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Xia Z, Kondhare D, Budow-Busse S, Leonard P, Seela F. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine, a Noncanonical Nucleoside for Nucleic Acid Code Expansion and New DNA Constructs: Nucleobase Functionalization of Inverse Watson-Crick and Purine-Purine Base Pairs. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:1233-1250. [PMID: 39088564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
7-Deaza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine forms stable inverse Watson-Crick base pairs with 5-methyl-2'-deoxyisocytidine and purine-purine base pairs with 2'-deoxyguanosine or 5-aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine. Both base pairs expand the genetic coding system. The manuscript reports on the functionalization of these base pairs with halogen atoms and clickable side chains introduced at 7-position of the 7-deazapurine base. Oligonucleotides containing the functionalized base pairs were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. To this end, a series of phosphoramidites were synthesized and clickable side chains with short and long linkers were incorporated in oligonucleotides. Fluorescent pyrene conjugates were obtained by postmodification. Functionalization of DNA with a single inverse Watson-Crick base pair by halogens or clickable residues has only a minor impact on duplex stability. Pyrene click adducts increase (long linker) or decrease (short linker) the double helix stability. Stable hybrid duplexes were constructed containing three consecutive purine-purine pairs of 7-functionalized 7-deaza-2'-deoxyisoguanine with guanine or 5-aza-7-deazaguanine in the center and Watson-Crick pairs at both ends. The incorporation of a hybrid base pair tract of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine/5-aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine pairs stabilizes the double helix strongly. Fluorescence intensity of pyrene short linker adducts increased when the 7-deazapurine base was positioned opposite to 5-methylisocytosine (inverse base pair) compared to purine-purine base pairs with guanine or 5-aza-7-deazaguanine in opposite positions. For long liker adducts, the situation is more complex. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of purine DNA differ to those of Watson-Crick double helices and are indicative for the new DNA constructs. The impact of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyisoguanine base pair functionalization is studied for the first time and all experimental details are reported to prepare DNA functionalized at the 7-deazaisoguanine site. The influence of single and multiple incorporations on DNA structure and stability is shown. Clickable residues introduced at the 7-position of the 7-deazaisoguanine base provide handles for Huisgen-Sharpless-Meldal click cycloadditions without harming the stability of purine-pyrimidine and purine-purine base pairs. Other chemistries might be used for bioconjugation. Our investigation paves the way for the functionalization of a new DNA related recognition system expanding the common Watson-Crick regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Xia
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Budow-Busse
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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2
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Chandankar SS, Kondhare D, Leonard P, Seela F. Purine DNA Constructs Designed to Expand the Genetic Code: Functionalization, Impact of Ionic Forms, and Molecular Recognition of 7-Deazaxanthine-7-Deazapurine-2,6-diamine Base Pairs and Their Purine Counterparts. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13149-13168. [PMID: 37669119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Purine DNA represents an alternative pairing system formed by two purines in the base pair with the recognition elements of Watson-Crick DNA. Base functionalization of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyxanthosine with ethynyl and octadiynyl residues led to clickable side chain derivatives with short and long linker arms. As complementary bases, purine-2,6-diamine or 7-deazapurine-2,6-diamine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides were used. 7-Deaza-7-iodo-2'-deoxyxanthosine served as a starting material for Sonogashira cross-coupling and the p-nitrophenylethyl group for base protection. Phosphoramidite building blocks for DNA synthesis were prepared. Oligonucleotides containing single modifications or runs of three purine base pairs embedded in 12-mer Watson-Crick DNA were synthesized and hybridized with complementary strands with purine- or 7-deazapurine-2,6-diamine located opposite to the xanthine derivatives. The stability of base pairs was evaluated in a comparative study on the basis of DNA melting experiments and Tm values. As 7-deazaxanthine and xanthine nucleosides form anionic forms at neutral pH, duplex stability became pK-dependent, and the system with 7-deazapurine displayed a significant higher stability as that containing xanthine. Alkynyl side chains are well accommodated in the purine-purine helix. Click adducts with pyrene showed that short linker arms destabilize duplexes, whereas long linkers increase duplex stability. CD and fluorescence measurements provide further insights into purine-purine base pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Shivaji Chandankar
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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3
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Zhang A, Kondhare D, Leonard P, Seela F. Anomeric DNA Strand Displacement with α-D Oligonucleotides as Invaders and Ethidium Bromide as Fluorescence Sensor for Duplexes with α/β-, β/β- and α/α-D Configuration. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201294. [PMID: 35652726 PMCID: PMC9543212 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA strand displacement is a technique to exchange one strand of a double stranded DNA by another strand (invader). It is an isothermal, enzyme free method driven by single stranded overhangs (toeholds) and is employed in DNA amplification, mismatch detection and nanotechnology. We discovered that anomeric (α/β) DNA can be used for heterochiral strand displacement. Homochiral DNA in β-D configuration was transformed to heterochiral DNA in α-D/β-D configuration and further to homochiral DNA with both strands in α-D configuration. Single stranded α-D DNA acts as invader. Herein, new anomeric displacement systems with and without toeholds were designed. Due to their resistance against enzymatic degradation, the systems are applicable to living cells. The light-up intercalator ethidium bromide is used as fluorescence sensor to follow the progress of displacement. Anomeric DNA displacement shows benefits over canonical DNA in view of toehold free displacement and simple detection by ethidium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigui Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische ChemieInstitut für Chemie neuer MaterialienUniversität OsnabrückBarbarastrasse 749069OsnabrückGermany
