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Zhang F, Wang J, Li X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen Y, Yu Q, Li N. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family members from tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) reveal their role in root-knot nematode infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204990. [PMID: 37346127 PMCID: PMC10280380 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme and rate-limiting enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism, which is a very important pathway in plants, and the secondary products it produces play an important role in plant growth and development, disease resistance, and stress resistance responses. However, PALs still lack systematic characterization in tomato. Based on a bioinformatics methods, PAL family genes were identified and characterized from tomato. qRT-PCR was used to study the expression of PAL genes in cultivated tomato after root-knot nematode infection. In this study, 14 and 11 PAL genes were identified in cultivated and wild tomatoes, and phylogenetic analysis classified them into three subfamilies, with different subfamilies of PAL proteins evolving in different directions in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The extensive presence of stress, growth, hormone, and light response elements in the promoter sequences of SlPAL (Solanum lycopersicum) and SpenPAL (Solanum pennellii) genes suggests that this family has a critical role in abiotic stress. Collinearity indicates that members of the tomato and Arabidopsis PAL genes family are from the same ancestor, and the SlPAL10 gene is directly homologous to monocotyledonous rice and maize, suggesting that the SlPAL10 gene was present before monocotyledonous differentiation. Two co-expressed gene modules containing PAL genes were screened by WGCNA, and the core genes in the network were mined and functionally annotated by calculating the connectivity of genes within the modules. In addition, the expression of some genes changed significantly after root-knot nematode infection, with up-regulation of 4 genes and down-regulation of 3 genes. This result provides a data reference for the study of PAL family gene functions in tomato, and also provides a potential application for the subsequent selection of PAL genes in tomato for root-knot nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Comprehensive Proving Ground, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yijia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Li YC, Lin JY, Hsu WH, Kung CT, Dai SY, Yang JY, Tan CM, Yang CH. OAF is a DAF-like gene that controls ovule development in plants. Commun Biol 2023; 6:498. [PMID: 37156904 PMCID: PMC10167350 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that the RING-type E3 ligase DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1- (DAD1-) Activating Factor (DAF) controls anther dehiscence by activating the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, the DAF ancestor was duplicated into three genes (DAF, Ovule Activating Factor (OAF), DAFL2), which evolved divergent partial functions from their ancestor through subfunctionalization. In this case, DAF-DAD1-JA signaling regulates anther dehiscence, whereas OAF controls ovule development by negatively regulating cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 9 (CAD9) activity and being negatively regulated by miR847 itself in Arabidopsis. Downregulation of OAF or upregulation of CAD9 and miR847 caused similar abortion of ovule formation due to precocious ovule lignification in transgenic Arabidopsis. Interestingly, only one DAF-like gene, PaOAF, exists in the monocot orchids, which has likely evolved through nonfunctionalization and maintains a conserved function as Arabidopsis OAF in regulating ovule development since defective ovules were observed in the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) PaOAF Phalaenopsis orchids. The absence of the DAF ortholog and its function in orchids is likely due to the evolution of stamens to a unique pollinium structure that lacks the feature of anther dehiscence. These findings expand the current knowledge underlying the multifunctional evolution and diverse functionalization of duplicate gene pairs within/among plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jhe-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Han Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Ting Kung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yu Dai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Choon-Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhan C, Li Y, Li H, Wang M, Gong S, Ma D, Li Y. Phylogenomic analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) multigene family and their differential expression analysis in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) suggested their roles during different stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:982457. [PMID: 36247561 PMCID: PMC9561908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in the phenylalanine metabolism pathway and plays an important role in plant growth and stress response. It has been widely reported in plants, but less studied in wheat. In this study, 54 PAL genes were identified in the wheat genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the 54 TaPAL genes were divided into four groups (I, II, III, and IV). Then, the expression levels of TaPALs under biotic stresses were analyzed by transcriptome data analysis. The results showed that 31 genes were up-regulated and one gene was down-regulated after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum, 11 genes were up-regulated and 14 genes were down-regulated after inoculation with Puccinia striiformis, and 32 up-regulated and three down-regulated genes after inoculation with powdery mildew. The expression patterns of the five TaPALs were further analyzed by qRT-PCR. After inoculation with F. graminearum, the expression levels of five TaPALs were up-regulated. However, the TaPALs (expect TaPAL49) were down-regulated when inoculated with P. striiformis. Finally, the functions of TaPAL32 and TaPAL42 in resistance of wheat to the stripe rust were further analyzed by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays. The results showed that the disease severity of TaPAL32 and TaPAL42 silenced plants was higher than that of control plants at 14 days after inoculation. It indicated that these two genes played a positive role in wheat stripe rust resistance. This study provided new evidence support for the functional study of PAL genes in wheat, and provided potential application value for the breeding of wheat resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Han Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shuangjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds/Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Muro-Villanueva F, Kim H, Ralph J, Chapple C. H-lignin can be deposited independently of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE C and D in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2015-2028. [PMID: 35522042 PMCID: PMC9342963 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin contributes substantially to the recalcitrance of biomass toward saccharification. To circumvent this problem, researchers have genetically altered lignin, although, in a number of cases, these efforts have resulted in an undesirable yield penalty. Recent findings have shown that by knocking out two subunits (MED5A and MED5B) of the transcriptional regulatory complex Mediator, the stunted growth phenotype of mutants in p-coumaroyl shikimate 3'-hydroxylase, reduced epidermal fluorescence 8-1 (ref8-1), can be alleviated. Furthermore, these plants synthesize a lignin polymer almost entirely derived from p-coumaryl alcohol. Plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) are notable in that they primarily incorporate coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde into their lignin. We tested the hypothesis that by stacking mutations in the genes encoding for the CAD paralogs C and D on an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) med5a/5b ref8-1 genetic background, the biosynthesis of p-coumaryl alcohol would be blocked, making p-coumaraldehyde available for polymerization into a novel kind of lignin. The med5a/5b ref8-1 cadc cadd plants are viable, but lignin analysis demonstrated that they continue to synthesize p-hydroxyphenyl lignin despite being mutated for the CADs typically considered to be required for monolignol biosynthesis. In addition, enzyme activity tests showed that even in the absence of CADC and CADD, there is high CAD activity in stems. We tested the potential involvement of other CADs in p-coumaraldehyde biosynthesis in the quintuple mutant by mutating them using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Lignin analysis demonstrated that the resulting hextuple mutant plants continue to deposit p-coumaryl alcohol-derived lignin, demonstrating a route for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in Arabidopsis independent of four CAD isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Characterization, Expression Profiling, and Biochemical Analyses of the Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase Gene Family for Lignin Synthesis in Alfalfa Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147762. [PMID: 35887111 PMCID: PMC9316543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is a pivotal enzyme in plant lignin synthesis, which has a role in plant secondary cell wall development and environmental stress defense. Alfalfa is a predominant legume forage with excellent quality, but the lignin content negatively affects fodder digestibility. Currently, there is limited information on CCR characteristics, gene expression, and its role in lignin metabolism in alfalfa. In this study, we identified 30 members in the CCR gene family of Medicago sativa. In addition, gene structure, conserved motif, and evolution analysis suggested MsCCR1–7 presumably functioned as CCR, while the 23 MsCCR-likes fell into three categories. The expression patterns of MsCCRs/MsCCR-likes suggested their role in plant development, response to environmental stresses, and phytohormone treatment. These results were consistent with the cis-elements in their promoters. Histochemical staining showed that lignin accumulation gradually deepened with the development, which was consistent with gene expression results. Furthermore, recombinant MsCCR1 and MsCCR-like1 were purified and the kinetic parameters were tested under four substrates. In addition, three-dimensional structure models of MsCCR1 and MsCCR-like1 proteins showed the difference in the substrate-binding motif H212(X)2K215R263. These results will be useful for further application for legume forage quality modification and biofuels industry engineering in the future.
