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Current Diagnostic Methods for Assessing Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves and Possible Improvements: A Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102963. [PMID: 34679982 PMCID: PMC8532593 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The transfer of passive immunity (TPI) from cows to calves needs to be routinely assessed on farms and in field research. The gold standard method for assessing TPI is radial immunodiffusion (RID) because it directly assesses the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in calf serum samples. In addition to RID, there are several other methods available for the assessment of TPI which determine the concentration of IgG or other serum components. It is known that several components present in the colostrum are absorbed by the calves and aid passive immunity. We conducted a literature review of the methods scientifically reported by experts in the field. Abstract Several direct or indirect methods can be used to assess immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves, which evaluates the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is the gold standard method to measure serum IgG in bovines. Previous studies have shown that colostrum provides several molecules in addition to immunoglobulins, which play an important role in the passive immunity of the calf. However, no studies have yet determined the level of interference of these components in the immunity, health and survival of calves. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the methods of evaluation available for the laboratory and field diagnosis of TPI in calves and discuss the main aspects of each technique. Several methods available for TPI evaluation in calves may provide insights into the various components of colostrum involved in passive immunity.
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Concentrations of blood constituents in genetically high and low milk-production lines of British Friesian and Jersey cattle around calving and in early lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100018547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTDifferences between Friesians and Jerseys and between progeny of high and low contemporary comparison (CC) sires were sought by examining nine blood constituent concentrations around first and second calvings and during lactation. A total of 1359 samples from animals at first lactation and 1148 samples at second lactation were collected. All animals were individually fed a complete pelleted diet ad libitum. Blood constituents analysed were free fatty acids (FFA), ketones, glucose, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, albumin and globulin. All nine constituents showed marked changes around parturition and early lactation and several constituents showed changes with age. Jerseys had higher average copper and albumin levels and lower globulin levels than Friesians at both lactations and higher FFA concentrations at second lactation. Changes in plasma concentrations of FFA, ketones and glucose around calving were consistent in suggesting that Jerseys and progeny of high CC sires had a substantially greater energy deficit in early lactation than Friesians and progeny of low CC sires at the first but not the second lactation. Predicted requirements v. recorded intakes suggested that the Jerseys and high CC progeny had the greater energy deficit at both lactations. Although the incidence of hypocalcaemia was nearly zero, changes of calcium and magnesium concentrations were consistent with reports of Jerseys being more susceptible to hypocalcaemia in later life.Despite large differences in milk yield, differences in plasma concentrations between animals classified as either high or low achieved yielders within their genetic class were generally smaller than differences between progeny of high and low CC sires.
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Abstract
The potential advantages of early weaning have been listed by Dr Braude in his introduction. In practice, however, piglet mortality can reduce or eliminate these potential improvements in number of piglets per sow per year, and in overall efficiency of feed energy utilization for piglet production (Table 1).
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Messerli J, Fey H. Messung des klassenspezifischen Antikörper- und Immunoglobulingehaltes in Colostrumseren von proteinimmunisierten Rindern*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1973.tb01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sturzenegger N, Fey H. Untersuchungen über die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Radioimmunosorbenttechnik (RIST) zur Messung der Immunoglobulinklassen IgG, IgA und IgM des Rindes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1975.tb00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kummer A, Kitts DD, Li‐Chan E, Losso JN, Skura BJ, Nakai S. Quantification of bovine IgG in milk using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109209354757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Vanzini VR, Aguirre N, Lugaresi CI, de Echaide ST, de Canavesio VG, Guglielmone AA, Marchesino MD, Nielsen K. Evaluation of an indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in milk and serum samples in dairy cattle in Argentina. Prev Vet Med 1998; 36:211-7. [PMID: 9785376 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(98)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Brucella abortus antibodies detection in bovine milk and serum samples was validated. The assay use B. abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide as antigen, immobilized on a polystyrene matrix; milk diluted 1:2 or serum diluted 1:50, in a buffer containing divalent cation chelating agents EDTA and EGTA (ethyleneglycol-bis-aminoether-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) to reduce non-specific reactions; and a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for an epitope of bovine IgG1, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. A total of 2646 sera and 2119 milk samples from cows older than 24 months were obtained from 12 brucellosis-free herds for at least the previous 5 years. Milk samples were obtained in parallel with serum samples. The remaining 527 serum samples were from dry cows. All cattle were vaccinated with B. abortus strain 19 between 3-10 months of age. Five hundred and fifty-two milk samples and 562 serum samples were