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4
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Chai Y, Kondhare D, Zhang A, Leonard P, Seela F. The 2-Amino Group of 8-Aza-7-deaza-7-bromopurine-2,6-diamine and Purine-2,6-diamine as Stabilizer for the Adenine-Thymine Base Pair in Heterochiral DNA with Strands in Anomeric Configuration. Chemistry 2021; 27:2093-2103. [PMID: 33090562 PMCID: PMC7898646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of DNA is beneficial for many applications in the fields of DNA therapeutics, diagnostics, and materials science. Now, this phenomenon is studied on heterochiral DNA, an autonomous DNA recognition system with complementary strands in α-D and β-D configuration showing parallel strand orientation. The 12-mer heterochiral duplexes were constructed from anomeric (α/β-D) oligonucleotide single-strands. Purine-2,6-diamine and 8-aza-7-deaza-7-bromopurine-2,6-diamine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides having the capability to form tridentate base pairs with dT were used to strengthen the stability of the dA-dT base pair. Tm data and thermodynamic values obtained from UV melting profiles indicated that the 8-aza-7-deaza 2'-deoxyribonucleoside decorated with a bromo substituent is so far the most efficient stabilizer for heterochiral DNA. Compared with that, the stabilizing effect of the purine-2,6-diamine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside is low. Global changes of helix structures were identified by circular dichroism (CD) spectra during melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chai
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Department of RespiratoryCritical Care Medicine Targeted Tracer, Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan610041P. R. China
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Aigui Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische ChemieInstitut für Chemie neuer MaterialienUniversität OsnabrückBarbarastrasse 749069OsnabrückGermany
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5
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Abstract
DNA polymerases play a central role in biology by transferring genetic information from one generation to the next during cell division. Harnessing the power of these enzymes in the laboratory has fueled an increase in biomedical applications that involve the synthesis, amplification, and sequencing of DNA. However, the high substrate specificity exhibited by most naturally occurring DNA polymerases often precludes their use in practical applications that require modified substrates. Moving beyond natural genetic polymers requires sophisticated enzyme-engineering technologies that can be used to direct the evolution of engineered polymerases that function with tailor-made activities. Such efforts are expected to uniquely drive emerging applications in synthetic biology by enabling the synthesis, replication, and evolution of synthetic genetic polymers with new physicochemical properties.
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6
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Ding T, Tang F, Ni G, Liu J, Zhao H, Chen Q. The development of isoguanosine: from discovery, synthesis, and modification to supramolecular structures and potential applications. RSC Adv 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09427j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
First systematical review of isoguanosine, an unnatural base, as an isomer of guanosine shows significant differences in diverse properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
| | - Fan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
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8
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Habibian M, Yahyaee-Anzahaee M, Lucic M, Moroz E, Martín-Pintado N, Di Giovanni LD, Leroux JC, Hall J, González C, Damha MJ. Structural properties and gene-silencing activity of chemically modified DNA-RNA hybrids with parallel orientation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1614-1623. [PMID: 29373740 PMCID: PMC5829573 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report, herein, a new class of RNAi trigger molecules based on the unconventional parallel hybridization of two oligonucleotide chains. We have prepared and studied several parallel stranded (ps) duplexes, in which the parallel orientation is achieved through incorporation of isoguanine and isocytosine to form reverse Watson-Crick base pairs in ps-DNA:DNA, ps-DNA:RNA, ps-(DNA-2'F-ANA):RNA, and ps-DNA:2'F-RNA duplexes. The formation of these duplexes was confirmed by UV melting experiments, FRET and CD studies. In addition, NMR structural studies were conducted on a ps-DNA:RNA hybrid for the first time. Finally, we provide evidence for the unprecedented finding that ps-DNA:RNA and ps-DNA:2'F-RNA hybrids can engage the RNAi pathway to silence gene expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Habibian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Maryam Yahyaee-Anzahaee
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Matije Lucic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Moroz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nerea Martín-Pintado
- Instituto de Química Física 'Rocasolano', CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Logan Dante Di Giovanni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física 'Rocasolano', CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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9
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Zhou X, Shen Z, Ma B, Xia Z, Chai Y, Ju X, Chu L, Huang R, Chen H, Li W, He Y. Acyclic Janus‐AT Nucleoside Host Channels Precisely Lock Water into Single‐File Wires with Local Rotational Flexibility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Beibei Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ju
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Liangyin Chu
- School of Chemical EngineeringSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Ridong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTargeted Tracer Research and Development LaboratoryWest China HospitalSichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
