaric chamber to 0.7 atmosphere absolute (ATA) O2, 1.4 ATA O2, and 2.8 ATA O2. The critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SiO2), and heart rate (HR) were measured before exposure, after 30 min of oxygen breathing while still at pressure and then after exposure. RESULTS Normobaric (0.7 ATA) O2 exposure did not affect CFFF and HR. Medium hyperbaric O2 exposure (1.4 ATA) decreased CFFF but HR remained unchanged. High hyperbaric O2 exposure (2.8 ATA) increased CFFF and diminished HR. SiO2 was similar in all investigated groups. A correlation between CFFF, HR, and SiO2 was observed only at low oxygen (0.7 ATA). CONCLUSIONS The effect of O2 on neuronal excitability measured by CFFF in young healthy men was dose dependent: 0.7 ATA O2 did not affect CFFF; CFFF were significantly jeopardized at 1.4 ATA O2, while CFFF recovered at 2.8 ATA. With 2.8 ATA O2, the CFFF and oxygen poisoning transduction pathways seemed to be intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kot
- a National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdynia , Poland
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Kim HS, Choi MH, Baek JH, Park SJ, Lee JC, Jeong UH, Kim SP, Kim HJ, Choi Y, Lim DW, Chung SC. Effects of 92% oxygen administration on cognitive performance and physiological changes of intellectually and developmentally disabled people. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:3. [PMID: 25857667 PMCID: PMC4337321 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study addressed how 92% oxygen administration affects cognitive performance, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and heart rate (HR) of intellectually and developmentally disabled people. Methods Seven males (28.9 ± 1.8 years) and seven females (34.4 ± 8.3 years) with intellectual and developmental disabilities (disabled level 2.1 ± 0.5) completed an experiment consisting a 0-back task with normal air (21% oxygen) administered in one run and hyperoxic air (92% oxygen) administered in the other run. The experimental sequence in each run consisted of a 1-min adaptation phase, 2-min control phase, and 2-min 0-back task phase, where SpO2 and HR were gauged for each phase. Results The administration of 92% oxygen increased 0-back task performance of intellectually and developmentally disabled people, in association with increased SpO2 and decreased HR. Our results demonstrate that sufficient oxygen supply subserving cognitive functions, even as a short-term effect, could increase cognitive ability for the intellectually and developmentally disabled people. Conclusions It is concluded that enriched oxygen can positively affect, at least in the short-term, the working memory of those with intellectual and developmental disability.
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Croal PL, Hall EL, Driver ID, Brookes MJ, Gowland PA, Francis ST. The effect of isocapnic hyperoxia on neurophysiology as measured with MRI and MEG. Neuroimage 2015; 105:323-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
We studied the effect of oxygen inhalation during resting state functional MRI scanning in healthy control individuals. We hypothesized that resting state networks would be modified under hyperoxic conditions. Thirty-four normal volunteers were recruited for this study. All participants were scanned twice: once while breathing atmospheric air and once under hyperoxic conditions in a randomized order. Hyperoxic conditions were produced by administering 100% O2. Blood oxygen level-dependent T2* scans were obtained for each of the scans. Resting state networks were extracted using independent component analysis. A paired t-test showed that the resting state networks scans (default mode network, attention network and executive network) acquired under hyperoxic conditions had significantly higher Z-scores than scans performed under atmospheric air. Spectral analysis of the time-course signal in these networks also showed a difference in the total power of low frequencies between the two conditions. These results were reversed in the visual network. Clinical or research applications of oxygen-enhanced MRI need to take into account the modularly effects that hyperoxia exerts on the networks resting state functional MRI.
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Effects of the Physical Environment on Cognitive Load and Learning: Towards a New Model of Cognitive Load. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-014-9262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cognitive Ability and Cardiovascular Control in Intellectually and Developmentally Disabled People. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Scholey A, Owen L. Effects of chocolate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:665-81. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Lauren Owen
- School of Psychology; Keele University; Keele Staffordshire UK
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Colombo B, Di Nuzzo C, Missaglia S, Mordente A, Antonietti A, Casolo F, Tavian D. Exploring the positive involvement of primary motor cortex in observing motor sequences with music: a pilot study with tDCS. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-013-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Glucose facilitation of cognitive function has been widely reported in previous studies (including our own). However, several studies have also failed to detect glucose facilitation. There is sparsity of research examining the factors that modify the effect of glucose on cognition. The aims of the present study were to (1) demonstrate the previously observed enhancement of cognition through glucose administration and (2) investigate some of the factors that may exert moderating roles on the behavioural response to glucose, including glucose regulation, body composition (BC) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response. A total of twenty-four participants took part in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, repeated-measures study, which examined the effect of 25 and 60 g glucose compared with placebo on cognitive function. At 1 week before the study commencement, all participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose facilitated performance on tasks of numeric and spatial working memory, verbal declarative memory and speed of recognition. Moderating variables were examined using several indices of glucoregulation and BC. Poorer glucoregulation predicted improved immediate word recall accuracy following the administration of 25 g glucose compared with placebo. Those with better glucoregulation showed performance decrements on word recall accuracy following the administration of 25 g glucose compared with placebo. These findings are in line with accumulating evidence that glucose load may preferentially enhance cognition in those with poorer glucoregulation. Furthermore, the finding that individuals with better glucoregulation may suffer impaired performance following a glucose load is novel and requires further substantiation.
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Kim HJ, Park HK, Lim DW, Choi MH, Kim HJ, Lee IH, Kim HS, Choi JS, Tack GR, Chung SC. Effects of oxygen concentration and flow rate on cognitive ability and physiological responses in the elderly. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:264-9. [PMID: 25206597 PMCID: PMC4107523 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation (%), and heart rate (beats/min) in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% (1 L/min), 93% (1 L/min), and 93% (5 L/min)] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male (75.3 ± 4.3 years old) and 10 female (71.1 ± 3.9 years old) subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration (3 minutes), a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task (2 minutes), and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed (2 minutes). Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases (7 minutes). Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Konkuk University, Chungju 308-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul 140-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Lim
- Department of Information & Communication Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Rae Tack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
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Marmeleira J. An examination of the mechanisms underlying the effects of physical activity on brain and cognition. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11556-012-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Physical activity positively influences brain health and cognitive functioning in older adults. Several physiological and psychological mechanisms have been identified to underlie such a relationship. Cardiovascular fitness is accompanied with changes in mechanisms such as cerebral blood flow, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitter systems and neural architecture that have themselves been associated with cognitive performance. Factors associated with exercise such as arousal, mood and self-perception of competence seem also to influence cognitive performance. Other explanation for the benefits of exercise in cognition, results from the fact that the performance of motor skills involve an important cognitive component (e.g., executive functions and information processing speed). Evidence of brain plasticity and behavior has been provided from studies where animals are exposed to enriched or complex environments. Exposure to such paradigms in which physical activity plays an important role has been found to influence various aspects of brain function and structure. Studies using neuroimaging techniques have established a link between the acquisition of different motor skills and the occurrence of neuroplasticity in human adults. This literature review indicates that the type of exercise and its specific perceptual and cognitive characteristics may influence cognitive performance. However, most of the research has been focused on self-paced movements or automatized skills and few intervention studies have examined the results of merging exercise and cognitive training in a single program. An important scientific challenge for the coming years is to design exercise programs capable of mobilizing several type of mechanisms underlying the effects of physical activity on brain and cognition.
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