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Liang C, Liu L, Song X, Zhao Y, Wang J, Niu J. Characterization of the Key Bibenzyl Synthase in Dendrobium sinense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126780. [PMID: 35743224 PMCID: PMC9223774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium sinense, an endemic medicinal herb in Hainan Island, is rich in bibenzyls. However, the key rate-limited enzyme involved in bibenzyl biosynthesis has yet to be identified in D. sinense. In this study, to explore whether there is a significant difference between the D. sinense tissues, the total contents of bibenzyls were determined in roots, pseudobulbs, and leaves. The results indicated that roots had higher bibenzyl content than pseudobulbs and leaves. Subsequently, transcriptomic sequencings were conducted to excavate the genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (PKS). A total of six D. sinense PKS (DsPKS) genes were identified according to gene function annotation. Phylogenetic analysis classified the type III DsPKS genes into three groups. Importantly, the c93636.graph_c0 was clustered into bibenzyl synthase (BBS) group, named as D. sinense BBS (DsBBS). The expression analysis by FPKM and RT-qPCR indicated that DsBBS showed the highest expression levels in roots, displaying a positive correlation with bibenzyl contents in different tissues. Thus, the recombinant DsBBS-HisTag protein was constructed and expressed to study its catalytic activity. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was verified to be approximately 45 kDa. Enzyme activity analysis indicated that the recombinant DsBBS-HisTag protein could use 4-coumaryol-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates for resveratrol production in vitro. The Vmax of the recombinant protein for the resveratrol production was 0.88 ± 0.07 pmol s−1 mg−1. These results improve our understanding with respect to the process of bibenzyl biosynthesis in D. sinense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Niu
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.N.)
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Wei Y, Lu X, Bao J, Zhang C, Yan H, Li K, Gong M, Li S, Ma S. Identification and expression analysis of chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene family in grape ( Vitis vinifera). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1147-1158. [PMID: 35910436 PMCID: PMC9334500 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In higher plants, light capture of chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Lhc) plays a crucial role in the plant's response to adverse environment. So far, the family has not been systematically identified in grapes. In this study, 20 VvLhcs were identified in the grape genome, which were distributed in 13 of 19 grape chromosomes and divided into 7 developing branches. The results of gene duplication analysis showed that 6 VvLhcs formed fragment duplication events, while there was no tandem duplication in VvLhcs. Exon-intron structure analysis showed that they had a wide number of exons. Protein conserved motif analysis showed that VvLhcs contained more similar motif structures in the same phylogenetic branch. The cis-acting elements in the VvLhcs promoter region mainly respond to light, plant hormones and abiotic stresses. In addition, qRT-PCR results showed that different proportions of salt stress and red-blue light affected the expression of VvLhcs and the expression patterns of genes in different grape varieties were different. The results for further study on different grape varieties in different combinations of red and blue light of the Lhc provide a theoretical basis. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01204-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xu Lu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Jinyu Bao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Haokai Yan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Kang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Meishuang Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Shaoying Ma
- Basical Experimental Teaching Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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Bang SW, Choi S, Jin X, Jung SE, Choi JW, Seo JS, Kim J. Transcriptional activation of rice CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE 10 by OsNAC5, contributes to drought tolerance by modulating lignin accumulation in roots. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:736-747. [PMID: 34786790 PMCID: PMC8989508 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a common abiotic stress for terrestrial plants and often affects crop development and yield. Recent studies have suggested that lignin plays a crucial role in plant drought tolerance; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) gene CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE 10 (OsCCR10) is directly activated by the OsNAC5 transcription factor, which mediates drought tolerance through regulating lignin accumulation. CCR is the first committed enzyme in the monolignol synthesis pathway, and the expression of 26 CCR genes was observed to be induced in rice roots under drought. Subcellular localisation assays revealed that OsCCR10 is a catalytically active enzyme that is localised in the cytoplasm. The OsCCR10 transcript levels were found to increase in response to abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity, and abscisic acid (ABA), and transcripts were detected in roots at all developmental stages. In vitro enzyme activity and in vivo lignin composition assay suggested that OsCCR10 is involved in H- and G-lignin biosynthesis. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsCCR10 showed improved drought tolerance at the vegetative stages of growth, as well as higher photosynthetic efficiency, lower water loss rates, and higher lignin content in roots compared to non-transgenic (NT) controls. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated OsCCR10 knock-out mutants exhibited reduced lignin accumulation in roots and less drought tolerance. Notably, transgenic rice plants with root-preferential overexpression of OsCCR10 exhibited higher grain yield than NT controls plants under field drought conditions, indicating that lignin biosynthesis mediated by OsCCR10 contributes to drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woon Bang
- Crop Biotechnology InstituteGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Seowon Choi
- Crop Biotechnology InstituteGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
- Graduate School of International Agricultural TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Xuanjun Jin
- Graduate School of International Agricultural TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
- Institute of Green Eco EngineeringGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Se Eun Jung
- Crop Biotechnology InstituteGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
- Graduate School of International Agricultural TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
- Institute of Green Eco EngineeringGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Jun Sung Seo
- Crop Biotechnology InstituteGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
| | - Ju‐Kon Kim
- Crop Biotechnology InstituteGreenBio Science and TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
- Graduate School of International Agricultural TechnologySeoul National UniversityPyeongchangKorea
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Zhang L, Ge X, Du J, Cheng X, Peng X, Hu J. Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Potential Functions in Poplar Growth and Phenylalanine Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:762678. [PMID: 34868243 PMCID: PMC8634849 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar is an important bioenergy tree species. lncRNAs play important roles in various biological regulatory processes, and their expression pattern is more tissue-specific than mRNAs. In this study, P. deltoides “Danhong” (Pd) and P. simonii “Tongliao1” (Ps) with different growth rates and wood quality were used as experimental materials, and the transcriptomes of their shoot apical meristem, xylem, and phloem were sequenced. Furthermore, high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the expression patterns of genes and lncRNAs are different between the two genotypes. 6,355 lncRNAs were identified. Based on target prediction, lncRNAs and target genes were involved in ADP binding, oxidoreductase activity, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and cyanoamino acid metabolism. The DElncRNAs in two poplars were co-expressed with transcription factors and structural genes of lignin and flavonoid pathways. In addition, we found the potential target lncRNAs of miRNA. This result provides basic evidence for a better understanding of the regulatory role of lncRNAs in regulating phenylalanine molecular pathways and wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xingqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Höch K, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. Lignin Composition and Timing of Cell Wall Lignification Are Involved in Brassica napus Resistance to Stem Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1438-1448. [PMID: 33386067 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0425-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is an economically and globally significant disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) caused by the necrotrophic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study explored the role of cell wall reinforcement by lignin as a relevant factor for effective plant defense against attack by this pathogen. Expression of key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the induced synthesis of lignin in infected stem tissues were investigated in a study comparing a susceptible ('Loras') and a moderately resistant cultivar ('Zhongyou 821' [ZY821]). Data revealed an earlier and more rapid defense activation in ZY821 through upregulation of transcript levels of genes related to key steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway associated with increased lignin deposition in the resistant B. napus genotype. Expression level of BnCAD5, encoding a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, responsible for conversion of monolignol to lignin, was more rapidly upregulated in ZY821 than 'Loras'. The similar expression pattern of BnCAD5 and the gene BnF5H, encoding for ferulate-5-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of syringyl (S) lignin precursors, suggests that BnCAD5 is involved in S lignin formation. Histological observations confirmed these results, showing an earlier increase of S lignin deposition in the infected resistant genotype. Deposition of guaiacyl lignin was detected in both genotypes and is thus considered a component of basal, cultivar-independent defense response of B. napus to stem rot. The results indicate the importance of cell wall modification for quantitative stem rot resistance by responses in the phenylpropanoid metabolism generating distinct lignin types on different temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Höch
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Ngugi-Dawit A, Njaci I, Higgins TJV, Williams B, Ghimire SR, Mundree SG, Hoang LTM. Comparative TMT Proteomic Analysis Unveils Unique Insights into Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Resistance in Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5941. [PMID: 34073052 PMCID: PMC8198728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an economically important legume playing a crucial role in the semi-arid tropics. Pigeonpea is susceptible to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which causes devastating yield losses. This pest is developing resistance to many commercially available insecticides. Therefore, crop wild relatives of pigeonpea, are being considered as potential sources of genes to expand the genetic base of cultivated pigeonpea to improve traits such as host plant resistance to pests and pathogens. Quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted using the tandem mass tag platform to identify differentially abundant proteins between IBS 3471 and ICPL 87 tolerant accession and susceptible variety to H. armigera, respectively. Leaf proteome were analysed at the vegetative and flowering/podding growth stages. H. armigera tolerance in IBS 3471 appeared to be related to enhanced defence responses, such as changes in secondary metabolite precursors, antioxidants, and the phenylpropanoid pathway. The development of larvae fed on an artificial diet with IBS 3471 lyophilised leaves showed similar inhibition with those fed on an artificial diet with quercetin concentrations with 32 mg/25 g of artificial diet. DAB staining (3,3'-diaminobenzidine) revealed a rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species in IBS 3471. We conclude that IBS 3471 is an ideal candidate for improving the genetic base of cultivated pigeonpea, including traits for host plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Ngugi-Dawit
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia;
| | - Isaac Njaci
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (I.N.); (S.R.G.)