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10
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Zhou X, Shen Z, Ma B, Xia Z, Chai Y, Ju X, Chu L, Huang R, Chen H, Li W, He Y. Acyclic Janus-AT Nucleoside Host Channels Precisely Lock Water into Single-File Wires with Local Rotational Flexibility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9601-9610. [PMID: 31111598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Confining polar water molecules to particular geometries demands sophisticated intermolecular interactions, and not many small synthetic molecules have accomplished such a task. Herein, regioisomeric acyclic Janus-AT nucleosides (1 and 2), with a self-complementary fused genetic alphabet and conformationally flexible side chains, have been selectively synthesized. 1 and 2 adopt disparate base-pair motifs from the π-π stacked hydrophobic base moieties and distinct hydrogen bond (HB) interconnections from the hydrophilic sugar residues, which in turn lead to divergent, intricate intermolecular interaction networks with different capacities to confine water molecules. Under the precise control of the host framework of the N8 -regioisomer, separate ordered single-file water wires can be locked through special three-HB clamps into unique inter- and intra-wire geometrical alignments. Localized dynamic synchronized rotations within the fixed framework coordinated by both the host hydroxy groups and guest water molecules were observed in a temperature-induced reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transition (SCSCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Liangyin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ridong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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11
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Zhang W, Gao Q, Wei S, Fu B, Yang Q, Ming X. Synthesis of 8-Substituted 2'-Deoxyisoguanosines via Unprotected 8-Brominated 2-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine. Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 28853211 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of applications of 8-alkynylated nucleosides has prompted the synthesis of new purine analogues. Bromination of unprotected 2-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine with Br2 /AcOH/AcONa gives 2-amino-8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine (87%). The brominated derivative is converted to 8-alkynylated 2-amino-2'-deoxyadenosines by palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction via microwave assistance (81 - 95%). The resulting compounds are further transformed to 8-alkynylated 2'-deoxyisoguanosines (52 - 70%). The physical properties of new compounds are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Bicheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China.,Study on the Structure-Specificity Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province Colleges Key Laboratory, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ming
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China.,Study on the Structure-Specificity Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province Colleges Key Laboratory, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
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12
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Zhao H, Schäfer AH, Seela F. Supramolecular Isoguanosine Assemblies Form Hydrogels with Excellent Long-Term Stability. Chempluschem 2017; 82:826-833. [PMID: 31961560 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Nanotechnology; Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Andreas H. Schäfer
- nanoAnalytics GmbH; Center for Nanotechnology; Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Nanotechnology; Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien; Universität Osnabrück; Barbarastrasse 7 49069 Osnabrück Germany
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13
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Ingale SA, Seela F. 7-Deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine: Selective Nucleobase Halogenation, Positional Impact of Space-Occupying Substituents, and Stability of DNA with Parallel and Antiparallel Strand Orientation. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8331-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A. Ingale
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Laboratorium
für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße
7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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14
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Jana SK, Guo X, Mei H, Seela F. Robust silver-mediated imidazolo-dC base pairs in metal DNA: dinuclear silver bridges with exceptional stability in double helices with parallel and antiparallel strand orientation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:17301-4. [PMID: 26463426 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new unprecedented metal-mediated base pair was designed that stabilizes reverse Watson-Crick DNA (parallel strand orientation, ps) as well as canonical Watson-Crick DNA (antiparallel strand orientation, aps). This base pair contains two imidazolo-dC units decorated with furan residues. Tm measurements and spectroscopic studies reveal that each silver-mediated furano-imidazolo-dC forms exceptionally stable duplexes with ps and aps chain orientation. This stability increase by a silver-mediated base pair is the highest reported so far for ps and aps DNA helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar Jana
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xiurong Guo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany and Institute for Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4th Road, Gaopengdadao, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Mei
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany and Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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15
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Chawla M, Credendino R, Chermak E, Oliva R, Cavallo L. Theoretical Characterization of the H-Bonding and Stacking Potential of Two Nonstandard Nucleobases Expanding the Genetic Alphabet. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2216-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chawla
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raffaele Credendino
