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Rodríguez-Berríos RR, Isbel SR, Bugarin A. Epoxide-Based Synthetic Approaches toward Polypropionates and Related Bioactive Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6195. [PMID: 37047173 PMCID: PMC10094535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropionate units are a common structural feature of many of the natural products in polyketides, some of which have shown a broad range of antimicrobial and therapeutic potential. Polypropionates are composed of a carbon skeleton with alternating methyl and hydroxy groups with a specific configuration. Different approaches have been developed for the synthesis of polypropionates and herein we include, for the first time, all of the epoxide-based methodologies that have been reported over the years by several research groups such as Kishi, Katsuki, Marashall, Miyashita, Prieto, Sarabia, Jung, McDonald, etc. Several syntheses of polypropionate fragments and natural products that employed epoxides as key intermediates have been described and summarized in this review. These synthetic approaches involve enatio- and diastereoselective synthesis of epoxides (epoxy-alcohols, epoxy-amides, and epoxy-esters) and their regioselective cleavage with carbon and/or hydride nucleophiles. In addition, we included a description of the isolation and biological activities of the polypropionates and related natural products that have been synthetized using epoxide-based approaches. In conclusion, the epoxide-based methodologies are a non-aldol alternative approach for the construction of polypropionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R. Rodríguez-Berríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico;
| | - Stephen R. Isbel
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
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Expeditious Asymmetric Synthesis of Polypropionates Relying on Sulfur Dioxide-Induced C–C Bond Forming Reactions. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the organic chemistry of sulfur dioxide (SO2) consisted of sulfinates that react with carbon electrophiles to generate sulfones. With alkenes and other unsaturated compounds, SO2 generates polymeric materials such as polysulfones. More recently, H-ene, sila-ene and hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of SO2 have been realized under conditions that avoid polymer formation. Sultines resulting from the hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of conjugated dienes and SO2 are formed more rapidly than the corresponding more stable sulfolenes resulting from the cheletropic additions. In the presence of a protic or Lewis acid catalyst, the sultines derived from 1-alkoxydienes are ionized into zwitterionic intermediates bearing 1-alkoxyallylic cation moieties which react with electro-rich alkenes such as enol silyl ethers and allylsilanes with high stereoselectivity. (C–C-bond formation through Umpolung induced by SO2). This produces silyl sulfinates that react with carbon electrophiles to give sulfones (one-pot four component asymmetric synthesis of sulfones), or with Cl2, generating the corresponding sulfonamides that can be reacted in situ with primary and secondary amines (one-pot four component asymmetric synthesis of sulfonamides). Alternatively, Pd-catalyzed desulfinylation generates enantiomerically pure polypropionate stereotriads in one-pot operations. The chirons so obtained are flanked by an ethyl ketone moiety on one side and by a prop-1-en-1-yl carboxylate group on the other. They are ready for two-directional chain elongations, realizing expeditious synthesis of long-chain polypropionates and polyketides. The stereotriads have also been converted into simpler polypropionates such as the cyclohexanone moiety of baconipyrone A and B, Kishi’s stereoheptad unit of rifamycin S, Nicolaou’s C1–C11-fragment and Koert’s C16–CI fragment of apoptolidin A. This has also permitted the first total synthesis of (-)-dolabriferol.
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C-Methylation of Organic Substrates: A Comprehensive Overview. Part II—Methyl Metals as Methylating Agents. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen M, Roush WR. Crotylboron-based synthesis of the polypropionate units of chaxamycins A/D, salinisporamycin, and rifamycin S. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3-8. [PMID: 22703288 PMCID: PMC3465507 DOI: 10.1021/jo3008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of the C(15)-C(27) fragments of chaxamycins A/D, rifamycin S, and the C(12)-C(24) fragment of salinisporamycin have been accomplished in 10 steps from commercially available starting materials. Three crotylboron reagents were utilized to construct the seven contiguous stereocenters in these fragments with excellent stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458
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Torres W, Rodríguez RR, Prieto JA. Stereoselective construction of all-anti polypropionate modules: synthesis of the C5-C10 fragment of streptovaricin U. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2447-51. [PMID: 19236033 DOI: 10.1021/jo8026966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concise nonaldol approach for the stereoselective construction of all-anti polypropionate fragments was developed. The iterative epoxide-based methodology consists of the syn-selective epoxidation of cis homoallylic alcohols with use of the VO(acac)(2)-catalyzed conditions followed by epoxide cleavage with a propynyl aluminum reagent as key steps. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of the all-anti C6-C10 fragment of streptovaricin U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wildeliz Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Abstract
At low temperature and in the presence of an acid catalyst, SO2 adds to 1,3-dienes equilibrating with the corresponding 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxathiin-2-oxides (sultines). These compounds are unstable above -60 °C and equilibrate with the more stable 2,5-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxides (sulfolenes). The hetero-Diels-Alder additions of SO2 are suprafacial and follow the Alder endo rule. The sultines derived from 1-oxy-substituted and 1,3-dioxy-disubstituted 1,3-dienes cannot be observed at -100 °C but are believed to be formed faster than the corresponding sulfolenes. In the presence of acid catalysts, the 6-oxy-substituted sultines equilibrate with zwitterionic species that react with electron-rich alkenes such as enoxysilanes and allylsilanes, generating β,γ-unsaturated silyl sulfinates that can be desilylated and desulfinylated to generate polypropionate fragments containing up to three contiguous stereogenic centers and an (E)-alkene unit. Alternatively, the silyl sulfinates can be reacted with electrophiles to generate polyfunctional sulfones (one-pot, four-component synthesis of sulfones), or oxidized into sulfonyl chlorides and reacted with amines, then realizing a one-pot, four-component synthesis of polyfunctional sulfonamides. Using enantiomerically enriched dienes such as 1-[(R)- or 1-(S)-phenylethyloxy]-2-methyl-(E,E)-penta-1,3-dien-3-yl isobutyrate, derived from inexpensive (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethanol, enantiomerically enriched stereotriads are obtained in one-pot operations. The latter are ready for further chain elongation. This has permitted the development of expeditious total asymmetric syntheses of important natural products of biological interest such as the baconipyrones, rifamycin S, and apoptolidin A.
