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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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2
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Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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3
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Highly recyclable palladium ion substituted TiO2 as the versatile ligand-free catalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols and the reduction of nitroarenes. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Prasanna, Bhat SK, Usha KM, Hegde MS. Ligand and Base Free Synthesis of Biaryls from Aryl Halides in Aqueous Media with Recyclable Ti0.97Pd0.03O1.97 Catalyst. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Prasanna, Usha KM, Hegde MS. Highly recyclable Ti 0.97Ni 0.03O 1.97 catalyst coated on cordierite monolith for efficient transformation of arylboronic acids to phenols and reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14223-14234. [PMID: 34550140 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stable Ni2+ substituted TiO2 catalyst (Ti0.97Ni0.03O1.97) has been synthesized by a solution combustion method with an average crystallite size of 7.5 nm. Ti1-xNixO2-x (x = 0.01-0.06) crystallizes in the TiO2 anatase structure with Ni2+ substituted in Ti4+ ion sites and Ni taking a nearly square planar geometry. This catalyst is found to be highly active in the transformation of diverse arylboronic acids to the corresponding phenols. The catalyst coated cordierite monolith can even be recycled for up to 20 cycles with a cumulative TOF of 1.8 × 105 h-1. In scale-up reactions, various phenols are synthesized by employing a single cordierite monolith. It also shows high performance in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna
- Talent Development Centre, Indian Institute of Science Challakere Campus at Kudapura, Chitradurga, Karnataka 577536, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University College Mangalore, Karnataka 575001, India
| | - K M Usha
- Department of Chemistry, University College Mangalore, Karnataka 575001, India
| | - M S Hegde
- Talent Development Centre, Indian Institute of Science Challakere Campus at Kudapura, Chitradurga, Karnataka 577536, India.
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6
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Yu Y, Zhong J, Xu K, Yuan Y, Ye K. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Synthesis and Functionalization of Indole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun‐Song Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke‐Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory for Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl-substrate bond is discussed for aromatic substrates, heterocycles, other multiple bond systems, and even at saturated carbon substrates. This survey covers most of the seminal work and the advances of the past two decades in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Electrifying Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5594-5619. [PMID: 29292849 PMCID: PMC5969240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthetic organic use of electricity is currently experiencing a renaissance. More synthetically oriented laboratories working in this area are exploiting both novel and more traditional concepts, paving the way to broader applications of this niche technology. As only electrons serve as reagents, the generation of reagent waste is efficiently avoided. Moreover, stoichiometric reagents can be regenerated and allow a transformation to be conducted in an electrocatalytic fashion. However, the application of electroorganic transformations is more than minimizing the waste footprint, it rather gives rise to inherently safe processes, reduces the number of steps of many syntheses, allows for milder reaction conditions, provides alternative means to access desired structural entities, and creates intellectual property (IP) space. When the electricity originates from renewable resources, this surplus might be directly employed as a terminal oxidizing or reducing agent, providing an ultra-sustainable and therefore highly attractive technique. This Review surveys recent developments in electrochemical synthesis that will influence the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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9
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Elektrifizierung der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Yurino T, Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Tanaka S, Nishiyama H, Tsurugi H, Sato K, Mashima K. Salt‐Free Reduction of Nonprecious Transition‐Metal Compounds: Generation of Amorphous Ni Nanoparticles for Catalytic C–C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14437-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Yurino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan)
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan)
| | - Yoshiki Shimizu
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Japan)
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Japan)
| | - Haruka Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan)
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan)
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Japan)
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan)
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11
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Yurino T, Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Tanaka S, Nishiyama H, Tsurugi H, Sato K, Mashima K. Salt-Free Reduction of Nonprecious Transition-Metal Compounds: Generation of Amorphous Ni Nanoparticles for Catalytic C-C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Oliveira JL, Le Gall E, Sengmany S, Léonel E, Dubot P, Cénédèse P, Navarro M. A Graphite Powder Cavity Cell as an Efficient Tool of Sustainable Chemistry: Electrocatalytic Homocoupling of 2-Halopyridines. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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14
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Magdesieva TV, Nikitin OM, Masoud SM, Yakimansky AV, Goikhman MY, Podeshvo IV. Electrochemical investigation of complexation of polymer ligands containing 2,2′-biquinolyl fragments with NiII ions in solution. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Deunf E, Labbé E, Verpeaux JN, Buriez O, Amatore C. Direct electrochemical reduction of organic halide droplets dispersed in water. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Segawa Y, Miyamoto S, Omachi H, Matsuura S, Šenel P, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Itami K. Concise Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [12]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3244-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Segawa Y, Miyamoto S, Omachi H, Matsuura S, Šenel P, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Itami K. Concise Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [12]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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StC. Black D, Kumar N, Deodhar M, Shiu-Hin Chan D. Synthesis of Some New Biheterocycles by a One-Pot Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Kraikivskii PB, Frey M, Bennour HA, Gembus A, Hauptmann R, Svoboda I, Fuess H, Saraev VV, Klein HF. Syntheses and properties of molecular nickel(II) hydride, methyl, and nickel(I) complexes supported by trimethylphosphane and (2-diphenylphosphanyl)thiophenolato and -naphtholato ligands. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Saraev VV, Kraikivskii PB, Svoboda I, Kuzakov AS, Jordan RF. Synthesis, molecular structure, and EPR analysis of the three-coordinate Ni(I) complex [Ni(PPh3)3][BF4]. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:12449-55. [PMID: 18991433 DOI: 10.1021/jp802462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compound [Ni(PPh(3))(3)][BF(4)] x BF(3) x OEt(2) was isolated in crystalline form from the olefin oligomerization catalyst system Ni(PPh(3))(4)/BF(3) x OEt(2) and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The influence of vibronic coupling on the EPR parameters of three-coordinate metal complexes with a 3d(9) electronic configuration was investigated within the framework of ligand field theory. Analytical expressions for g-tensor components and isotropic hyperfine coupling constants with ligand nuclei were obtained using first-order perturbation theory. It has been shown that the account of the vibronic interaction in the excited state predicts the existence of three-axial anisotropy of the g-tensor even at the level of first-order perturbation theory; two axes of the g-tensor located in a plane of three-coordinate structure can rotate about the main z axis when a compound is distorted by motion of ligands. It has been shown that in three points of the potential energy surface minimum, for which linear and quadric constants of the vibronic interactions have an identical signs, the HFS isotropic constant from one ligand is larger than HFS constants from the other two; for different vibronic constant signs the ratio between HFS constants varies on opposite. This theoretical researches are in the quality consent with experimental data for a three-coordinate Ni(I) and Cu(II) flat complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Saraev
- Irkutsk State University, Str. K. Marksa, 1, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia.
