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Che W, Wojitas L, Shan C, Lopchuk JM. Divergent synthesis of complex withanolides enabled by a scalable route and late-stage functionalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp9375. [PMID: 38941454 PMCID: PMC11212736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp9375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring C28 steroids based on an ergostane skeleton. They have a high degree of polyoxygenation, and the abundance of O-functional groups has enabled various natural alterations to both the carbocyclic skeleton and the side chain. Consequently, these molecules have intricate structural features that lead to their highly varied display of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. Despite being intriguing leads for further discovery research, synthetic access to the withanolides remains highly challenging-compounds for current biological research are mainly isolated from plants, often inefficiently. Here, we report the divergent synthesis of 11 withanolides in 12 to 20 steps, enabled by a gram-scale route and a series of late-stage functionalizations, most notably a bioinspired photooxygenation-allylic hydroperoxide rearrangement sequence. This approach enables further biological research disconnected from a reliance on minute quantities of the parent natural products or their simple derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Che
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojitas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Chuan Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Justin M. Lopchuk
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Orabi MAA, Alshahrani MM, Sayed AM, Abouelela ME, Shaaban KA, Abdel-Sattar ES. Identification of Potential Leishmania N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010093. [PMID: 36677018 PMCID: PMC9861338 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. The ineffectiveness, high toxicity, and/or parasite resistance of the currently available antileishmanial drugs has created an urgent need for safe and effective leishmaniasis treatment. Currently, the molecular-docking technique is used to predict the proper conformations of small-molecule ligands and the strength of the contact between a protein and a ligand, and the majority of research for the development of new drugs is centered on this type of prediction. Leishmania N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been shown to be a reliable therapeutic target for investigating new anti-leishmanial molecules through this kind of virtual screening. Natural products provide an incredible source of affordable chemical scaffolds that serve in the development of effective drugs. Withania somnifera leaves, roots, and fruits have been shown to contain withanolide and other phytomolecules that are efficient anti-protozoal agents against Malaria, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania spp. Through a review of previously reported compounds from W. somnifera-afforded 35 alkaloid, phenolic, and steroid compounds and 132 withanolides/derivatives, typical of the Withania genus. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking screening and molecular dynamics against L. major NMT. Calycopteretin-3-rutinoside and withanoside IX showed the highest affinity and binding stability to L. major NMT, implying that these compounds could be used as antileishmanial drugs and/or as a scaffold for the design of related parasite NMT inhibitors with markedly enhanced binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-557398835
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Moujir LM, Llanos GG, Araujo L, Amesty A, Bazzocchi IL, Jiménez IA. Withanolide-Type Steroids from Withania aristata as Potential Anti-Leukemic Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E5744. [PMID: 33291428 PMCID: PMC7731379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a blood or bone marrow cancer with increasing incidence in developed regions of the world. Currently, there is an ongoing need for novel and safe anti-leukemic agents, as no fully effective chemotherapy is available to treat this life-threatening disease. Herein, are reported the isolation, structural elucidation, and anti-leukemic evaluation of twenty-nine withanolide-type steroids (1-29) from Withania aristata. Among them, the new isolated withanolides, withaperoxidins A-D (1-4) have an unusual six-membered cyclic peroxide moiety on the withasteroid skeleton as a structural novelty. Their structures have been elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments. In addition, extensive structure-activity relationships and in silico ADME studies were employed to understand the pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties of this series of withasteroids. Compounds 15, 16, and 22 together with withaferin A (14) were identified as having improved antiproliferative effect (IC50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 μM) on human leukemia HL-60 cell lines compared with the reference drug, etoposide. This cytotoxic potency was also coupled with good selectivity index (SI 33.0-9.2) on non-tumoral Vero cell line and in silico drug likeness. These findings revealed that these natural withasteroids are potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M. Moujir
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (L.M.M.); (L.A.)
| | - Gabriel G. Llanos
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Liliana Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (L.M.M.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Laboratory Career, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Avenida Antonio José de Sucre, Riobamba 060150, Ecuador
| | - Angel Amesty
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Isabel L. Bazzocchi
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Ignacio A. Jiménez
- Institute of Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain; (G.G.L.); (A.A.); (I.L.B.)