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edrisse Chermak
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Romina Oliva
- Department
of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, I-80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Jana SK, Leonard P, Ingale SA, Seela F. 2′-O-Methyl- and 2′-O-propargyl-5-methylisocytidine: synthesis, properties and impact on the isoCd–dG and the isoCd–isoGd base pairing in nucleic acids with parallel and antiparallel strand orientation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4927-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00622a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of 2′-O-alkyl residues on the stability of iCd–dG and iCd–iGd base pairs was studied in DNA with parallel and antiparallel chain orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit K. Jana
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sachin A. Ingale
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Center for Nanotechnology
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie
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17
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The effect of the glycosylation position on the base pairing and supramolecular structure of the 5′-deoxyribosyl Janus-type AT nucleosides. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Wunnicke D, Ding P, Yang H, Seela F, Steinhoff HJ. DNA with Parallel Strand Orientation: A Nanometer Distance Study with Spin Labels in the Watson-Crick and the Reverse Watson-Crick Double Helix. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13593-9. [PMID: 26121221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parallel-stranded (ps) DNA characterized by its sugar-phosphate backbones pointing in the same direction represents an alternative pairing system to antiparallel-stranded (aps) DNA with the potential to inhibit transcription and translation. 25-mer oligonucleotides were selected containing only dA·dT base pairs to compare spin-labeled nucleobase distances over a range of 10 or 15 base pairs in ps DNA with those in aps DNA. By means of the copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen-Meldal-Sharpless alkyne-azide cycloaddition, the spin label 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl was clicked to 7-ethynyl-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine or 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine to yield 25-mer oligonucleotides incorporating two spin labels. The interspin distances between spin labeled residues were determined by pulse EPR spectroscopy. The results reveal that in ps DNA these distances are between 5 and 10% longer than in aps DNA when the labeled DNA segment is located near the center of the double helix. The interspin distance in ps DNA becomes shorter compared with aps DNA when one of the spin labels occupies a position near the end of the double helix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Ding
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Haozhe Yang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Yang H, Mei H, Seela F. Pyrrolo-dC Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in the Reverse Watson-Crick Double Helix: Enhanced Stability of Parallel DNA and Impact of 6-Pyridinyl Residues on Fluorescence and Silver-Ion Binding. Chemistry 2015; 21:10207-19. [PMID: 26096946 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reverse Watson-Crick DNA with parallel-strand orientation (ps DNA) has been constructed. Pyrrolo-dC (PyrdC) nucleosides with phenyl and pyridinyl residues linked to the 6 position of the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine base have been incorporated in 12- and 25-mer oligonucleotide duplexes and utilized as silver-ion binding sites. Thermal-stability studies on the parallel DNA strands demonstrated extremely strong silver-ion binding and strongly enhanced duplex stability. Stoichiometric UV and fluorescence titration experiments verified that a single (2py) PyrdC-(2py) PyrdC pair captures two silver ions in ps DNA. A structure for the PyrdC silver-ion base pair that aligns 7-deazapurine bases head-to-tail instead of head-to-head, as suggested for canonical DNA, is proposed. The silver DNA double helix represents the first example of a ps DNA structure built up of bidentate and tridentate reverse Watson-Crick base pairs stabilized by a dinuclear silver-mediated PyrdC pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Yang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 251-53406857.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49069 Osnabrück (Germany)
| | - Hui Mei
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 251-53406857.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49069 Osnabrück (Germany)
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 251-53406857. .,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49069 Osnabrück (Germany).
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20
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Ingale SA, Leonard P, Tran QN, Seela F. Duplex DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids with parallel strand orientation: 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroisocytidine, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroisoguanosine, and canonical nucleosides with 2'-fluoro substituents cause unexpected changes on the double helix stability. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3124-38. [PMID: 25742047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides with parallel or antiparallel strand orientation incorporating 2'-fluorinated 2'-deoxyribonucleosides with canonical nucleobases or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroisocytidine ((F)iCd, 1c) and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroisoguanosine ((F)iGd, 3c) were synthesized. To this end, the nucleosides 1c and 3c as well as the phosphoramidite building blocks 19 and 23 were prepared and employed in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Unexpectedly, (F)iCd is not stable during oligonucleotide deprotection (55 °C, aq NH3) and was converted to a cyclonucleoside (14). Side product formation was circumvented when oligonucleotides were deprotected under mild conditions (aq ammonia-EtOH, rt). Oligonucleotides containing 2'-fluoro substituents ((F)iCd, (F)iGd and fluorinated canonical 2'-deoxyribonucleosides) stabilize double-stranded DNA, RNA, and DNA-RNA hybrids with antiparallel strand orientation. Unexpected strong stability changes are observed for oligonucleotide duplexes with parallel chains. While fluorinated oligonucleotides form moderately stable parallel stranded duplexes with complementary DNA, they do not form stable hybrids with RNA. Furthermore, oligoribonucleotide duplexes with parallel strand orientation are extremely unstable. It is anticipated that nucleic acids with parallel chains might be too rigid to accept sugar residues in the N-conformation as observed for ribonucleosides or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibonucleosides. These observations might explain why nature has evolved the principle of antiparallel chain orientation and has not used the parallel chain alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Ingale