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Shang S, Iwadare H, Macks DE, Ambrosini LM, Tan DS. A unified synthetic approach to polyketides having both skeletal and stereochemical diversity. Org Lett 2007; 9:1895-8. [PMID: 17439132 PMCID: PMC2597797 DOI: 10.1021/ol070405p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient systematic approach to the diversity-oriented synthesis of polyketides has been developed to provide both skeletal and stereochemical diversity. Each synthetic intermediate is also a desired polyketide fragment and no protecting group manipulations are required. A first-generation synthesis provides a 74-membered polyketide library comprising six different skeletal classes, each in one to five steps from propargylic alcohol precursors. A study of epoxyol opening reactions revealed unusual reactivity trends based on epoxide configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Shang
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Turks M, Huang X, Vogel P. Expeditious Asymmetric Synthesis of a Stereoheptad Corresponding to the C(19)-C(27)-Ansa Chain of Rifamycins: Formal Total Synthesis of Rifamycin S. Chemistry 2005; 11:465-76. [PMID: 15551311 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of sulfur dioxide and an acid promoter, (-)-(1E,3Z)-2-methyl-1-((1S)-1-phenylethoxy)penta-1,3-dien-3-yl isobutyrate reacts with (Z)-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)pent-2-ene giving a silyl sulfinate intermediate that undergoes, in the presence of palladium catalyst, a desilylation and retro-ene elimination of SO(2) with formation of (-)-(1Z,2S,3R,4S)-1-ethylidene-2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-((1S)-1-phenylethoxy)-heptyl isobutyrate as major product. This ethyl ketone undergoes cross-aldol reaction with (2S)-2-methyl-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]propanal giving an aldol that is reduced into a stereoheptad corresponding to the C(19)-C(27)-segment of Rifamycins with high diastereoselectivity and enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Māris Turks
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, BCH 1015, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
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Chênevert R, Rose YS. Enzymatic desymmetrization of a meso polyol corresponding to the C(19)-C(27) segment of rifamycin S. J Org Chem 2000; 65:1707-9. [PMID: 10750492 DOI: 10.1021/jo991437w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective acylation of meso polyol 2 by vinyl acetate (solvent and acyl donor) in the presence of porcine pancreas lipase gave the corresponding monoester 5 in good yield (76%) and high enantiomeric purity (ee > 98%). The enzymatic reaction was also highly regioselective for a primary alcohol end group, and the two unprotected secondary alcohols were not involved. Compound 5 corresponds to the C(19)-C(27) fragment of rifamycin S.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chênevert
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Maruyama K, Ueda M, Sasaki S, Iwata Y, Miyazawa M, Miyashita M. Highly stereoselective epoxidation of a 4-methyl-5-(triethylsilyl)oxyallyl alcohol system with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ishibashi N, Miyazawa M, Miyashita M. Efficient and stereospecific construction of asymmetric quaternary carbons via γ-alkyl-γ,δ-epoxy acrylates. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Miyazawa M, Oonuma S, Maruyama K, Miyashita M. Stereoselective Synthesis of the C1-C7Segment of (+)-Discodermolide. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Miyazawa M, Ishibashi N, Ohnuma S, Miyashita M. Stereospecific internal alkylation of terminal γ,δ-epoxy acrylates. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Miyashita M, Shiratani T, Kawamine K, Hatakeyama S, Irie H. Tandem synthesis of polypropionate chains–highly stereoselective synthesis of the ansa chain of streptovaricin U and protostreptovaricins based on stereospecific methylation of γ,δ-epoxy acrylates by trimethylaluminium. Chem Commun (Camb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/cc9960001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kernen P, Vogel P. Synthesis of Polypropionate Fragments Containing Tertiary-Alcohol Moieties. Cross-aldolisations with lithium enolates of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fujiwara K, Amano S, Oka T, Murai A. Synthesis of the Tetrahydropyran Ring Part of a Marine Toxin Polycavernoside-A. CHEM LETT 1994. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1994.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ibuka T, Nakai K, Habashita H, Hotta Y, Fujii N, Mimura N, Miwa Y, Taga T, Yamamoto Y. Ein neuer Weg zu diastereomerenreinen (E)-Alken-Dipeptidisosteren ausgehend von β-Aziridinyl-α,β-enoaten durch Umsetzung mit Organokupfer-Reagentien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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