obtained from 6 infected herds with abortions where B. abortus was isolated at least once no more than 6 months before sampling. The complement-fixation test (CFT) on serum samples was considered the gold standard. Serum samples were also tested with the official screening test: the buffered plate antigen (BPA) test. The cut-off point was determined using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. For milk samples, it was fixed at 36 percent positivity (PP) giving a sensitivity of 99.6% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 98.6-99.9%. The specificity was 99.1% (CI 98.9-99.4%). For serum samples, the cut-off was fixed at 53 PP giving a sensitivity of 99.6% (CI 98.6-99.9%) and a specificity 98.6% (CI 98-99%). The BPA test showed a relative sensitivity of 99.6% (CI 98.6-99.9%) and a relative specificity of 98.6% (CI 98.1-99%). Our results indicate that the indirect ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test and can be adapted to process a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Vanzini
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Bravo P, Garnica J, Fowler M. Immunoglobulin G concentrations in periparturient llamas, alpacas and their crias. Small Rumin Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Johnson R, Kaneene J, Anderson S. Bovine leukemia virus: Duration of BLV colostral antibodies in calves from commercial dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(87)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ogunrinade AF, Otesile EB, Obasaju MF. Normal serum and colostrum levels of IgG1, IgM and IgA in indigenous, exotic and crossbred cattle in Nigeria. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1984; 140:374-9. [PMID: 6466959 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(84)90129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Caffin JP, Poutrel B, Rainard P. Physiological and pathological factors influencing bovine immunoglobulin G1 concentration in milk. J Dairy Sci 1983; 66:2161-6. [PMID: 6685740 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)82063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine immunoglobulin G1 concentration was determined by radial immunodiffusion in 349 milk samples of uninfected quarters, 95 of infected quarters, and 118 blood serum samples from 42 Holstein-Friesian cows taken at days 30, 150, and 270. In lactation, immunoglobulin G1 concentration in milk was not affected by immunoglobulin G1 concentration in blood serum or location of quarters. The immunoglobulin G1 concentrations increased at the end of lactation and in samples collected from cows beyond the third lactation. Uninfected quarters had a mean immunoglobulin G1 concentration of .46 mg/ml. This was less than means from quarters infected by minor or major pathogens. Quarter infection by Staphylococcus aureus resulted in an increase of immunoglobulin G1 concentration in blood serum (9.22 to 11.3 mg/ml). When Corynebacterium bovis was persistent throughout the lactation, immunoglobulin G1 concentration in blood serum was increased (11.26 mg/ml). There was no correlation between somatic cell count and immunoglobulin G1 concentration in uninfected quarters. There was a slight correlation between bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin G1 concentration in identical quarters (.23). Infection of quarters increased in varying degrees the correlation between immunoglobulin G1 concentration and bovine serum albumin concentration or somatic cell count in milk.
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Lindmark R, Thorén-Tolling K, Sjöquist J. Binding of immunoglobulins to protein A and immunoglobulin levels in mammalian sera. J Immunol Methods 1983; 62:1-13. [PMID: 6348168 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of protein A from S. aureus (SpA) as an anti-IgG reagent in immunological techniques has extended in recent years, together with knowledge about its interaction with immunoglobulins of different species. Current data with respect to the binding of protein A to immunoglobulins and to the levels of immunoglobulins in the sera of some mammalian species are reviewed.
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Hill AW, Heneghan DJ, Williams MR. The opsonic activity of bovine milk whey for the phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils of encapsulated and non-encapsulated Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 1983; 8:293-300. [PMID: 6351417 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(83)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated strains of Escherichia coli were found to be more resistant to phagocytosis and killing by bovine neutrophils; requiring in the order of 100 times more serum opsonins than non-encapsulated strains. Mid-lactation pooled whey from cows with no history of mastitis was opsonic for non-encapsulated strains, but had no effect on encapsulated organisms. In contrast, early lactation pooled whey (5-10 days post-partum) was opsonic for all strains of E. coli. It is concluded that since early lactation milk contains sufficient opsonins, severe E. coli mastitis at this stage of lactation is not due to opsonic deficiency.
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Logan E, O’brien J, Neill S, Ferguson H, Ellis W. Immunoglobulins in abomasal fluids of aborted and unaborted bovine fetuses. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations were compared among five breeds of dairy cows. Colostrum samples (3 to 4 kg) were obtained immediately after parturition from 19 Ayrshire, 17 Brown Swiss, 12 Guernsey, 19 Holstein, and 5 Jersey cows. Average total colostral immunoglobulin was 8.1, 6.6, 6.3, 5.6, and 9.0% for them. Colostrum from Jerseys had the highest immunoglobulin G (6.65%), immunoglobulin A (1.86%), and immunoglobulin M (.53%) of all breeds. Colostrum from Holsteins was lowest in immunoglobulin G (4.12%) whereas that from Guernseys was lowest in immunoglobulin A (.90%) and immunoglobulin M (.39%). Breeds may differ, and the high calf mortality and health problems frequently reported for Guernseys may be related to the low immunoglobulins A and M in colostrum. Concentration of colostral immunoglobulin by calving number was examined over breeds for 23, 16, 17, and 14 cows by first, second, third, and fourth or later calvings. Colostral immunoglobulin was lower from first-calf heifers (5.68%) than from third (7.91%) and fourth (7.53%) parity cows. Colostral immunoglobulins A and G tended to be lower in first lactations.