- †Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Leonard
- †Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Quang Nhat Tran
- †Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- †Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.,‡Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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21
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Bande O, Abu El Asrar R, Braddick D, Dumbre S, Pezo V, Schepers G, Pinheiro VB, Lescrinier E, Holliger P, Marlière P, Herdewijn P. Isoguanine and 5-methyl-isocytosine bases, in vitro and in vivo. Chemistry 2015; 21:5009-22. [PMID: 25684598 PMCID: PMC4531829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, base-pairing properties and in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 5-methyl-isocytosine (isoCMe) and isoguanine (isoG) nucleosides, incorporated in an HNA(h) (hexitol nucleic acid)–DNA(d) mosaic backbone, are described. The required h-isoG phosphoramidite was prepared by a selective deamination as a key step. As demonstrated by Tm measurements the hexitol sugar showed slightly better mismatch discrimination against dT. The d-isoG base mispairing follows the order T>G>C while the h-isoG base mispairing follows the order G>C>T. The h- and d-isoCMe bases mainly mispair with G. Enzymatic incorporation experiments show that the hexitol backbone has a variable effect on selectivity. In the enzymatic assays, isoG misincorporates mainly with T, and isoCMe misincorporates mainly with A. Further analysis in vivo confirmed the patterns of base-pair interpretation for the deoxyribose and hexitol isoCMe/isoG bases in a cellular context, through incorporation of the bases into plasmidic DNA. Results in vivo demonstrated that mispairing and misincorporation was dependent on the backbone scaffold of the base, which indicates rational advances towards orthogonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Bande
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven (Belgium)
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22
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Nucleoside and oligonucleotide pyrene conjugates with 1,2,3-triazolyl or ethynyl linkers: synthesis, duplex stability, and fluorescence changes generated by the DNA-dye connector. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Zhao H, He S, Yang M, Guo X, Xin G, Zhang C, Ye L, Chu L, Xing Z, Huang W, Chen Q, He Y. Micro-flowers changing to nano-bundle aggregates by translocation of the sugar moiety in Janus TA nucleosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3742-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Mei H, Budow S, Seela F. Construction and assembly of chimeric DNA: oligonucleotide hybrid molecules composed of parallel or antiparallel duplexes and tetrameric i-motifs. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:4196-204. [PMID: 23121010 DOI: 10.1021/bm301471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric DNA containing parallel (ps) and antiparallel (aps) duplex elements as well as poly-dC tracts were designed and synthesized. Oligonucleotide duplexes with ps chain orientation containing reverse Watson-Crick dA-dT base pairs and short d(C)2 tails are stabilized under slightly acidic conditions by hemiprotonated dCH+-dC base pairs ("clamp" effect). Corresponding molecules with aps orientation containing Watson-Crick dA-dT base pairs do not show this phenomenon. Chimeric DNA with ps duplex elements and long d(C)5 tails at one or at both ends assemble to tetrameric i-motif structures. Molecules with two terminal d(C)5 tails form multimeric assemblies which have the potential to form nanoscopic scaffolds. A preorganization of the ps duplex chains stabilizes the i-motif assemblies up to almost neutral conditions as evidenced by thermal melting and gel electrophoresis. Although, ps DNA is generally less stable than aps DNA, the aps duplexes contribute less to the stability of the i-motif than ps DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Zhao H, Huang W, Wu X, Xing Z, He Y, Chen Q. Different superstructures formed by Janus-type nucleosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6097-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Ming X, Ding P, Leonard P, Budow S, Seela F. Parallel-stranded DNA: Enhancing duplex stability by the ‘G-clamp’ and a pyrrolo-dC derivative. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:1861-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06606h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Ingale SA, Pujari SS, Sirivolu VR, Ding P, Xiong H, Mei H, Seela F. 7-Deazapurine and 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleoside and oligonucleotide pyrene "click" conjugates: synthesis, nucleobase controlled fluorescence quenching, and duplex stability. J Org Chem 2011; 77:188-99. [PMID: 22129276 DOI: 10.1021/jo202103q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine and 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides related to dA and dG bearing 7-octadiynyl or 7-tripropargylamine side chains as well as corresponding oligonucleotides were synthesized. "Click" conjugation with 1-azidomethyl pyrene (10) resulted in fluorescent derivatives. Octadiynyl conjugates show only monomer fluorescence, while the proximal alignment of pyrene residues in the tripropargylamine derivatives causes excimer emission. 8-Aza-7-deazapurine pyrene "click" conjugates exhibit fluorescence emission much higher than that of 7-deazapurine derivatives. They are quenched by intramolecular charge transfer between the nucleobase and the dye. Oligonucleotide single strands decorated with two "double clicked" pyrenes show weak or no excimer fluorescence. However, when duplexes carry proximal pyrenes in complementary strands, strong excimer fluorescence is observed. A single replacement of a canonical nucleoside by a pyrene conjugate stabilizes the duplex substantially, most likely by stacking interactions: 6-12 °C for duplexes with a modified "adenine" base and 2-6 °C for a modified "guanine" base. The favorable photophysical properties of 8-aza-7-deazapurine pyrene conjugates improve the utility of pyrene fluorescence reporters in oligonucleotide sensing as these nucleoside conjugates are not affected by nucleobase induced quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Ingale