| | - Thomas J. V. Higgins
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia;
| | - Sita R. Ghimire
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (I.N.); (S.R.G.)
| | - Sagadevan G. Mundree
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia;
| | - Linh Thi My Hoang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia;
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12
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Gkizi D, González Gil A, Pardal AJ, Piquerez SJM, Sergaki C, Ntoukakis V, Tjamos SE. The bacterial biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 confers inherited resistance to Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4565-4576. [PMID: 33829257 PMCID: PMC8163062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Paenibacillus alvei K165 was previously shown to protect Arabidopsis thaliana plants against Verticillium dahliae. Here we show that K165 also confers inherited immune resistance to V. dahliae. By performing a histone acetyltransferases mutant screen, ChIP assays, and transcriptomic experiments, we were able to show that histone acetylation significantly contributes to the K165 biocontrol activity and establishment of inheritable resistance to V. dahliae. K165 treatment primed the expression of immune-related marker genes and the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene CAD3 through the function of histone acetyltransferases. Our results reveal that offspring of plants treated with K165 have primed immunity and enhanced lignification, both contributing towards the K165-mediated inherited immune resistance. Thus, our study paves the way for the use of biocontrol agents for the establishment of inheritable resistance to agronomically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Gkizi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alonso J Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Chrysi Sergaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Huang L, Ho CT, Wang Y. Biosynthetic pathways and metabolic engineering of spice flavors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2047-2060. [PMID: 32462891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1769547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically, spices have played an important economic role, due to their large applications and unique flavor. The supply and cost of spice materials and their corresponding natural products are often affected by environmental, geopolitical and climatic conditions. Secondary metabolite composition, including certain flavor compounds in spice plants, is recognized and considered closely related to plant classification. Both genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of spice flavors are constantly identified, which provides insight into metabolic engineering of flavor compounds (i.e. aroma and pungent compounds) from spice plants. In this review, a systematic meta-analysis was carried out based on a comprehensive literature survey of the flavor profiles of 36 spice plants from nine families. We also reviewed typical biosynthetic pathways and metabolic engineering of most representative aroma and pungent compounds that may assist in the future study of spice plants as biosynthetic factories facing a new challenge in creating spice products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing, China.,Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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14
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Li SS, Chang Y, Li B, Shao SL, Zhen-Zhu-Zhang. Functional analysis of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase from Dryopteris fragrans in transgenic tobacco enhances lignin and flavonoids. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180355. [PMID: 32453340 PMCID: PMC7250279 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Coumaric acid: coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway that regulates the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids. Therefore, the study of 4CL is important to explore the accumulation and regulation of metabolites. This study investigated the role that the 4CL2 gene from Dryopteris fragrans (Df4CL2) plays in the metabolite synthesis. Changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, and the content of lignin and flavonoids were measured in different tissues of tobacco as model plant that was successfully transferred with Df4CL2. Tobacco plants with Df4CL2 (transgenic tobacco, TT) were successfully obtained via the Agrobacterium-transformation method. This TT tended to be thicker and had an earlier flowering period than wild type tobacco (WT). The expression levels of Df4CL2 were higher in the stem, leaf, and root in TT compared to WT. In addition, compared to WT, TT had higher 4CL enzyme activity and higher lignin and flavonoids contents. This suggests that Df4CL2 is involved in the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids in D. fragrans. This research provides important evidence toward understanding the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- Qiqihar University, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture and
Forestry, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene
Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Northeast Agricultural University Laboratory of Plant Research
College of Life sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Qiqihar University, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture and
Forestry, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene
Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shu-Li Shao
- Qiqihar University, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture and
Forestry, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene
Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zhen-Zhu-Zhang
- Qiqihar University, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture and
Forestry, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene
Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
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15
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Gomez-Cano L, Gomez-Cano F, Dillon FM, Alers-Velazquez R, Doseff AI, Grotewold E, Gray J. Discovery of modules involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of maize phenolic compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110364. [PMID: 31928683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most diverse and widespread of specialized plant compounds and underly many important agronomic traits. Our comprehensive analysis of the maize genome unraveled new aspects of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and flavonoid production in this important crop. Remarkably, just 19 genes accounted for 70 % of the overall mRNA accumulation of these genes across 95 tissues, indicating that these are the main contributors to the flux of phenolic metabolites. Eighty genes with intermediate to low expression play minor and more specialized roles. Remaining genes are likely undergoing loss of function or are expressed in limited cell types. Phylogenetic and expression analyses revealed which members of gene families governing metabolic entry and branch points exhibit duplication, subfunctionalization, or loss of function. Co-expression analysis applied to genes in sequential biosynthetic steps revealed that certain isoforms are highly co-expressed and are candidates for metabolic complexes that ensure metabolite delivery to correct cellular compartments. Co-expression of biosynthesis genes with transcription factors discovered connections that provided candidate components for regulatory modules governing this pathway. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of maize phenylpropanoid related genes, identifies major pathway contributors, and novel candidate enzymatic and regulatory modules of the metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Francisco M Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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16
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Cao Y, Li X, Jiang L. Integrative Analysis of the Core Fruit Lignification Toolbox in Pear Reveals Targets for Fruit Quality Bioengineering. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090504. [PMID: 31540505 PMCID: PMC6770946 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone cell content is an important factor affecting pear fruit flavor. Lignin, a major component of pear stone cells, hinders the quality and value of commercial fruit. The completion of the Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) genome sequence provides an opportunity to perform integrative analysis of the genes encoding the eleven protein families (i.e., PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3H, CSE, CCoAOMT, CCR, F5H, COMT, and CAD) in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, a systematic study based on expression patterns and phylogenetic analyses was performed to identify the members of each gene family potentially involved in the lignification in the Chinese white pear. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that 35 P. bretschneideri genes belong to bona fide lignification clade members. Compared to other plants, some multigene families are expanded by tandem gene duplication, such as HCT, C3H, COMT, and CCR. RNA sequencing was used to study the expression patterns of the genes in different tissues, including leaf, petal, bud, sepal, ovary, stem, and fruit. Eighteen genes presented a high expression in fruit, indicating that these genes may be involved in the biosynthesis of lignin in pear fruit. Similarly to what has been observed for Populus trichocarpa, a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiment indicated that P. bretschneideri C3H and C4H might also interact with each other to regulate monolignol biosynthesis in P. bretschneideri, ultimately affecting the stone cell content in pear fruits. The identification of the major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in pear fruits provides the basis for the development of strategies to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- School of Economics and Law, Chaohu University, Hefei 238000, China.
