1
|
Totini CH, Umehara E, Reis IMA, Lago JHG, Branco A. Chemistry and Bioactivity of the Genus Persea - A Review. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300947. [PMID: 37539983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides the first comprehensive appraisal of bioactive compounds and their biological activities in Persea species from 1950 to 2023. Relevant articles from reputable databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar were collected, leading to the isolation of about 141 metabolite compounds, mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty alcohols, lignoids, and γ-lactone derivatives. These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, including insecticidal, antifeedant, nematicidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The review emphasizes the significant chemical and pharmacological potential of different Persea species, encouraging further research in various fields and medicine. Valuable insights into potential applications of Persea plants are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Totini
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Umehara
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella M A Reis
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dhatwalia J, Kumari A, Verma R, Upadhyay N, Guleria I, Lal S, Thakur S, Gudeta K, Kumar V, Chao JCJ, Sharma S, Kumar A, Manicum ALE, Lorenzo JM, Amarowicz R. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Nutraceutical Profile of Carissa Species: An Updated Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227010. [PMID: 34834102 PMCID: PMC8624575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carissa, a genus of the Apocynaceae family, consists of evergreen species, such as shrubs as well as small trees that are native to Asia, Africa, and Oceania’s subtropical and tropical regions. Most of the Carissa species are traditionally used to treat various diseases, such as chest pain, headaches, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, oedema, rabies, stomach pain, hepatitis, cardiac diseases, and asthma. The pharmacological studies on Carissa species revealed its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, antipyretic, analgesic, wound healing, anticonvulsant, antiarthritic, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, thus validating its use in indigenous medicine systems. The review article summarised the comprehensive literature available, including morphology, indigenous uses, bioactive composition, nutraceutical, and pharmacological activities of Carissa species. A total of 155 research papers were cited in this review article. The Carissa fruits are rich in dietary fibre, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamin C, and macro- and micro-elements. A total of 121 compounds (35 polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), 30 lignans, 41 terpenoids, 7 steroids, 2 coumarins, and 6 cardiac glycosides) have been extracted from C. spinarum, C. carandas, and C. macrocarpa. Among all chemical constituents, lupeol, carissol, naringin, carisssone, scopoletin, carissaeduloside A, D, J, carandinol, sarhamnoloside, carissanol, olivil, carinol, 3β-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13β-oilde, ursolic acid, and carissone are the key bioactive constituents responsible for pharmacological activities of genus Carissa. The gathered ethnopharmacological information in the review will help to understand the therapeutic relevance of Carissa as well as paving a way for further exploration in the discovery of novel plant-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhatwalia
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Amita Kumari
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (R.A.)
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Navneet Upadhyay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India;
| | - Ishita Guleria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Sohan Lal
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Shabnam Thakur
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Kasahun Gudeta
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, HP, India; (J.D.); (R.V.); (I.G.); (S.L.); (S.T.); (K.G.)
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India;
| | - Jane C.-J. Chao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Somesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management, Solan 173229, HP, India;
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405, India;
| | | | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain;
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (R.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asghar A, Tan YC, Shahid M, Yow YY, Lahiri C. Metabolite Profiling of Malaysian Gracilaria edulis Reveals Eplerenone as Novel Antibacterial Compound for Drug Repurposing Against MDR Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653562. [PMID: 34276590 PMCID: PMC8279767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a continuous threat of antimicrobial resistance on human health worldwide, efforts for new alternatives are ongoing for the management of bacterial infectious diseases. Natural products of land and sea, being conceived to be having fewer side effects, pose themselves as a welcome relief. In this respect, we have taken a scaffolded approach to unearthing the almost unexplored chemical constituents of Malaysian red seaweed, Gracilaria edulis. Essentially, a preliminary evaluation of the ethyl acetate and acetone solvent extracts, among a series of six such, revealed potential antibacterial activity against six MDR species namely, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. Detailed analyses of the inlying chemical constituents, through LC-MS and GC-MS chromatographic separation, revealed a library of metabolic compounds. These were led for further virtual screening against selected key role playing proteins in the virulence of the aforesaid bacteria. To this end, detailed predictive pharmacological analyses added up to reinforce Eplerenone as a natural alternative from the plethora of plausible bioactives. Our work adds the ongoing effort to re-discover and repurpose biochemical compounds to combat the antimicrobial resistance offered by the Gram-positive and the -negative bacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Chiang Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Food Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chandrajit Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Basta AH, Lotfy VF, Ghaly NS, Nabil M, Mohamed KM. Bioactivity evaluation of amino acid-conjugates with protein versus cellulose based conjugates and extracted flavonoids. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Mohammadkhani L, Heravi MM. Applications of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution in Total Synthesis of Natural Products: An Update. CHEM REC 2020; 21:29-68. [PMID: 33206466 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution (AAS) reaction is one of the most synthetically useful reactions catalyzed by metal complexes for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. It comprises the substitution of allylic substrates with a wide range of nucleophiles or SN 2'-type allylic substitution, which results in the formation of the above-mentioned bonds with high levels of enantioselective induction. AAS reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups, thus has been successfully applied in the asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of optically pure compounds. This reaction has been extensively used in the total synthesis of several complex molecules, especially natural products. In this review, we try to highlight the applications of metal (Pd, Ir, Mo, or Cu)-catalyzed AAS reaction in the total synthesis of the biologically active natural products, as a key step, updating the subject from 2003 till date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Mohammadkhani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Alzahra University Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Alzahra University Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaunda JS, Qin XJ, Yang XZ, Mwitari PG, Zhu HT, Wang D, Zhang YJ. Ten new glycosides, carissaedulosides A-J from the root barks of Carissa edulis and their cytotoxicities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104097. [PMID: 32717694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ten previously undescribed glycosides, carissaedulosides A-J (1-10) referring to six apiosylated phenylpropanoids (1-6), one coumarin-secoiridoid hybrid (7), and three furofuran lignans (8-10) were isolated from the root barks of Carissa edulis, together with 13 known analogues (11-23). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, ECD computational methods, and chemical derivations for configurations of sugar moieties. The new lignan bisdesmoside, 10, exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A549 (IC50 = 3.87 ± 0.03 μM) and MCF-7 (IC50 = 9.231 ± 0.290 μM) cell lines, while the known lignan monodesmoside, 12, showed impressive cytotoxic efficacy (IC50 = 5.68 ± 0.180 μM) against only MCF-7 cell line. It is noted that a known cardenolide, 11, displayed strong cytotoxic potency against HL-60, A549, MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.023 to 0.137 μM. Moreover, compound 11 induced dose-dependent apoptosis on SW480 cell, but not explicit dose-dependent apoptosis on HL-60 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sakah Kaunda
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Jie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Githaiga Mwitari
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaunda JS, Zhang YJ. The Genus Carissa: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2017; 7:181-199. [PMID: 28243901 PMCID: PMC5397391 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-017-0123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carissa L. is a genus of the family Apocynaceae, with about 36 species as evergreen shrubs or small trees native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and Oceania. Most of Carissa plants have been employed and utilized in traditional medicine for various ailments, such as headache, chest complains, rheumatism, oedema, gonorrhoea, syphilis, rabies. So far, only nine Carissa species have been phytochemically studied, which led to the identification of 123 compounds including terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, simple phenolic compounds, fatty acids and esters, and so on. Pharmacological studies on Carissa species have also indicated various bioactive potentials. This review covers the peer-reviewed articles between 1954 and 2016, retrieved from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Wikipedia and Baidu, using "Carissa" as search term ("all fields") and with no specific time frame set for search. Fifteen important medicinal or ornamental Carissa species were selected and summarized on their botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sakah Kaunda
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peng F, Dai M, Angeles AR, Danishefsky SJ. Permuting Diels-Alder and Robinson Annulation Stereopatterns. Chem Sci 2012; 3:3076-3080. [PMID: 23139855 PMCID: PMC3489503 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled isomerization of the double bond of certain Diels-Alder reactions provides substrates that, upon oxidation, give rise to products whose gross structure corresponds to that of a Robinson annulation. In these cases, the stereochemistry of the Robinson annulation product reflects the fact that the initial combination occurred in a Diels-Alder mode. Using these principles, we have synthesized carissone and cosmosoic acid. In the latter case, our total synthesis raised serious questions as to the accuracy of the assigned structure of the natural product.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hettiarachchi DS, Locher C, Longmore RB. Antibacterial compounds from the root of the indigenous Australian medicinal plantCarissa lanceolataR.Br. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1388-95. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410802267668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Bhutia TD, Valant-Vetschera KM, Lorbeer E, Brecker L. Unusual Compounds from Exudates of Dionysia Diapensifolia and D. gaubae var. megalantha (Primulaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exudates of Dionysia diapensifolia yielded ( R)-(+)-3-acetoxy-3-phenyl-propiophenone as a new natural product with a basic dihydrochalcone structure, which was elucidated unequivocally by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The sesquiterpenoid carissone was found as the major compound in the exudate of D. gaubae var. megalantha. Sesquiterpenoids have so far not been described as exudate constituents of Primula and Dionysia. Structural identifications are discussed in detail, and the significance of the occurrence of these unusual compounds in exudates of Primulaceae is shortly addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tshering Doma Bhutia