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology , Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Pan MY, Hang W, Zhao XJ, Zhao H, Deng PC, Xing ZH, Qing Y, He Y. Janus-type AT nucleosides: synthesis, solid and solution state structures. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5692-702. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Urata H, Yamaguchi E, Nakamura Y, Wada SI. Pyrimidine-pyrimidine base pairs stabilized by silver(I) ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 47:941-3. [PMID: 21076774 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of Ag(I) ions, the C-T and m(5)iC (5-methylisocytosine)-T base pairs showed comparable stability to the C-Ag(I)-C base pair, and the m(5)iC-C base pair was highly stabilized by the synergetic effect of Ag(I) coordination and possible hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Urata
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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30
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Seela F, Jiang D, Budow S. Triplexes with 8-Aza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine replacing protonated dC: probing third strand stability with a fluorescent nucleobase targeting duplex DNA. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1443-50. [PMID: 20544775 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent 8-aza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine (4) as well as the parent 2'-deoxyisoguanosine (1) were used as protonated dCH(+) surrogates in the third strand of oligonucleotide triplexes. Stable triplexes were formed by Hoogsteen base pairing. In contrast to dC, triplexes containing nucleoside 1 or 4 in place of dCH(+) are already formed under neutral conditions or even at alkaline pH values. Triplex melting can be monitored separately from duplex dissociation in cases in which the third strand contains the fluorescent nucleoside 4. Third-strand binding of oligonucleotides with 4, opposite to dG, was selective as demonstrated by hybridisation experiments studying mismatch discrimination. Third-strand binding is more efficient when the stability of the DNA duplex is reduced by mismatches, giving third-strand binding more flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster Germany
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31
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Jiang D, Seela F. Oligonucleotide duplexes and multistrand assemblies with 8-aza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine: a fluorescent isoG(d) shape mimic expanding the genetic alphabet and forming ionophores. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4016-24. [PMID: 20192268 DOI: 10.1021/ja910020n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
8-Aza-2'-deoxyisoguanosine (4) is the first fluorescent shape mimic of 2'-deoxyisoguanosine (1a); its fluorescence is stronger in alkaline medium than under neutral conditions. Nucleoside 4, which was synthesized from 8-aza-2'-deoxyguanosine via a 4,6-diamino intermediate after selective deamination, was incorporated in oligodeoxyribonucleotides using phosphoramidite 11. Duplexes with 4 x m(5)iC(d) (5-methyl-2'-deoxyisocytidine) base pairs are more stable than those incorporating dG-dC pairs, thereby expanding the genetic alphabet by a fluorescent orthogonal base pair. As demonstrated by T(m) measurements, the base pair stability decreases in the order m(5)iC(d) x 4 >> dG x 4 > dT x 4 > or = dC x 4 >> dA x 4. A better base pairing selectivity of 4 against the canonical nucleosides dT, dC, dA, and dG is observed than for the degenerated base pairing of 1a. The base pair stability changes can be monitored by nucleobase anion fluorescence sensing. The fluorescence change correlates to the DNA base pair stability. Oligonucleotide 5'-d(T(4)4(4)T(4)) (22), containing short runs of nucleoside 4, forms stable multistranded assemblies (ionophores) with K(+) in the central cavity. They are quite stable at elevated temperature but are destroyed at high pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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32
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Seela F, Ingale SA. "Double click" reaction on 7-deazaguanine DNA: synthesis and excimer fluorescence of nucleosides and oligonucleotides with branched side chains decorated with proximal pyrenes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:284-95. [PMID: 20000692 DOI: 10.1021/jo902300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 7-tripropargylamine-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine (2) containing two terminal triple bonds in the side chain was synthesized by the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction from the corresponding 7-iodo nucleoside 1b. This was protected at the 2-amino group with an iso-butyryl residue, affording the protected intermediate 5. Then, compound 5 was converted to the 5'-O-DMT derivative 6, which on phosphitylation afforded the phosphoramidite 7. This was employed in solid-phase synthesis of a series of oligonucleotides. T(m) measurements demonstrate that a covalently attached tripropargylamine side chain increases duplex stability. Both terminal triple bonds of nucleoside 2 and corresponding oligonucleotides were functionalized by the Cu(I)-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition "double click reaction" with 1-azidomethyl pyrene 3, decorating the side chain with two proximal pyrenes. While the monomeric tripropargylamine nucleoside with two proximal pyrenes (4) shows strong excimer fluorescence, the ss-oligonucleotide containing 4 does not. This was also observed for ds-oligonucleotides when the complementary strand was unmodified. However, duplex DNA bearing pyrene residues in both strands exhibits strong excimer fluorescence when each strand contains two pyrene residues linked to the tripropargylamine moiety. This pyrene-pyrene interstrand interaction occurs when the pyrene modification sites of the duplex are separated by two base pairs which bring the fluorescent dyes in a proximal position. Molecular modeling indicates that only two out of four pyrene residues are interacting forming the exciplex while the other two do not communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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33