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17
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Li T, Wang Q, Feng R, Li L, Ding L, Fan G, Li W, Du Y, Zhang M, Huang G, Schäfer P, Meng Y, Tyler BM, Shan W. Negative regulators of plant immunity derived from cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases are targeted by multiple Phytophthora Avr3a-like effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019. [PMID: 31436314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete numerous effectors to manipulate host immunity. While some effectors share a conserved structural fold, it remains unclear if any have conserved host targets. Avr3a-like family effectors, which are related to Phytophthora infestans effector PiAvr3a and are widely distributed across diverse clades of Phytophthora species, were used to study this question. By using yeast-two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we identified members of the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (CAD7) subfamily as targets of multiple Avr3a-like effectors from Phytophthora pathogens. The CAD7 subfamily has expanded in plant genomes but lost the lignin biosynthetic activity of canonical CAD subfamilies. In turn, we identified CAD7s as negative regulators of plant immunity that are induced by Phytophthora infection. Moreover, AtCAD7 was stabilized by Avr3a-like effectors and involved in suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity, including callose deposition, reactive oxygen species burst and WRKY33 expression. Our results reveal CAD7 subfamily proteins as negative regulators of plant immunity that are exploited by multiple Avr3a-like effectors to promote infection in different host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruirui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Licai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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18
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Zhang X, Han C, Gao H, Cao Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) reveals the molecular mechanism for growth with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:20-29. [PMID: 31125808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most abiotic stress factors that severely affects the growth and development of many plants, which can ultimately threaten crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) has been proven to be effective in mitigating salinity stress by symbiosis in many crops. Asparagus officinalis are perennial plants grown in saline-alkaline soil, however, limited information on their molecular mechanisms has restricted efficient application of AMF to garden asparagus under salinity stress. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on the leaves of garden asparagus to identify gene expression under salinity stress. Seedlings were grown in 4 treatments, including non-inoculated AMF using distilled water (NI), inoculated AMF using distilled water (AMF), non-inoculated with salinity stress (NI + S), and inoculated with salinity stress (AMF + S). A total of 6019 novel genes were obtained based on the reference-guided assembly of the garden asparagus transcriptome. Results revealed that 455 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified when comparing NI + S to AMF + S. However, among the up-regulated DEGs, 41 DEGs were down-regulated, while 242 DEGs had no differences in their expression levels when comparing NI to NI + S. These DEGs' expression patterns may be key induced by AMF under salinity stress. Additionally, the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of 455 DEGs revealed that these genes mainly participate in the improvement of the internal environment in plant cells, nitrogen metabolic-related processes, and possible photoprotection mechanisms. These findings provide insight into enhanced salinity stress adaptation by AMF inoculation, as well as salt-tolerant candidate genes for further functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhang
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Changzhi Han
- College of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China; The Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province (Southwest Forestry University), China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yanpo Cao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
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19
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang S, Yuan Y. Lignin Involvement in Programmed Changes in Peach-Fruit Texture Indicated by Metabolite and Transcriptome Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12627-12640. [PMID: 30350986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Texture is an important component of peach-fruit quality. In the present study, an analysis of metabolite and transcriptome profiles during storage of a nonmelting-flesh cultivar, 'Baili', and a melting-flesh cultivar, 'Hongli', was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying different fruit textures in peach. Results indicated that higher levels of anthocyanins were present in 'Hongli' peach, whereas lignin monomers and ethylene precursors were higher in 'Baili'. A transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with lignin synthesis were more highly expressed in 'Baili' than in 'Hongli', especially Pp4CL2, Pp4CL3, and PpCOMT2. Texture differences between the two varieties may be the result of differential expression of two branches of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. One branch regulates flavonoid metabolism and was highly active in 'Hongli' fruit, whereas the other branch regulates lignin synthesis and was more highly active in 'Baili' fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shaolan Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Number 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109 , Shandong Province , China
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20
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Vikashini B, Shanthi A, Ghosh Dasgupta M. Identification and expression profiling of genes governing lignin biosynthesis in Casuarina equisetifolia L. Gene 2018; 676:37-46. [PMID: 30201104 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Casuarina equisetifolia L. is an important multi-purpose, fast growing and widely planted tree species native to tropical and subtropical coastlines of Australia, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Melanesia, Polynesia and New Caledonia. It is a nitrogen-fixing tree mainly used for charcoal making, construction poles, landscaping, timber, pulp, firewood, windbreaks, shelterbelts, soil erosion and sand dune stabilization. Casuarina wood is presently used for paper and pulp production. Raw material with reduced lignin is highly preferred to increase the pulp yield. Hence, understanding the molecular regulation of wood formation in this tree species is vital for selecting industrially suitable phenotypes for breeding programs. The lignin biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in tree species like Eucalypts, poplars, pines, Picea, Betula and Acacia sp. However, studies on wood formation at molecular level is presently lacking in casuarinas. Hence, in the present study, the transcriptome of the developing secondary tissues of 15 years old Casuarina equiseitfolia subsp. equisetifolia was sequenced, de novo assembled, annotated and mapped to functional pathways. Transcriptome sequencing generated a total of 26,985 transcripts mapped to 31 pathways. Mining of the annotated data identified nine genes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathway and relative expression of the transcripts in four tissues including scale-like leaves, needle-like brachlets, wood and root were documented. The expression of CeCCR1 and CeF5H were found to be significantly high in wood tissues, while maximum expression of CeHCT was documented in stem. Additionally, CeTUBA and CeH2A were identified as the most stable reference transcript for normalization of qRT-PCR data in C. equisetifolia. The present study is the first wood genomic resource in C. equisetifolia, which will be valuable for functional genomics research in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunachalam Shanthi
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Faria-Blanc N, Mortimer JC, Dupree P. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Xylan Mutants Does Not Support the Existence of a Secondary Cell Wall Integrity System in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:384. [PMID: 29636762 PMCID: PMC5881139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Yeast have long been known to possess a cell wall integrity (CWI) system, and recently an analogous system has been described for the primary walls of plants (PCWI) that leads to changes in plant growth and cell wall composition. A similar system has been proposed to exist for secondary cell walls (SCWI). However, there is little data to support this. Here, we analyzed the stem transcriptome of a set of cell wall biosynthetic mutants in order to investigate whether cell wall damage, in this case caused by aberrant xylan synthesis, activates a signaling cascade or changes in cell wall synthesis gene expression. Our data revealed remarkably few changes to the transcriptome. We hypothesize that this is because cells undergoing secondary cell wall thickening have entered a committed programme leading to cell death, and therefore a SCWI system would have limited impact. The absence of transcriptomic responses to secondary cell wall alterations may facilitate engineering of the secondary cell wall of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Faria-Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Dupree
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Park HL, Bhoo SH, Kwon M, Lee SW, Cho MH. Biochemical and Expression Analyses of the Rice Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase Gene Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2099. [PMID: 29312373 PMCID: PMC5732984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is the first committed enzyme in the monolignol pathway for lignin biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs into hydroxycinnamaldehydes. In the rice genome, 33 genes are annotated as CCR and CCR-like genes, collectively called OsCCRs. To elucidate the functions of OsCCRs, their phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns at the transcription levels and biochemical characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. Of the 33 OsCCRs, 24 of them encoded polypeptides of lengths similar to those of previously identified plant CCRs. The other nine OsCCRs had much shorter peptide lengths. Phylogenetic tree and sequence similarities suggested OsCCR4, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 as likely candidates for functional CCRs in rice. To elucidate biochemical functions, OsCCR1, 5, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 26 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant OsCCRs were purified to apparent homogeneity. Activity assays of the recombinant OsCCRs with hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs revealed that OsCCR17, 19, 20, and 21 were biochemically active CCRs, in which the NAD(P)-binding and NADP-specificity motifs as well as the CCR signature motif were fully conserved. The kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions revealed that feruloyl-CoA, a precursor for the guaiacyl (G)-unit of lignin, is the most preferred substrate of OsCCR20 and 21. This result is consistent with a high content (about 70%) of G-units in rice lignins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsCCR19 and 20 were grouped with other plant CCRs involved in developmental lignification, whereas OsCCR17 and 21 were closely related to stress-responsible CCRs identified from other plant species. In agreement with the phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis demonstrated that OsCCR20 was constitutively expressed throughout the developmental stages of rice, showing particularly high expression levels in actively lignifying tissues, such as roots and stems. These results suggest that OsCCR20 is primarily involved in developmental deposition of lignins in secondary cell walls. As expected, the expressions of OsCCR17 and 21 were induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infections, UV-irradiation and high salinity, suggesting that these genes play a role in defense-related processes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lin Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Mi Kwon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Won Lee
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Man-Ho Cho
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23
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Hao Y, Chen F, Wu G, Gao W. Impact of Postharvest Nitric Oxide Treatment on Lignin Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense) Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8483-8490. [PMID: 27787989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) during storage in wax apple through NO (10 μL/L) fumigate fruit was investigated. Wax apple fruit treated with NO had a significantly lower rate of weight loss, a softening index, and loss of firmness during storage. The transcriptional profile of 10 genes involved in lignin biosynthesis has been analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis showed nine genes regulated in the wax apple (p < 0.05) upon NO fumigation, which coincided with the enzyme activity results (NO group lower than control group in peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase), whose total lignin content decreased upon treatment with NO. These results indicate that NO treatment can effectively delay the softening and senescence of wax apple fruit and play an important regulatory role in lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, China
| | - Fahe Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, China
| | - Guangbin Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, China
| | - Weiya Gao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, China
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24
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Systematic Analysis of the 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase (4CL) Related Genes and Expression Profiling during Fruit Development in the Chinese Pear. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7100089. [PMID: 27775579 PMCID: PMC5083928 DOI: 10.3390/genes7100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligases (4CLs), comprising some of the adenylate-forming enzymes, are key enzymes involved in regulating lignin metabolism and the biosynthesis of flavonoids and other secondary metabolites. Although several 4CL-related proteins were shown to play roles in secondary metabolism, no comprehensive study on 4CL-related genes in the pear and other Rosaceae species has been reported. In this study, we identified 4CL-related genes in the apple, peach, yangmei, and pear genomes using DNATOOLS software and inferred their evolutionary relationships using phylogenetic analysis, collinearity analysis, conserved motif analysis, and structure analysis. A total of 149 4CL-related genes in four Rosaceous species (pear, apple, peach, and yangmei) were identified, with 30 members in the pear. We explored the functions of several 4CL and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) genes during the development of pear fruit by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that duplication events had occurred in the 30 4CL-related genes in the pear. These duplicated 4CL-related genes are distributed unevenly across all pear chromosomes except chromosomes 4, 8, 11, and 12. The results of this study provide a basis for further investigation of both the functions and evolutionary history of 4CL-related genes.