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Logan EF, Meneely DJ, Lindsay A. Colostrum and serum immunoglobulin levels in Jersey cattle. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1981; 137:279-82. [PMID: 7248735 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)31689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fleenor WA, Stott GH. Single radial immunodiffusion analysis for quantitation of colostral immunoglobulin concentration. J Dairy Sci 1981; 64:740-7. [PMID: 6790591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Relative accuracy of the single radial immunodiffusion technique to measure immunoglobulin concentrations of colostral preparations (whey, whole, or fat-free) has been assessed. Fresh colostrum samples were analyzed for major constituents. Gammaglobulin as a standard was compared to total immunoglobulin concentration derived from single radial immunodiffusion analysis of colostral preparations with no differences except between standard and whey. Differences were in part from either enhancement or interference of immunoglobulin diffusion by colostral constituents. Removal of casein and fat during whey preparations caused a concentrating effect upon immunoglobulin constituents resulting in exaggerated precipitin rings. Whey has produced unreliable results: therefore, whole colostrum is recommended for single radial immunodiffusion analysis.
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Guidry J, Butler JE, Pearson RE, Weinland BT. IgA, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and BSA in serum and mammary secretion throughout lactation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1980; 1:329-41. [PMID: 15615051 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(80)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM were measured in the serum and lacteal secretions of six cows from 10 days prepartum to 240 days of lactation. Immunoglobulins in lacteal secretions were expressed in units of concentration (mg/ml) as well as in total daily output. All isotypes were selectively accumulated during colostrum formation. The rate of IgG1 accumulation decreased rapidly after calving; this decrease corresponded to a return to normal serum levels of this immunoglobulin. Selective accumulation of IgA > IgM > IgG1 was maintained throughout lactation, but IgG2 showed no selective accumulation beyond 5 days postpartum. In serum, IgA and IgM levels were elevated at parturition and showed a significant decrease postpartum. Increases in serum IgA levels 60 days postpartum corresponded to a rise in lacteal concentration. The concentration of all immunoglobulins increased during late lactation, coincident with a major reduction in milk yield. Six strains of mastitis-causing organisms were cultured during the period of the experiment; however, none resulted in clinical mastitis or showed an effect on immunoglobulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guidry
- Animal Science Institute, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Naylor JM. Colostral immunity in the calf and the foal. THE VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA. LARGE ANIMAL PRACTICE 1979; 1:331-61. [PMID: 399710 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9846(17)30188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Williams M, Millar P. Changes in serum immunoglobulin levels in Jerseys and Friesians near calving. Res Vet Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(20)30946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oyeniyi OO, Hunter AG. Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J Dairy Sci 1978; 61:44-8. [PMID: 627642 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colostral changes in immunoglobulin (IgG), dry matter, ash, total protein, and whey protein were studied over the first three milkings postpartum. Immunoglobulin IgG concentration in colostrum from Holstein cows beginning their first, second, or third lactation was similar. However, older animals had more IgG in colostrum. Its rate of disappearance from colostrum was greater in younger animals. Dry matter, ash, total protein, and whey protein concentrations decreased from the first to the third milking (24 h) postpartum. Protein was the most variable constituent between cows at the same postpartum time.
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Fey H, Pfister H, Messerli J, Sturzenegger N, Grolimund F. Methods of isolation, purification and quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins: a technical review. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1976; 23:269-300. [PMID: 820139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schanbacher FL, Smith KL. Formation and role of unusual whey proteins and enzymes: relation to mammary function. J Dairy Sci 1975; 58:1048-62. [PMID: 1095620 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(75)84678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Clarkson MJ, Penhale WJ, McKenna RB. Progressive serum protein changes in experimental infections of calves with Trypanosoma vivax. J Comp Pathol 1975; 85:397-410. [PMID: 806613 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(75)90027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Williams M, Maxwell D, Spooner R. Quantitative studies on bovine immunoglobulins, normal plasma levels of IgG2, IgG1, IgM and IgA. Res Vet Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Role of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Intestinal Immunity to Enteric Colibacillosis in the Calf. Res Vet Sci 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Logan EF. Colostral immunity to colibacillosis in the neonatal calf. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1974; 130:405-12. [PMID: 4611587 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Logan E, Penhale W, Jones R. Changes in the Serum Immunoglobulin Levels of Colostrum-fed Calves during the First 12 Weeks Postpartum. Res Vet Sci 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Luckins AG. Studies on bovine trypanosomiasis. Serum immunoglobulin levels in Zebu cattle exposed to natural infection in East Africa. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1972; 128:523-8. [PMID: 4630575 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)36737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Smith KL, Muir LA, Ferguson LC, Conrad HR. Selective transport of IgGl into the mammary gland: role of estrogen and progesterone. J Dairy Sci 1971; 54:1886-94. [PMID: 4108929 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)86130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rouse BT. The immunoglobulins of adult equine and foal sera: a quantitative study. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1971; 127:45-52. [PMID: 5541943 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)37788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Penhale W, Christie G, McEwan A, Fisher E, Selman I. Quantitative Studies on Bovine Immunoglobulins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)48560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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