1
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Adu-Ampratwum D, Okumu AA, Kenton NT, Forsyth CJ. Synthesis of the C22–C40 Domain of the Azaspiracids. Org Lett 2016; 18:1824-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Daniel Adu-Ampratwum
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Antony Akura Okumu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nathaniel T. Kenton
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Craig J. Forsyth
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Triantafyllakis M, Tofi M, Montagnon T, Kouridaki A, Vassilikogiannakis G. Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Synthesis of Bis-spiroketals Found in Azaspiracids. Org Lett 2014; 16:3150-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501301w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Triantafyllakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Tofi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonia Kouridaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
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3
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Furey A, O'Doherty S, O'Callaghan K, Lehane M, James KJ. Azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish: Toxicological and health considerations. Toxicon 2010; 56:173-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Evans DA, Kvaernø L, Dunn TB, Beauchemin A, Raymer B, Mulder JA, Olhava EJ, Juhl M, Kagechika K, Favor DA. Total synthesis of (+)-azaspiracid-1. An exhibition of the intricacies of complex molecule synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16295-309. [PMID: 19006391 PMCID: PMC3408805 DOI: 10.1021/ja804659n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the marine neurotoxin azaspiracid-1 has been accomplished. The individual fragments were synthesized by catalytic enantioselective processes: A hetero-Diels-Alder reaction to afford the E- and HI-ring fragments, a carbonyl-ene reaction to furnish the CD-ring fragment, and a Mukaiyama aldol reaction to deliver the FG-ring fragment. The subsequent fragment couplings were accomplished by aldol and sulfone anion methodologies. All ketalization events to form the nonacyclic target were accomplished under equilibrating conditions utilizing the imbedded configurations of the molecule to adopt one favored conformation. A final fragment coupling of the anomeric EFGHI-sulfone anion to the ABCD-aldehyde completed the convergent synthesis of (+)-azaspiracid-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Evans
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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5
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Li J, Li X, Mootoo DR. Synthetic and Computational Studies on the ABC Trioxadispiroketal Subunit of the Marine Biotoxin Azaspiracid-1. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trioxadispiroketal residue in the marine biotoxin azaspiracid-1, which exists in a configuration capable of exhibiting a double anomeric effect, is believed to be the thermodynamically most stable bis-spiroketal diastereomer. In order to get insight into how structural factors affect this equilibrium, a simplified ABC trioxadispiroketal analog of azaspiracid-1 was synthesized and subjected to equilbration and computational studies. Compound 7, which represents a double anomeric effect was obtained as the major isomer, together with diastereomers 14 and 15, in a respective ratio of 62:22:16. DFT calculations for 7, 14 and 15 qualitatively matched this observation. These results suggest that while a double anomeric effect may play a major role in the stability of the trioxadispiroketal configuration in the more complex natural product, the substitution pattern of the C ring is also a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David R. Mootoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, New York, NY 10021, USA
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6
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Li X, Li J, Mootoo DR. Synthesis of the ABCD Trioxadispiroketal Subunit of Azaspiracid-1: An Iodoetherification−Dehydroiodination Strategy for Complex Spiroketals. Org Lett 2007; 9:4303-6. [PMID: 17880232 DOI: 10.1021/ol701866v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unusual spiroketalization strategy in which a hydroxyalkene serves as a precursor to a cyclic enol ether was applied to the synthesis of the ABCD trioxadispiroketal subunit of azaspiracid-1. The trioxadispiroketal product, which represents a double anomeric effect, was obtained as a single trioxadispiroketal diastereomer. A key ploy in the synthesis of the CD segment was the use of a cyclopropane as a synthon for the C-14 methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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7
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Yadav J, Joyasawal S, Dutta S, Kunwar A. Stereoselective synthesis of the ABCD ring framework of azaspiracids. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Nicolaou KC, Frederick MO, Petrovic G, Cole KP, Loizidou EZ. Total synthesis and confirmation of the revised structures of azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:2609-15. [PMID: 16548033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Evans D, Kværnø L, Mulder J, Raymer B, Dunn T, Beauchemin A, Olhava E, Juhl M, Kagechika K. Total Synthesis of (+)-Azaspiracid-1. Part I: Synthesis of the Fully Elaborated ABCD Aldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Evans DA, Kvaernø L, Mulder JA, Raymer B, Dunn TB, Beauchemin A, Olhava EJ, Juhl M, Kagechika K. Total Synthesis of (+)-Azaspiracid-1. Part I: Synthesis of the Fully Elaborated ABCD Aldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4693-7. [PMID: 17546577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Evans
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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11
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Zhou XT, Lu L, Furkert DP, Wells CE, Carter RG. Synthesis of the southern FGHI ring system of azaspiracid-1 and investigation into the controlling elements of C28- and C36-ketalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7622-6. [PMID: 17044107 PMCID: PMC2414259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ti Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Fax: (+ 1) 541−737−9496 E-mail:
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Fax: (+ 1) 541−737−9496 E-mail:
| | - Daniel P. Furkert
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Fax: (+ 1) 541−737−9496 E-mail:
| | - Charles E. Wells
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Fax: (+ 1) 541−737−9496 E-mail:
| | - Rich G. Carter
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Fax: (+ 1) 541−737−9496 E-mail:
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12