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Trivedi MK, Panda P, Sethi KK, Jana S. Metabolite Profiling in Withania somnifera Roots Hydroalcoholic Extract Using LC/MS, GC/MS and NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 27743505 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a very well-known herbal medicine and it was well studied for its active metabolites throughout the World. Although, nearly 40 withanolides were isolated from W. somnifera root extract, still there is remaining unidentified metabolites due to very low abundance and geographical variation. Advanced separation technology with online identification by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are nowadays used to find out the new compounds in the crude herbal extract. This article described the metabolite profiling of ashwagandha root hydroalcoholic extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and NMR spectroscopy. A total of 43 possible withanolides was identified and proposed their structures based on the mass of molecular and fragment ions. GC/MS and NMR analysis indicated the presence of several known withanolides including withaferin A, withanolide D, withanoside IV or VI, withanolide sulfoxide, etc. To the best of our knowledge, dihydrowithanolide D at m/z 473 (tR 7.86 min) and ixocarpalactone A at m/z 505 (tR 8.43 min) were first time identified in the ashwagandha root hydroalcoholic extract. The current study that described the identification of withanolides with summarized literature review might be helpful for designing the experiment to identify of the new chemical constituents in Withania species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parthasarathi Panda
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Kalyan Kumar Sethi
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
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Dar NJ, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4445-60. [PMID: 26306935 PMCID: PMC11113996 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, also called 'Indian ginseng', is an important medicinal plant of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used, singly or in combination, with other herbs against many ailments in Indian Systems of Medicine since time immemorial. Withania somnifera contains a spectrum of diverse phytochemicals enabling it to have a broad range of biological implications. In preclinical studies, it has shown anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-stress, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, it has demonstrated the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species, modulate mitochondrial function, regulate apoptosis, and reduce inflammation and enhance endothelial function. In view of these pharmacologic properties, W. somnifera is a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions, particularly related to the nervous system. In this review, we summarize the pharmacologic characteristics and discuss the mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications of the plant and its active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Yoneyama T, Arai MA, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Ishibashi M. Hedgehog inhibitors from Withania somnifera. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3541-4. [PMID: 26169123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway performs an important role in embryonic development and in cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, aberrant activation of the Hh signaling pathway is associated with tumorigenesis. Hh signal inhibition was evaluated using a cell-based assay system that targets GLI1-mediated transcription. Activity-guided isolation of the Withania somnifera MeOH extract led to the isolation of six compounds: withaferin A (1) and its derivatives (2-6). Compounds 1 and 2 showed strong inhibition of Hh/GLI1-mediated transcriptional activity with IC50 values of 0.5 and 0.6 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 6 were cytotoxic toward human pancreatic (PANC-1), prostate (DU145) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells. Furthermore, 1 also inhibited GLI1-DNA complex formation in EMSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Midori A Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Samir K Sadhu
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Firoj Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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8
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Screening of promising chemotherapeutic candidates from plants against human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (II): apoptosis of antiproliferactive principle (24,25-dihydrowithanolide D) against ATL cell lines and structure–activity relationships with withanolides isolated from solanaceous plants. J Nat Med 2012; 67:415-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Llanos GG, Araujo LM, Jiménez IA, Moujir LM, Bazzocchi IL. Withaferin A-related steroids from Withania aristata exhibit potent antiproliferative activity by inducing apoptosis in human tumor cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:499-511. [PMID: 22705001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Six new withanolides (1-6) along with eleven known ones (7-17) were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Semisynthesis of the minority metabolites 7 and 15 from compounds 6 and 9, respectively, as starting material, was performed. The isolated compounds as well as three derivatives (7a, 9a and 9b) of withaferin A were evaluated for cytotoxicity against HeLa (carcinoma of the cervix), A-549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) human cancer cell lines, and against normal Vero cells (African green monkey kidney). Five compounds from this series (8, 9a, 9b, 11 and 13) exhibited potent antiproliferative effects on the tumor cells, even higher than the well known anticancer agent, withaferin A (9). Phosphatidylserine externalization, chromatin condensation, and caspase-3 activation clearly indicated apoptosis as a mechanism of action. The structure-activity relationship revealed valuable information on the pharmacophore for withanolide-type compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G Llanos
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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10