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25
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Exogenous GA₃ Application Enhances Xylem Development and Induces the Expression of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis Related Genes in Betula platyphylla. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22960-75. [PMID: 26404260 PMCID: PMC4613346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is a key signal molecule inducing differentiation of tracheary elements, fibers, and xylogenesis. However the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of GA on xylem elongation and secondary wall development in tree species remain to be determined. In this study, Betula platyphylla (birch) seeds were treated with 300 ppm GA3 and/or 300 ppm paclobutrazol (PAC), seed germination was recorded, and transverse sections of hypocotyls were stained with toluidine blue; the two-month-old seedlings were treated with 50 μM GA3 and/or 50 μM PAC, transverse sections of seedling stems were stained using phloroglucinol–HCl, and secondary wall biosynthesis related genes expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that germination percentage, energy and time of seeds, hypocotyl height and seedling fresh weight were enhanced by GA3, and reduced by PAC; the xylem development was wider in GA3-treated plants than in the control; the expression of NAC and MYB transcription factors, CESA, PAL, and GA oxidase was up-regulated during GA3 treatment, suggesting their role in GA3-induced xylem development in the birch. Our results suggest that GA3 induces the expression of secondary wall biosynthesis related genes to trigger xylogenesis in the birch plants.
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26
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Liu J, Hou J, Jiang C, Li G, Lu H, Meng F, Shi L. Deep Sequencing of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Transcriptome Reveals Flavonoid Biosynthetic Profiling and Organ-Specific Gene Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136397. [PMID: 26317778 PMCID: PMC4552754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various such widely varying diseases and has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, the Japanese Pharmacopeia, the Korean Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia. Flavonoids, especially wogonin, wogonoside, baicalin, and baicalein, are its main functional ingredients with various pharmacological activities. Although pharmaological studies for these flavonoid components have been well conducted, the molecular mechanism of their biosynthesis remains unclear in S. baicalensis. In this study, Illumina/Solexa deep sequencing generated more than 91 million paired-end reads and 49,507 unigenes from S. baicalensis roots, stems, leaves and flowers. More than 70% unigenes were annotated in at least one of the five public databases and 13,627 unigenes were assigned to 3,810 KEGG genes involved in 579 different pathways. 54 unigenes that encode 12 key enzymes involved in the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis were discovered. One baicalinase and three baicalein 7-O-glucuronosyltransferases genes potentially involved in the transformation between baicalin/wogonoside and baicalein/wogonin were identified. Four candidate 6-hydroxylase genes for the formation of baicalin/baicalein and one candidate 8-O-methyltransferase gene for the biosynthesis of wogonoside/wogonin were also recognized. Our results further support the conclusion that, in S. baicalensis, 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone was the precursor of the four above compounds. Then, the differential expression models and simple sequence repeats associated with these genes were carefully analyzed. All of these results not only enrich the gene resource but also benefit research into the molecular genetics and functional genomics in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China; Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Jingyi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China; Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Geng Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Heng Lu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Fanyun Meng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Linchun Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Carocha V, Soler M, Hefer C, Cassan-Wang H, Fevereiro P, Myburg AA, Paiva JAP, Grima-Pettenati J. Genome-wide analysis of the lignin toolbox of Eucalyptus grandis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1297-313. [PMID: 25684249 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a major component of secondary cell walls, hinders the optimal processing of wood for industrial uses. The recent availability of the Eucalyptus grandis genome sequence allows comprehensive analysis of the genes encoding the 11 protein families specific to the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway and identification of those mainly involved in xylem developmental lignification. We performed genome-wide identification of putative members of the lignin gene families, followed by comparative phylogenetic studies focusing on bona fide clades inferred from genes functionally characterized in other species. RNA-seq and microfluid real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) expression data were used to investigate the developmental and environmental responsive expression patterns of the genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that 38 E. grandis genes are located in bona fide lignification clades. Four multigene families (shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), caffeate/5-hydroxyferulate O-methyltransferase (COMT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)) are expanded by tandem gene duplication compared with other plant species. Seventeen of the 38 genes exhibited strong, preferential expression in highly lignified tissues, probably representing the E. grandis core lignification toolbox. The identification of major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in E. grandis, the most widely planted hardwood crop world-wide, provides the foundation for the development of biotechnology approaches to develop tree varieties with enhanced processing qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carocha
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical (IICT/MNE), Palácio Burnay, Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marçal Soler
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Charles Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hua Cassan-Wang
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pedro Fevereiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Química Biológica (ITQB), Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, Av. da República, 2781-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Jorge A P Paiva
- Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical (IICT/MNE), Palácio Burnay, Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007, Lisboa, Portugal
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- LRSV, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UPS, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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28
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Zhang W, Wei R, Chen S, Jiang J, Li H, Huang H, Yang G, Wang S, Wei H, Liu G. Functional characterization of CCR in birch (Betula platyphylla × Betula pendula) through overexpression and suppression analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:283-96. [PMID: 25393559 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We cloned a Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase gene (BpCCR1) from an apical meristem and first internode of Betula platyphylla and characterized its functions in lignin biosynthesis, wood formation and tree growth through transgenic approaches. We generated overexpression and suppression transgenic lines and analyzed them in comparison with the wild-type in terms of lignin content, anatomical characteristics, height and biomass. We found that BpCCR1 overexpression could increase lignin content up to 14.6%, and its underexpression decreased lignin content by 6.3%. Surprisingly, modification of BpCCR1 expression led to conspicuous changes in wood characteristics, including xylem vessel number and arrangement, and secondary wall thickness. The growth of transgenic trees in terms of height was also significantly influenced by the modification of BpCCR1 genes. We discuss the functions of BpCCR1 in the context of a phylogenetic tree built with CCR genes from multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
- Harbin Research Institute of Forestry Machinery, State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Haijiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Guifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
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Labeeuw L, Martone PT, Boucher Y, Case RJ. Ancient origin of the biosynthesis of lignin precursors. Biol Direct 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 25994183 PMCID: PMC4455696 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin plays an important role in plant structural support and water transport, and is considered one of the hallmarks of land plants. The recent discovery of lignin or its precursors in various algae has raised questions on the evolution of its biosynthetic pathway, which could be much more ancient than previously thought. To determine the taxonomic distribution of the lignin biosynthesis genes, we screened all publicly available genomes of algae and their closest non-photosynthetic relatives, as well as representative land plants. We also performed phylogenetic analysis of these genes to decipher the evolution and origin(s) of lignin biosynthesis. RESULTS Enzymes involved in making p-coumaryl alcohol, the simplest lignin monomer, are found in a variety of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including diatoms, dinoflagellates, haptophytes, cryptophytes as well as green and red algae. Phylogenetic analysis of these enzymes suggests that they are ancient and spread to some secondarily photosynthetic lineages when they acquired red and/or green algal endosymbionts. In some cases, one or more of these enzymes was likely acquired through lateral gene transfer (LGT) from bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Genes associated with p-coumaryl alcohol biosynthesis are likely to have evolved long before the transition of photosynthetic eukaryotes to land. The original function of this lignin precursor is therefore unlikely to have been related to water transport. We suggest that it participates in the biological defense of some unicellular and multicellular algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Labeeuw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British, Columbia, BC, , V6T 1Z4, , Canada.