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Chiba J, Inouye M. Exotic DNAs Made of Nonnatural Bases and Natural Phosphodiester Bonds. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:259-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Seela F, Ming X. 2'-Deoxyimmunosine: stereoselective synthesis, base pairing and duplex stability of oligonucleotides containing 8-oxo-7-thiaguanine. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1450-61. [PMID: 18385852 DOI: 10.1039/b718500f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing 7-thia-8-oxoguanine represent a new class of molecules in which sulfur replaces the 7-nitrogen of a purine base. The monomeric 7-thia-8-oxoguanine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (2'-deoxyimmunosine, 4) was prepared by nucleobase anion glycosylation in a regio- and stereoselective way employing 5-{[(di-n-butylamino)methylidene]amino}thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,7(3H,6H)-dione (18) and 1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-alpha-d-erythro-pentofuranose (6). The nucleoside was converted into the phosphoramidite and oligonucleotides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Oligonucleotide duplexes containing the 4-dC base pair show a similar stability as those containing the dG-dC motif. Thus the sterically demanding sulfur and the additional 8-oxo group are well accommodated in the major groove of DNA. As expected, compound 4 does not form a Hoogsteen pair, as reported for 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. Compared to 2'-deoxyguanosine, 2'-deoxyimmunosine shows a better mismatch discrimination in Watson-Crick base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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35
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Pallan PS, Lubini P, Bolli M, Egli M. Backbone-base inclination as a fundamental determinant of nucleic acid self- and cross-pairing. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6611-24. [PMID: 17905816 PMCID: PMC2095819 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the duplex formed by oligo(2′,3′-dideoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)nucleotides (homo-DNA) revealed strongly inclined backbone and base-pair axes [Egli,M., Pallan,P.S., Pattanayek,R., Wilds,C.J., Lubini,P., Minasov,G., Dobler,M., Leumann,C.J. and Eschenmoser,A. (2006) Crystal structure of homo-DNA and nature's choice of pentose over hexose in the genetic system. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 10847–10856]. This inclination is easily perceived because homo-DNA exhibits only a modest helical twist. Conversely, the tight coiling of strands conceals that the backbone-base inclinations for A- (DNA and RNA) and B-form (DNA) duplexes differ considerably. We have defined a parameter ηB that corresponds to the local inclination between sugar-phosphate backbone and base plane in nucleic acid strands. Here, we show its biological significance as a predictive measure for the relative strand polarities (antiparallel, aps, or parallel, ps) in duplexes of DNA, RNA and artificial nucleic acid pairing systems. The potential of formation of ps duplexes between complementary 16-mers with eight A and U(T) residues each was investigated with DNA, RNA, 2′-O-methylated RNA, homo-DNA and p-RNA, the ribopyranosyl isomer of RNA. The thermodynamic stabilities of the corresponding aps duplexes were also measured. As shown previously, DNA is capable of forming both ps and aps duplexes. However, all other tested systems are unable to form stable ps duplexes with reverse Watson–Crick (rWC) base pairs. This observation illustrates the handicap encountered by nucleic acid systems with inclinations ηB that differ significantly from 0° to form a ps rWC paired duplex. Accordingly, RNA with a backbone-base inclination of −30°, pairs strictly in an aps fashion. On the other hand, the more or less perpendicular orientation of backbone and bases in DNA allows it to adopt a ps rWC paired duplex. In addition to providing a rationalization of relative strand polarity with nucleic acids, the backbone-base inclination parameter is also a determinant of cross-pairing. Thus, systems with strongly deviating ηB angles will not pair with each other. Nucleic acid pairing systems with significant backbone-base inclinations can also be expected to display different stabilities depending on which terminus carries unpaired nucleotides. The negative inclination of RNA is consistent with the higher stability of duplexes with 3′- compared to those with 5′-dangling ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Alta Scuola Pedagogica, CH-6600 Locarno and Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Lubini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Alta Scuola Pedagogica, CH-6600 Locarno and Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bolli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Alta Scuola Pedagogica, CH-6600 Locarno and Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Alta Scuola Pedagogica, CH-6600 Locarno and Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +1 615 343 8070+1 615 322 7122
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Astakhova IV, Malakhov AD, Stepanova IA, Ustinov AV, Bondarev SL, Paramonov AS, Korshun VA. 1-Phenylethynylpyrene (1-PEPy) as Refined Excimer Forming Alternative to Pyrene: Case of DNA Major Groove Excimer. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1972-80. [PMID: 17896811 DOI: 10.1021/bc700280h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Phenylethynylpyrene fluorochrome was studied as meta- and para-derivatives of arabino-uridine-2'-carbamates in ss and dsDNA. 1-PEPy showed red-shifted emission and increased fluorescence quantum yield compared to pyrene. Although 1-PEPy has very short excited lifetime (<2.5 ns), it is able to form inter- and intrastrand excimers on DNA, probably resulting from spatial preorganization of two dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Astakhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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Charafeddine A, Chapuis H, Strazewski P. Facile and Rapid Access to Inosine Puromycin Analogues through the Use of Adenylate Deaminase. Org Lett 2007; 9:2787-90. [PMID: 17592852 DOI: 10.1021/ol070818q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the ribosomal peptidyl transfer, puromycin analogues are of interest in which adenine has been replaced by hypoxanthine. We synthesized inosine puromycin analogues from 3'-azidodeoxyadenosine derivatives using adenylate deaminase for the quantitative transformation of the N-heterocycle. The amino acid coupling was carried out under Staudinger-Vilarrasa conditions in 94% yield starting from the protected and in 82% using the unprotected azide, thus, in the presence of two hydroxyls and a lactam function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Charafeddine