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Chao CH, Chou KJ, Wen ZH, Wang GH, Wu YC, Dai CF, Sheu JH. Paraminabeolides A-F, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory marine withanolides from the soft coral Paraminabea acronocephala. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1132-41. [PMID: 21425785 DOI: 10.1021/np2000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six new withanolides, paraminabeolides A-F (1-6), along with five known compounds, minabeolides-1, -2, -4, -5, and -8 (7-11), were isolated from a Formosan soft coral, Paraminabea acronocephala. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined by the application of Mosher's method. Compounds 1 and 7 were cytotoxic toward Hep G2 cancer cells. Compounds 1-4 and 7-10 were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein. Compounds 7-10 also could effectively reduce the expression of COX-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Chao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Xu YM, Gao S, Bunting DP, Gunatilaka AAL. Unusual withanolides from aeroponically grown Withania somnifera. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:518-522. [PMID: 21315384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to maximize production and the structural diversity of plant metabolites, the effect of growing the medicinal plant Withania somnifera under soil-less aeroponic conditions on its ability to produce withaferin A and withanolides was investigated. It resulted in the isolation and characterization of two compounds, 3α-(uracil-1-yl)-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A (1) and 3β-(adenin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A (2), in addition to 10 known withanolides including 2,3-dihydrowithaferin A-3β-O-sulfate. 3β-O-Butyl-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A (3), presumably an artifact formed from withaferin A during the isolation process was also encountered. Reaction of withaferin A with uracil afforded 1 and its epimer, 3β-(uracil-1-yl)-2,3-dihydrowithaferin A (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their high resolution mass and NMR spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ming Xu
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800, USA
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12
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Jahan E, Perveen S, Fatima I, Malik A. Coagulansins A and B, New Withanolides fromWithania coagulansDunal. Helv Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Kaul M, Kumar A, Ahuja A, Mir B, Suri K, Qazi G. Production dynamics of Withaferin A inWithania somnifera(L.) Dunal complex. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1304-11. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410802547440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Annen K, Tschesche R, Welzel P. Zur Hydrogenolyse einiger 6 β‐Acetoxy‐ und 6β‐Hydroxy‐Steroid‐ Δ
4
‐Olefine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19731060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Annen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
| | - Rudolf Tschesche
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
| | - Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
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16
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Study of factors influencing pressurised solvent extraction of polar steroids from plant material. Application to the recovery of withanolides. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kaufmann B, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Parameters affecting microwave-assisted extraction of withanolides. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:327-331. [PMID: 11705260 DOI: 10.1002/pca.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Focused microwave-assisted extraction was applied to the extraction of three main withanolides from airdried leaves of Iochroma gesnerioides, namely, withaferin A, iochromolide and withacnistin. Six extraction variables, i.e. nature and volume of extracting solvent, sample moisture, extraction time, power of irradiation and particle size, were investigated with respect to the recovery of withanolides. The most favourable conditions were obtained by using powdered plant material (< 220 microns), previously impregnated with water for 15 min, and extracted with methanol for 40 s at 25 W. The results obtained using the optimised method were compared to those achievable with Soxhlet extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaufmann
- University of Geneva, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, 20 bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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18
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Negi MS, Singh A, Lakshmikumaran M. Genetic variation and relationship among and within Withania species as revealed by AFLP markers. Genome 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/g00-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant, and its anticancerous properties have been attributed to various classes of withanolide compounds. The objective of the present study was to investigate the inter- and intraspecific genetic variation present in 35 individuals of W. somnifera and 5 individuals of W. coagulans using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) marker technique. The information about genetic variation determined from AFLP data for 40 individuals was employed to estimate similarity matrix value based on Jaccard's coefficient. The similarity values were further used to construct a phenetic dendrogram revealing the genetic relationships. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA (unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages) distinguished W. somnifera from W. coagulans and formed two major clusters. These two main clusters shared a similarity coefficient of 0.3, correlating with the high level of polymorphism detected. The dendrogram further separated W. somnifera into three subclasses corresponding to Kashmiri and Nagori groups and an intermediate type. The AFLP profile of Kashmiri individuals was distinct from that of the Nagori group of plants. The intermediate genotype was distinct as it shared bands with both the Kashmiri and Nagori individuals, even though it was identified as a Kashmiri morphotype. Furthermore, the intermediate type shared a similarity coefficient of 0.8 with the Kashmiri individuals. The present work revealed low levels of variation within a population though high levels of polymorphism were detected between Nagori and Kashmiri populations. The ability of AFLP markers for efficient and rapid detection of genetic variations at the species as well as intraspecific level qualifies it as an efficient tool for estimating genetic similarity in plant species and effective management of genetic resources.Key words: Withania, AFLP, genetic variation, phenetic relationships, medicinal plant.
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19
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Withanolides, biologically active natural steroidal lactones: A review. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY (PART F) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(97)80032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ray AB, Gupta M. Withasteroids, a growing group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1994; 63:1-106. [PMID: 7851821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9281-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Ray
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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21
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Withasteroids ofPhysalis. VII. 14α-Hydroxyixocarpanolide and 24,25-expoxywithanolide D. Chem Nat Compd 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00599261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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