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Klein A, Budnikova YH, Sinyashin OG. Electron transfer in organonickel complexes of α-diimines: Versatile redox catalysts for C–C or C–P coupling reactions – A review. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bovicelli P, Antonioletti R, Onori A, Delogu G, Fabbri D, Dettori MA. Regioselective halogenation of biphenyls for preparation of valuable polyhydroxylated biphenyls and diquinones. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Raghavanpillai A, Burton DJ. New Efficient Approach to 2,2-Diaryl-1,1-difluoro-1-alkenes and 1,1-Difluoro-2-aryl-1,3-dienes via Suzuki Coupling of α-Halo-β,β-difluorostyrenes. J Org Chem 2005; 71:194-201. [PMID: 16388635 DOI: 10.1021/jo051842p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Alpha-halo-beta,beta-difluorostyrenes [ArCX = CF2; X = Br, I; Ar = aryl, heteroaryl; synthesized by the Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction of the corresponding alpha-halo-beta,beta-difluoroethenylzinc reagents (CF2=CXZnCl, X = Br, I) with aryl iodides] were functionalized at the halogen site with arylboronic acids under Pd(0)-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction conditions to obtain 2,2-diaryl-1,1-difluoro-1-alkenes (ArAr'C=CF2, Ar' = aryl, heteroaryl) in 51-91% isolated yield. The corresponding reaction with alkenylboronic acids produced 1,1-difluoro-2-aryl-1,3-dienes in 53-80% isolated yield. Alternatively, 2,2-disubstituted-1,1-difluoro-1-alkenes were synthesized in moderate yield by a zinc-insertion reaction at the halogen site of the alpha-halo-beta,beta-difluorostyrenes, followed by Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of the zinc reagent with aryl or alkenyl iodides.
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Demir AS, Reis O, Emrullahoglu M. Role of Copper Species in the Oxidative Dimerization of Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Symmetrical Biaryls. J Org Chem 2003; 68:10130-4. [PMID: 14682710 DOI: 10.1021/jo034680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Certain Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts are able to mediate the dimerization of arylboronic acids in DMF. They provide the corresponding symmetrical biaryls in moderate to very good yields. It is possible to run the reaction catalytically under an oxygen atmosphere without a significant loss of yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan S Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
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28
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Barhdadi R, Courtinard C, Nédélec JY, Troupel M. Room-temperature ionic liquids as new solvents for organic electrosynthesis. The first examples of direct or nickel-catalysed electroreductive coupling involving organic halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003:1434-5. [PMID: 12841278 DOI: 10.1039/b302944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct or Ni-catalysed electroreductive homocouplings of organic halides and couplings of organic halides with activated olefins are efficiently conducted by constant current electrolyses in an undivided cell in room-temperature ionic liquids as the solvent-electrolyte media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Barhdadi
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Catalyse et Synthèse Organique (UMR 7582), CNRS-Université Paris 12 Val de Marne, 2 rue Henry Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France.
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29
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Duñach E, Franco D, Olivero S. Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation with Electrogenerated Nickel and Palladium Complexes. European J Org Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Duñach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, CNRS, UMR 6001, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Delphine Franco
- Laboratoire Arômes, Synthèses et Interactions, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Sandra Olivero
- Laboratoire Arômes, Synthèses et Interactions, Université de Nice − Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
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Hassan J, Sévignon M, Gozzi C, Schulz E, Lemaire M. Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction. Chem Rev 2002; 102:1359-470. [PMID: 11996540 DOI: 10.1021/cr000664r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3023] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jwanro Hassan
- Laboratoire de Catalyse et Synthèse Organique, UMR 5622, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Courtois V, Barhdadi R, Condon S, Troupel M. Catalysis by nickel-2,2′-dipyridylamine complexes of the electroreductive coupling of aromatic halides in ethanol. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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