- Laboratoire de Synthèse de Biomolécules, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Bâtiment Eugène Chevreul 5ième Etage, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Li H, Peng X, Leonard P, Seela F. Binding of actinomycin C1 (D) and actinomin to base-modified oligonucleotide duplexes with parallel chain orientation. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4089-100. [PMID: 16500105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding of actinomycin D (C1, 1) and its analog actinomin (2) was studied on base-modified oligonucleotide duplexes with parallel chain orientation (ps) and with anti-parallel chains (aps) for comparison. Actinomycin D binds not only to aps duplexes containing guanine-cytosine base pairs but also to those incorporating modified bases such as 7-deazaguanine or its 6-deoxo derivative. For this, novel phosphoramidites were prepared. The new building block of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine is significantly more stable than the one currently used and allows normal oxidation conditions during solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Actinomycin binds weakly to ps duplexes containing guanine-isocytosine base pairs but not to ps-DNA incorporating pairs of isoguanine-cytosine residues. On the contrary, the actinomycin D analog actinomin, which contains positively charged side chains instead of the chiral peptide rings, is strongly bound to both ps- and aps-DNA. Guanines, isoguanine, as well as other 7-deaza derivatives are accepted as nucleobases. Apparently, the pentapeptide lacton rings of actinomycin do not fit nicely into the groove of ps-DNA thereby reducing the binding strength of the antibiotic while the groove size of ps-DNA does not affect actinomin binding notably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Geinguenaud F, Mondragon-Sanchez JA, Liquier J, Shchyolkina AK, Klement R, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM, Taillandier E. Parallel DNA double helices incorporating isoG or m5isoC bases studied by FTIR, CD and molecular modeling. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:579-587. [PMID: 15649787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy has been used to follow the formation of parallel stranded DNA duplexes incorporating isoG or m5isoC bases and determine their base pairing scheme. The results are discussed in comparison with data concerning anti-parallel duplexes with comparable base composition and sequence. In duplexes containing A-T and isoG-C or m5isoC-G base pairs shifts of the thymine C2=O2 and C4=O4 carbonyl stretching vibrations (to lower and higher wavenumbers, respectively, when compared to their positions in classical cis Watson-Crick (WC) base pairs) reflect the formation of trans Watson-Crick A-T base pairs. All carbonyl groups of cytosines, m5isocytosines, guanines and isoguanines are found to be involved in hydrogen bonds, indicative of the formation of isoG-C and m5isoC-G base pairs with three hydrogen bonds. Molecular modeling shows that both structures form regular right handed helices with C2'endo sugar puckers. The role of the water content on the helical conformation of the parallel duplexes has been studied by FTIR and CD. It is found that a conformational transition similar to the B --> A transition observed for anti-parallel duplexes induced by a decrease of the water content of the samples can occur for these parallel duplexes. Their helical flexibility has been evidenced by FTIR studies on hydrated films by the emergence of absorption bands characteristic of A type geometry, in particular by an S-type --> N-type repuckering of the deoxyribose. All sugars in the parallel duplex with alternating d(isoG-A)/d(C-T) sequence can adopt an N-type geometry in low water content conditions. The conformational transition of the parallel hairpin duplex with alternating d(isoG-A)/d(C-T) sequence was followed by circular dichroism in water/trifluoroethanol solutions and its free energy at 0 degrees C was estimated to be 6.6 +/- 0.3 kcal mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Geinguenaud
- Equipe de Spectroscopie Biomoléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
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Switzer C, Chaput JC. Probing structure and function with alternative nucleic acids bearing 2',5'-linked, zwitterionic, and isocytosine-isoguanine components. Methods 2001; 23:141-8. [PMID: 11181033 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2000.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of alternative functional components into nucleic acids can provide insight into what molecular features are necessary for an informational macromolecule to be successful. It can also provide a means to improve particular physical characteristics of nucleic acids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, or probe mechanisms. By testing the fitness of nucleic acid-like molecules derived by structural permutations of RNA, it may also prove possible to trace a path from simple prebiotic precursors to biotic molecules. This article describes the applications of 2',5'-phosphodiester linked, zwitterionic, and base-permuted nucleic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Switzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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Seela F, Wei C, Becher G, Zulauf M, Leonard P. The influence of modified purine bases on the stability of parallel DNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:289-92. [PMID: 10698456 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of the parallel-stranded (ps) DNA duplexes is increased when the dA-residues are replaced by the 7-substituted 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine derivatives 3a,b or the dG-residues by the 8-aza-7-deazapurine 2'-deoxynucleosides 6 and 7a,b. Also the N-7-glycosylated adenine 5 forms stable base pairs in ps-DNA while it destabilizes oligonucleotide duplexes with antiparallel chain orientation. The presence of a 2-amino group as in compound 4b is critical for the DNA-structure, leading to a much greater destabilization of the ps-hybrids than of aps-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seela
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Germany.
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