| | - Yan Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
| | - Rebecca J Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
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30
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Lovat C, Nassar AM, Kubow S, Li XQ, Donnelly DJ. Metabolic Biosynthesis of Potato (Solanum tuberosuml.) Antioxidants and Implications for Human Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2278-303. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Kong JQ. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a versatile enzyme with industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products
- Beijing
- China
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32
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Srivastava AC, Chen F, Ray T, Pattathil S, Peña MJ, Avci U, Li H, Huhman DV, Backe J, Urbanowicz B, Miller JS, Bedair M, Wyman CE, Sumner LW, York WS, Hahn MG, Dixon RA, Blancaflor EB, Tang Y. Loss of function of folylpolyglutamate synthetase 1 reduces lignin content and improves cell wall digestibility in Arabidopsis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:224. [PMID: 26697113 PMCID: PMC4687376 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-carbon (C1) metabolism is important for synthesizing a range of biologically important compounds that are essential for life. In plants, the C1 pathway is crucial for the synthesis of a large number of secondary metabolites, including lignin. Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives, collectively referred to as folates, are crucial co-factors for C1 metabolic pathway enzymes. Given the link between the C1 and phenylpropanoid pathways, we evaluated whether folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a glutamate tail to folates to form folylpolyglutamates, can be a viable target for reducing cell wall recalcitrance in plants. RESULTS Consistent with its role in lignocellulosic formation, FPGS1 was preferentially expressed in vascular tissues. Total lignin was low in fpgs1 plants leading to higher saccharification efficiency of the mutant. The decrease in total lignin in fpgs1 was mainly due to lower guaiacyl (G) lignin levels. Glycome profiling revealed subtle alterations in the cell walls of fpgs1. Further analyses of hemicellulosic polysaccharides by NMR showed that the degree of methylation of 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan was reduced in the fpgs1 mutant. Microarray analysis and real-time qRT-PCR revealed that transcripts of a number of genes in the C1 and lignin pathways had altered expression in fpgs1 mutants. Consistent with the transcript changes of C1-related genes, a significant reduction in S-adenosyl-l-methionine content was detected in the fpgs1 mutant. The modified expression of the various methyltransferases and lignin-related genes indicate possible feedback regulation of C1 pathway-mediated lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our observations provide genetic and biochemical support for the importance of folylpolyglutamates in the lignocellulosic pathway and reinforces previous observations that targeting a single FPGS isoform for down-regulation leads to reduced lignin in plants. Because fpgs1 mutants had no dramatic defects in above ground biomass, selective down-regulation of individual components of C1 metabolism is an approach that should be explored further for the improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C. Srivastava
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Fang Chen
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Tui Ray
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Utku Avci
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Hongjia Li
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - David V. Huhman
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Jason Backe
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Miller
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - William S. York
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Pan H, Zhou R, Louie GV, Mühlemann JK, Bomati EK, Bowman ME, Dudareva N, Dixon RA, Noel JP, Wang X. Structural studies of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, key enzymes of monolignol biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3709-27. [PMID: 25217505 PMCID: PMC4213152 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyze the two key reduction reactions in the conversion of cinnamic acid derivatives into monolignol building blocks for lignin polymers in plant cell walls. Here, we describe detailed functional and structural analyses of CCRs from Medicago truncatula and Petunia hybrida and of an atypical CAD (CAD2) from M. truncatula. These enzymes are closely related members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Our structural studies support a reaction mechanism involving a canonical SDR catalytic triad in both CCR and CAD2 and an important role for an auxiliary cysteine unique to CCR. Site-directed mutants of CAD2 (Phe226Ala and Tyr136Phe) that enlarge the phenolic binding site result in a 4- to 10-fold increase in activity with sinapaldehyde, which in comparison to the smaller coumaraldehyde and coniferaldehyde substrates is disfavored by wild-type CAD2. This finding demonstrates the potential exploitation of rationally engineered forms of CCR and CAD2 for the targeted modification of monolignol composition in transgenic plants. Thermal denaturation measurements and structural comparisons of various liganded and unliganded forms of CCR and CAD2 highlight substantial conformational flexibility of these SDR enzymes, which plays an important role in the establishment of catalytically productive complexes of the enzymes with their NADPH and phenolic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Pan
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Rui Zhou
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Gordon V Louie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joëlle K Mühlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Erin K Bomati
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Marianne E Bowman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Joseph P Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Gaquerel E, Gulati J, Baldwin IT. Revealing insect herbivory-induced phenolamide metabolism: from single genes to metabolic network plasticity analysis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:679-92. [PMID: 24617849 PMCID: PMC5140026 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid metabolic space comprises a network of interconnected metabolic branches that contribute to the biosynthesis of a large array of compounds with functions in plant development and stress adaptation. During biotic challenges, such as insect attack, a major rewiring of gene networks associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism is observed. This rapid reconfiguration of gene expression allows prioritized production of metabolites that help the plant solve ecological problems. Phenolamides are a group of phenolic derivatives that originate from diversion of hydroxycinnamoyl acids from the main phenylpropanoid pathway after N-acyltransferase-dependent conjugation to polyamines or aryl monoamines. These structurally diverse metabolites are abundant in the reproductive organs of many plants, and have recently been shown to play roles as induced defenses in vegetative tissues. In the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, in which herbivory-induced regulation of these metabolites has been studied, rapid elevations of the levels of phenolamides that function as induced defenses result from a multi-hormonal signaling network that re-shapes connected metabolic pathways. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the regulation of phenolamides obtained by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling, and outline a conceptual framework for gene discovery in this pathway. We also introduce a multifactorial approach that is useful in deciphering metabolic pathway reorganizations among tissues in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jyotasana Gulati
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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35
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Giordano A, Liu Z, Panter SN, Dimech AM, Shang Y, Wijesinghe H, Fulgueras K, Ran Y, Mouradov A, Rochfort S, Patron NJ, Spangenberg GC. Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in the warm season forage grass Paspalum dilatatum by down-regulation of a Cinnamoyl CoA reductase gene. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:503-17. [PMID: 24504635 PMCID: PMC4010725 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
C4 grasses are favoured as forage crops in warm, humid climates. The use of C4 grasses in pastures is expected to increase because the tropical belt is widening due to global climate change. While the forage quality of Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) is higher than that of other C4 forage grass species, digestibility of warm-season grasses is, in general, poor compared with most temperate grasses. The presence of thick-walled parenchyma bundle-sheath cells around the vascular bundles found in the C4 forage grasses are associated with the deposition of lignin polymers in cell walls. High lignin content correlates negatively with digestibility, which is further reduced by a high ratio of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) lignin subunits. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyses the conversion of cinnamoyl CoA to cinnemaldehyde in the monolignol biosynthetic pathway and is considered to be the first step in the lignin-specific branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We have isolated three putative CCR1 cDNAs from P. dilatatum and demonstrated that their spatio-temporal expression pattern correlates with the developmental profile of lignin deposition. Further, transgenic P. dilatatum plants were produced in which a sense-suppression gene cassette, delivered free of vector backbone and integrated separately to the selectable marker, reduced CCR1 transcript levels. This resulted in the reduction of lignin, largely attributable to a decrease in G lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giordano
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
- Present Address: Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Stephen N. Panter
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Adam M. Dimech
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Yongjin Shang
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Hewage Wijesinghe
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Karen Fulgueras
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Yidong Ran
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Present Address: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Nicola J. Patron
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Present Address: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
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36
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Lee C, Bedgar DL, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Assessment of a putative proton relay in Arabidopsis cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1127-34. [PMID: 23296200 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extended proton relay systems have been proposed for various alcohol dehydrogenases, including the Arabidopsis thaliana cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (AtCADs). Following a previous structural biology investigation of AtCAD5, the potential roles of three amino acid residues in a putative proton relay system, namely Thr49, His52 and Asp57, in AtCAD5, were investigated herein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses, it was established that the Thr49 residue was essential for overall catalytic conversion, whereas His52 and Asp57 residues were not. Mutation of the Thr49 residue to Ala resulted in near abolition of catalysis, with thermodynamic data indicating a negative enthalpic change (ΔH), as well as a significant decrease in binding affinity with NADPH, in contrast to wild type AtCAD5. Mutation of His52 and Asp57 residues by Ala did not significantly change either catalytic efficiency or thermodynamic parameters. Therefore, only the Thr49 residue is demonstrably essential for catalytic function. ITC analyses also suggested that for AtCAD5 catalysis, NADPH was bound first followed by p-coumaryl aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choonseok Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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37
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Saidi MN, Bouaziz D, Hammami I, Namsi A, Drira N, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Alterations in lignin content and phenylpropanoids pathway in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) tissues affected by brittle leaf disease. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:8-16. [PMID: 23987806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brittle leaf disease or Maladie de la Feuille Cassante (MFC) is a lethal disorder of date palm that has assumed epidemic proportions in the oases of Tunisia and Algeria. No pathogen could ever be associated with the disease, while leaflets of affected palms have been previously shown to be deficient in manganese. The work reported here aims to understand the biochemical basis of the date palm response to this disorder. Since the typical disease symptom is the leaf fragility, we have investigated lignin content in leaves and roots. Strong decrease in total lignin content was observed in affected leaves, while lignin content increased in affected roots. Histochemical analyses showed hyperlignification thicker suberin layer in roots cortical cells. The phenylpropanoids pathway was also disrupted in leaves and roots, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression was affected by the disease which severely affects the cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Najib Saidi
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, Sfax, Tunisia.