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Zhou XT, Lu L, Furkert DP, Wells CE, Carter RG. Synthesis of the Southern FGHI Ring System of Azaspiracid-1 and Investigation into the Controlling Elements of C28- and C36-Ketalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Nicolaou KC, Frederick MO, Loizidou EZ, Petrovic G, Cole KP, Koftis TV, Yamada YMA. Second-Generation Total Synthesis of Azaspiracids-1, -2, and -3. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:245-63. [PMID: 17441061 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring but scarce marine neurotoxins azaspiracids-1, -2, and -3 have been synthesized from five key building blocks by a convergent strategy that involved dithiane and Stille coupling reactions. The ABCD fragments were constructed through a cascade reaction involving deprotection/self-assembly of the precursors, while the FGHI fragment was forged by a neodymium triflate-induced cyclization. The final ring closure (ring G) was achieved, after the union of all fragments, through an iodoetherification reaction followed by reductive removal of the facilitating iodine residue. These improved, second-generation routes confirm the absolute structures and render all three azaspiracids readily available for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Nicolaou KC, Frederick MO, Petrovic G, Cole KP, Loizidou EZ. Total Synthesis and Confirmation of the Revised Structures of Azaspiracid-2 and Azaspiracid-3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Zhou XT, Carter RG. Synthesis of the C1–C26 Northern Portion of Azaspiracid-1: Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control of the Formation of the Bis-spiroketal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Zhou XT, Carter RG. Synthesis of the C1-C26 northern portion of azaspiracid-1: kinetic versus thermodynamic control of the formation of the bis-spiroketal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1787-90. [PMID: 16470899 PMCID: PMC2414258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ti Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
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17
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Aho JE, Pihko PM, Rissa TK. Nonanomeric Spiroketals in Natural Products: Structures, Sources, and Synthetic Strategies. Chem Rev 2005; 105:4406-40. [PMID: 16351049 DOI: 10.1021/cr050559n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatta E Aho
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology, TKK, Finland
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18
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Abstract
The de novo analysis, design, and synthesis of the azaspiracid-1 trioxadispiroketal system is described. A revised structural model was developed on the basis of an independent analysis of the NMR spectral data of the natural product that fit all of the data and the thermodynamically favored spiroketal paradigm. This model was then tested via synthesis using a novel trioxadispiroketalization process and supported by spectroscopic correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Geisler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technology, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55113, USA
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19
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James KJ, Fidalgo Sáez MJ, Furey A, Lehane M. Azaspiracid poisoning, the food-borne illness associated with shellfish consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:879-92. [PMID: 15666982 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) is a recently discovered toxic syndrome that was identified following severe gastrointestinal illness from the consumption of contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis). The implicated toxins, azaspiracids, are polyethers with unprecedented structural features. Studies toward total toxin synthesis revealed that the initial published structures were incorrect and they have now been revised. These toxins accumulate in bivalve molluscs that feed on toxic microalgae of the genus Protoperidinium, previously considered to be toxicologically benign. Although first identified in shellfish from Ireland, azaspiracid contamination of several types of bivalve shellfish species has now been confirmed throughout the western coastline of Europe. Toxicological studies have indicated that azaspiracids can induce widespread organ damage in mice and that they are probably more dangerous than previously known classes of shellfish toxins. The exclusive reliance on live animal bioassays to monitor azaspiracids in shellfish failed to prevent human intoxications. This was a consequence of poor sensitivity of the assay and the fact that azaspiracids are not exclusively found in the shellfish digestive glands used for toxin testing. The strict regulatory control of azaspiracids in shellfish now requires frequent testing of shellfish using highly specific and sensitive methods involving liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J James
- Proteobio, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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20
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21
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Nishiyama S, Ishikawa Y. Synthesis of the ABCD Ring System of Azaspiracid, a Marine Poison from Mytilus edulis. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-10000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Synthesis of the BCD ring system of azaspiracid: construction of the trispiro ring structure by the thioether approach. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Carter RG, Bourland T, Zhou XT, Gronemeyer MA. Controlling influences in bisspiroketal formation: synthesis of the ABC ring system of azaspiracid. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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25
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Nakamura S, Inagaki J, Kudo M, Sugimoto T, Obara K, Nakajima M, Hashimoto S. Studies directed toward the total synthesis of pinnatoxin A: synthesis of the 6,5,6-dispiroketal (BCD ring) system by double hemiketal formation/hetero-Michael addition strategy. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Freire R, Martı́n A, Pérez-Martı́n I, Suárez E. Synthesis of oxa-aza spirobicycles by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction promoted by N -radicals in carbohydrate systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Carter RG, Graves DE, Gronemeyer MA, Tschumper GS. Synthesis of the ABC ring system of Azaspiracid. 2. A systematic study into the effect of C(16) and C(17) substitution on bis-spirocyclization. Org Lett 2002; 4:2181-4. [PMID: 12074662 PMCID: PMC2424254 DOI: 10.1021/ol026034o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A systematic study into the effect of C(16) and C(17) substitution on the stereochemical outcome of bis-spirocyclization to form the ABC ring system of azaspiracid is disclosed. Successful construction of the natural 10R,13R bis-spirocyclic stereochemistry has been accomplished on the C(16) benzyloxy-containing precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich G Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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28
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Carter RG, Bourland TC, Graves DE. Synthesis of the ABC ring system of azaspiracid. 1. Effect of D ring truncation on bis-spirocyclization. Org Lett 2002; 4:2177-9. [PMID: 12074661 PMCID: PMC2424237 DOI: 10.1021/ol026033w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Synthesis of a spirocyclization precursor with a truncated D ring has been accomplished. Subsequent bis-spirocyclization induced the formation of equal amounts of the natural transoidal 10R,13R bis-spirocycle and its cisoidal 10R,13S epimer under an apparent thermodynamically controlled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich G Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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