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin M. Valant-Vetschera
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eberhard Lorbeer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siddiqi R, Naz S, Ahmad S, Sayeed SA. Antimicrobial activity of the polyphenolic fractions derived from Grewia asiatica, Eugenia jambolana and Carissa carandas. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Wang YF, Ni ZY, Dong M, Cong B, Shi QW, Gu YC, Kiyota H. Secondary Metabolites of Plants from the Genus Saussurea: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:2623-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
13
|
Levine SR, Krout MR, Stoltz BM. Catalytic enantioselective approach to the eudesmane sesquiterpenoids: total synthesis of (+)-carissone. Org Lett 2009; 11:289-92. [PMID: 19093809 DOI: 10.1021/ol802409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective approach to the eudesmane sesquiterpenoids is reported. The strategic use of a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective alkylation of vinylogous ester substrates forged the C(10) all-carbon quaternary center. This key transformation enabled a diastereoselective olefin hydrogenation to create the syn stereochemistry at C(7). The devised synthetic strategy allowed for the preparation of the antibacterial agent (+)-carissone and a formal synthesis of the P/Q-type calcium channel blocker (-)-alpha-eudesmol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Levine
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Tolo FM, Rukunga GM, Muli FW, Njagi ENM, Njue W, Kumon K, Mungai GM, Muthaura CN, Muli JM, Keter LK, Oishi E, Kofi-Tsekpo MW. Anti-viral activity of the extracts of a Kenyan medicinal plant Carissa edulis against herpes simplex virus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 104:92-9. [PMID: 16198524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a major opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed persons. It is therefore a serious disease in high HIV/AIDS prevalence areas as in sub-Saharan Africa where infections due to HSV have risen significantly. The development of resistant strains of HSV to the available drugs for infection management, as is evident in the first drug of choice acyclovir, has further compounded this situation. There is therefore an urgent need to identify and develop new alternative agents for management of HSV infections, more so, for those due to resistant strains. We report here on an aqueous total extract preparation from the roots of Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl (Apocynaceae), a medicinal plant locally growing in Kenya that has exhibited remarkable anti-HSV activity in vitro and in vivo for both wild type and resistant strains of HSV. The extract significantly inhibited formation of plaques in Vero E6 cells infected with 100PFU of wild type strains of HSV (7401H HSV-1 and Ito-1262 HSV-2) or resistant strains of HSV (TK(-) 7401H HSV-1 and AP(r) 7401H HSV-1) by 100% at 50 microg/ml in vitro with minimal cell cytotoxicity (CC(50)=480 microg/ml). When the extract was examined for in vivo efficacy in a murine model using Balb/C mice cutaneously infected with wild type or resistant strains of HSV, the extract at an oral dose of 250 mg/kg significantly delayed the onset of HSV infections by over 50%. It also increased the mean survival time of treated infected mice by between 28 and 35% relative to the infected untreated mice (p<0.05 versus control by Student's t-test). The mortality rate for mice treated with extract was also significantly reduced by between 70 and 90% as compared with the infected untreated mice that exhibited 100% mortality. No acute toxicity was observed in mice at the oral therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg. These results suggest that this herbal extract has potent anti-viral agents against herpes simplex viruses that can be exploited for development of an alternative remedy for HSV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Festus M Tolo
- Centre for traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wanandy S, Brouwer N, Liu Q, Mahon A, Cork S, Karuso P, Vemulpad S, Jamie J. Optimisation of the fluorescein diacetate antibacterial assay. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 60:21-30. [PMID: 15567221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antibacterial assay relies on the cleavage of fluorescein diacetate by metabolically active bacteria. The recent finding that microbiological media can lead to significant levels of cleavage has reduced the reliability of the assay. Using the nucleophilic scavengers N-ethylmaleimide and maleic anhydride, we have demonstrated that this abiotic cleavage is most likely due to nucleophiles such as cysteine and histidine commonly present in the media. To increase the reliability of the assay we have modified the original assay conditions to include use of dilute medium (peptone 0.2% w/v, yeast extract 0.1% w/v and NaCl 0.1% w/v) in a non-nucleophilic buffer and overnight incubation of the medium after addition of antibacterial agents. The optimised fluorescein diacetate assay has been used to determine the MIC of gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol for Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gave quantitative results that were reproducible and consistent with published data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanus Wanandy
- Department of Chemistry, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|