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38
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Sørhagen K, Laxa M, Peterhänsel C, Reumann S. The emerging role of photorespiration and non-photorespiratory peroxisomal metabolism in pathogen defence. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:723-36. [PMID: 23506300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration represents one of the major highways of primary plant metabolism and is the most prominent example of metabolic cell organelle integration, since the pathway requires the concerted action of plastidial, peroxisomal, mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes and organellar transport proteins. Oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate by Rubisco leads to the formation of large amounts of 2-phosphoglycolate, which are recycled to 3-phosphoglycerate by the photorespiratory C2 cycle, concomitant with stoichiometric production rates of H2 O2 in peroxisomes. Apart from its significance for agricultural productivity, a secondary function of photorespiration in pathogen defence has emerged only recently. Here, we summarise literature data supporting the crosstalk between photorespiration and pathogen defence and perform a meta-expression analysis of photorespiratory genes during pathogen attack. Moreover, we screened Arabidopsis proteins newly predicted using machine learning methods to be targeted to peroxisomes, the central H2 O2 -producing organelle of photorespiration, for homologues of known pathogen defence proteins and analysed their expression during pathogen infection. The analyses further support the idea that photorespiration and non-photorespiratory peroxisomal metabolism play multi-faceted roles in pathogen defence beyond metabolism of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sørhagen
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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39
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Yan L, Xu C, Kang Y, Gu T, Wang D, Zhao S, Xia G. The heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana of sorghum transcription factor SbbHLH1 downregulates lignin synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3021-32. [PMID: 23698629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes are important regulators of development in plants. SbbHLH1, a Sorghum bicolor bHLH sequence, was isolated from a suppression subtractive hybridization library constructed using 13 independent brown midrib (bmr) mutants as the tester and wild-type sorghum as the driver. The gene was upregulated in at least five of the mutants at the five- to seven-leaf stage. Using a yeast expression system, the N-terminal portion of SbbHLH1 was shown to be required for proper transactivation. Its heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana markedly reduced the plant's lignin content. It downregulated the lignin synthesis genes 4CL1, HCT, COMT, PAL1, and CCR1, and upregulated the transcription factors MYB83, MYB46, and MYB63. The hypothesis is proposed that SbbHLH1 has stronger effect on the regulation of lignin synthesis than the various MYB transcription factors, with a possible feedback mechanism acting on the MYB transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
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40
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Eynck C, Séguin-Swartz G, Clarke WE, Parkin IAP. Monolignol biosynthesis is associated with resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Camelina sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:887-99. [PMID: 22487550 PMCID: PMC6638904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with an extremely broad host range. It causes stem rot in Camelina sativa, a crucifer with great potential as an alternative oilseed crop. Lignification is a common phenomenon in the expression of resistance against necrotrophs, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this defence response are poorly understood. We present histochemical, gene expression and biochemical data investigating the role of monolignols in the resistance of C. sativa to S. sclerotiorum. Comparative studies with resistant and susceptible lines of C. sativa revealed substantial differences in constitutive transcript levels and gene regulation patterns for members of the gene family encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), the first enzyme specifically committed to the synthesis of lignin monomers. These differences were associated with anatomical and metabolic factors. While the induction of CsCCR2 expression after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum was associated with the deposition of lignin mainly derived from guaiacyl monomers, high constitutive levels of CsCCR4 paralleled a high syringyl lignin content in healthy stems of resistant plants. The results provide evidence that plant cell wall strengthening plays a role in the resistance of C. sativa to S. sclerotiorum, and that both constitutive and inducible defence mechanisms contribute to reduced symptom development in resistant germplasm. This study provides the first characterization of quantitative resistance in C. sativa to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eynck
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2.
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41
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Mirmazloum I, György Z. Review of the molecular genetics in higher plants towards salidrosid and cinnamyl alcohol glycosides biosynthesis inRhodiola roseaL. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.41.2012.suppl.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Vanholme R, Storme V, Vanholme B, Sundin L, Christensen JH, Goeminne G, Halpin C, Rohde A, Morreel K, Boerjan W. A systems biology view of responses to lignin biosynthesis perturbations in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3506-29. [PMID: 23012438 PMCID: PMC3480285 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin engineering is an attractive strategy to improve lignocellulosic biomass quality for processing to biofuels and other bio-based products. However, lignin engineering also results in profound metabolic consequences in the plant. We used a systems biology approach to study the plant's response to lignin perturbations. To this end, inflorescence stems of 20 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, each mutated in a single gene of the lignin biosynthetic pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1 [PAL1], PAL2, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase [C4H], 4-coumarate:CoA ligase1 [4CL1], 4CL2, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase1 [CCoAOMT1], cinnamoyl-CoA reductase1 [CCR1], ferulate 5-hydroxylase [F5H1], caffeic acid O-methyltransferase [COMT], and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase6 [CAD6], two mutant alleles each), were analyzed by transcriptomics and metabolomics. A total of 566 compounds were detected, of which 187 could be tentatively identified based on mass spectrometry fragmentation and many were new for Arabidopsis. Up to 675 genes were differentially expressed in mutants that did not have any obvious visible phenotypes. Comparing the responses of all mutants indicated that c4h, 4cl1, ccoaomt1, and ccr1, mutants that produced less lignin, upregulated the shikimate, methyl-donor, and phenylpropanoid pathways (i.e., the pathways supplying the monolignols). By contrast, f5h1 and comt, mutants that provoked lignin compositional shifts, downregulated the very same pathways. Reductions in the flux to lignin were associated with the accumulation of various classes of 4-O- and 9-O-hexosylated phenylpropanoids. By combining metabolomic and transcriptomic data in a correlation network, system-wide consequences of the perturbations were revealed and genes with a putative role in phenolic metabolism were identified. Together, our data provide insight into lignin biosynthesis and the metabolic network it is embedded in and provide a systems view of the plant's response to pathway perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Sundin
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jørgen Holst Christensen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Rohde
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Address correspondence to
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43
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Switchgrass PviCAD1: understanding residues important for substrate preferences and activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1086-100. [PMID: 22915235 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step in monolignol biosynthesis. Although plants contain numerous genes coding for CADs, only one or two CADs appear to have a primary physiological role in lignin biosynthesis. Much of this distinction appears to reside in a few key residues that permit reasonable catalytic rates on monolignal substrates. Here, several mutant proteins were generated using switchgrass wild type (WT) PviCAD1 as a template to understand the role of some of these key residues, including a proton shuttling HL duo in the active site. Mutated proteins displayed lowered or limited activity on cinnamylaldehydes and exhibited altered kinetic properties compared to the WT enzyme, suggesting that key residues important for efficient catalysis had been identified. We have also shown that a sorghum ortholog containing EW, instead of HL in its active site, displayed negligible activity against monolignals. These results indicate that lignifying CADs require a specific set of key residues for efficient activity against monolignals.
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44
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Kanazawa K, Hashimoto T, Yoshida S, Sungwon P, Fukuda S. Short photoirradiation induces flavonoid synthesis and increases its production in postharvest vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4359-68. [PMID: 22506664 DOI: 10.1021/jf300107s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to increase the flavonoid contents of postharvest vegetables since flavonoids play a beneficial role in human health promotion. In the present study, we show that postharvest vegetables increasingly produced flavonoids when irradiated with light near the absorption wavelength of flavonoids in the plant. Three-day exposure to UV-B for 5 min, 98 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ per day, increased the contents of jaceidin in spinach, kaempherol glycoside in radish sprout, apigenin glycosides in parsley, and isovitexin in Indian spinach after 6 days of storage in a refrigerator, compared to the contents in plants without irradiation. Six days of storage of unripe green strawberry under green light for 5 min, 98 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ per day, enabled them to mature and turn red, accompanied by 3.5-fold increased contents of pelargonidin. Elucidation of the mechanism in parsley found the stimulating expression of the flavonoid synthesis gene, PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, and FNS, 6 h after exposure to single irradiation with UV-B for 5 min, and the higher expression was maintained for 24 h. After 3 days irradiation during 6 days of storage, parsley did not show adverse changes in the contents of ascorbic acid, β-carotene, chlorophyll, and moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Soengas P, Cartea ME, Francisco M, Sotelo T, Velasco P. New insights into antioxidant activity of Brassica crops. Food Chem 2012; 134:725-33. [PMID: 23107684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of six Brassica crops-broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, nabicol and tronchuda cabbage-was measured at four plant stages with DPPH and FRAP assays. Samples taken three months after sowing showed the highest antioxidant activity. Kale crop possessed the highest antioxidant activity at this plant stage and also at the adult plant stage, while cauliflower showed the highest antioxidant activity in sprouts and in leaves taken two months after sowing. Brassica by-products could be used as sources of products with high content of antioxidants. Phenolic content and composition varied, depending on the crop under study and on the plant stage; sprout samples were much higher in hydroxycinnamic acids than the rest of samples. Differences in antioxidant activity of Brassica crops were related to differences in total phenolic content but also to differences in phenolic composition for most samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Soengas
- Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), P.O. Box 28, E-36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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Hirano K, Aya K, Kondo M, Okuno A, Morinaka Y, Matsuoka M. OsCAD2 is the major CAD gene responsible for monolignol biosynthesis in rice culm. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:91-101. [PMID: 21912859 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the last step of monolignol biosynthesis. The rice genome contains 12 CAD-like genes, and whereas the proteins encoded by OsCAD2 and OsCAD7 are known to function in monolignol biosynthesis, the degree to which these enzymes contribute to this process and the involvement of the enzymes encoded by the remaining ten genes is unclear. This paper investigates the role of OsCAD2 and the nine other OsCAD-like proteins in monolignol biosynthesis. Among the OsCAD genes analyzed, OsCAD2, an enzyme belonging to the bona fide CAD phylogenetic group, was the most abundantly expressed gene in the uppermost internode, and was expressed at levels that were more than seven times greater than those of the second most abundantly expressed gene, OsCAD1. Promoter-GUS analysis of OsCAD2 (pCAD::GUS) in the internode, sheath, and roots revealed that GUS expression was strong in tissues that accumulated high levels of lignin. Furthermore, expression always preceded lignin accumulation, showing the tight correlation between OsCAD2 expression and monolignol biosynthesis. Additionally, expression of pCAD::GUS was well synchronized with that of rice caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (OsCOMT::GUS), suggesting that the two enzymes function cooperatively during monolignol biosynthesis. Co-expression network analysis of eight OsCAD genes further revealed that, among the OsCAD genes, expression of OsCAD2 was most tightly associated with the transcription of lignin biosynthesis-related genes. These results suggest that OsCAD2 is largely responsible for monolignol biosynthesis in rice, which is similar to that indicated for the predominant role of other plant bona fide CAD protein to monolignol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hirano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Chavigneau H, Goué N, Delaunay S, Courtial A, Jouanin L, Reymond M, Méchin V, Barrière Y. QTL for floral stem lignin content and degradability in three recombinant inbred line (RIL) progenies of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and search for candidate genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and degradability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2012.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pandey B, Pandey VP, Dwivedi UN. Cloning, expression, functional validation and modeling of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase isolated from xylem of Leucaena leucocephala. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barakat A, Yassin NBM, Park JS, Choi A, Herr J, Carlson JE. Comparative and phylogenomic analyses of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamoyl-CoA-reductase-like gene family in land plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:249-57. [PMID: 21763535 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of monolignols, the main components of lignin, involves many intermediates and enzymes. The cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cinnamoyl-CoAs to cinnamaldehydes, i.e. the first specific step in lignin synthesis. The CCR and CCR-like gene family was studied partially in several plant species. This is a comprehensive study of the CCR and CCR-like gene family including genome organization, gene structure, phylogeny across land plant species, and, expression profiling in Populus. Analysis of amino acid motifs enabled the identification of sequence variations in the CCR catalytic site and annotates CCR and CCR-like genes. CCR and CCR-like genes were distributed in three major phylogenetic classes of which one includes the bona fide CCR genes. The other two classes include CCR and CCR-like, of which several genes present a high similarity to cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, or dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) genes. All CCR, CCR-like, and DFR classes were deeply rooted in the phylogeny of land plants suggesting that their evolution preceded the evolution of lycophytes. Over two thirds of CCR and CCR-like Populus genes were physically distributed on duplicated regions. This suggests that these duplication/retention processes contributed significantly to the size of the CCR and CCR-like gene family. The Populus CCR and CCR-like genes showed six expression patterns in the tissues studied with a preferential expression of PoptrCCR12 in xylem. The other genes present divergent expression profiles with some preferentially expressed in leaves, bark, or both. Several CCR and CCR-like genes were induced or repressed under various abiotic stresses suggesting that their duplication was followed by the evolution of divergent expression profiles and divergence of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Barakat
- The Department of Bioenergy Science & Technology. Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Fraser CM, Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0152. [PMID: 22303276 PMCID: PMC3268504 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway serves as a rich source of metabolites in plants, being required for the biosynthesis of lignin, and serving as a starting point for the production of many other important compounds, such as the flavonoids, coumarins, and lignans. In spite of the fact that the phenylpropanoids and their derivatives are sometimes classified as secondary metabolites, their relevance to plant survival has been made clear via the study of Arabidopsis and other plant species. As a model system, Arabidopsis has helped to elucidate many details of the phenylpropanoid pathway, its enzymes and intermediates, and the interconnectedness of the pathway with plant metabolism as a whole. These advances in our understanding have been made possible in large part by the relative ease with which mutations can be generated, identified, and studied in Arabidopsis. Herein, we provide an overview of the research progress that has been made in recent years, emphasizing both the genes (and gene families) associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis, and the end products that have contributed to the identification of many mutants deficient in the phenylpropanoid metabolism: the sinapate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Fraser
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Bioanalytical Computing, LLC, www.bioanalyticalcomputing.com
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Address correspondence to
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