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Fouad M, Ferretti F, Ragaini F. Formic Acid as Carbon Monoxide Source in the Palladium-Catalyzed N-Heterocyclization of o-Nitrostyrenes to Indoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5108-5117. [PMID: 36655880 PMCID: PMC10127278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The reductive cyclization reaction of o-nitrostyrenes to generate indoles has been investigated for three decades using CO as a cheap reducing agent, but it remains an interesting area of research and improvements. However, using toxic CO gas has several drawbacks. As a result, it is highly preferable to use safe and efficient surrogates for in situ generation of CO from nontoxic and affordable sources. Among several CO sources that have been previously explored for the generation of gaseous CO, here we report the use of cheap and readily available formic acid as an effective reductant for the reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes. The reaction is air and water tolerant and provides the desired indoles in yields up to 99%, at a low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %) and without generating toxic or difficult to separate byproducts. A cheap glass thick-walled "pressure tube" can be used instead of less available autoclaves, even on a 2 g scale, thus widening the applicability of our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar
Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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2
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Boyarskaya DV, Ongaro A, Piemontesi C, Wang Q, Zhu J. Synthesis of 3-Acyloxyindolenines by TiCl 3-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of 2-( ortho-Nitroaryl)-Substituted Enol Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:7004-7008. [PMID: 36121329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of TiCl3, the reductive cyclization of tetrasubstituted enol esters bearing a 2-(ortho-nitroaryl) substituent affords 3-acyloxy-2,3-disubstituted indolenines in good yields. A domino process involving the partial reduction of nitro to a nitroso group followed by 5-center-6π-electrocyclization, 1,2-acyloxy migration, and the further reduction of the resulting nitrone intermediate accounts for the reaction outcome. The so-obtained indolenines are converted smoothly to 2,2-disubstituted oxindoles via a sequence of saponification and semipinacol rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Boyarskaya
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Piemontesi
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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3
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Fu Y, Sun P, Li G, He R, Shi L, Xing N. Recent advances in the synthetic method and mechanism for the important N‐heterocyclic compound of 3‐methylindole. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Pinghui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Gong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Riyang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Na Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
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Bzeih T, Zhang K, Khalaf A, Hachem A, Alami M, Hamze A. One-Pot Reaction between N-Tosylhydrazones and 2-Nitrobenzyl Bromide: Route to NH-Free C2-Arylindoles. J Org Chem 2018; 84:228-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tourin Bzeih
- LabEx LERMIT, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS−UMR 8076, rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F−92296, France
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1), and PRASE-EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Kena Zhang
- LabEx LERMIT, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS−UMR 8076, rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F−92296, France
| | - Ali Khalaf
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1), and PRASE-EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Ali Hachem
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1), and PRASE-EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mouad Alami
- LabEx LERMIT, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS−UMR 8076, rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F−92296, France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- LabEx LERMIT, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS−UMR 8076, rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F−92296, France
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5
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Yang L, Shi L, Xing Q, Huang KW, Xia C, Li F. Enabling CO Insertion into o-Nitrostyrenes beyond Reduction for Selective Access to Indolin-2-one and Dihydroquinolin-2-one Derivatives. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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6
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Volvoikar PS, Tilve S. Tandem Wittig – Reductive annulation decarboxylation approach for the synthesis of indole and 2-substituted indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Tsygankov AA, Makarova M, Chusov D. Carbon monoxide as a selective reducing agent in organic chemistry. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Tong S, Xu Z, Mamboury M, Wang Q, Zhu J. Aqueous Titanium Trichloride Promoted Reductive Cyclization ofo-Nitrostyrenes to Indoles: Development and Application to the Synthesis of Rizatriptan and Aspidospermidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Tong S, Xu Z, Mamboury M, Wang Q, Zhu J. Aqueous Titanium Trichloride Promoted Reductive Cyclization of
o
‐Nitrostyrenes to Indoles: Development and Application to the Synthesis of Rizatriptan and Aspidospermidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11809-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tong
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Mathias Mamboury
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
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11
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Llona-Minguez S, Desroses M, Ghassemian A, Jacques SA, Eriksson L, Isacksson R, Koolmeister T, Stenmark P, Scobie M, Helleday T. Vinylic MIDA Boronates: New Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Aza-Heterocycles. Chemistry 2015; 21:7394-8. [PMID: 25809883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A two-step synthesis of structurally diverse pyrrole-containing bicyclic systems is reported. ortho-Nitro-haloarenes coupled with vinylic N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronates generate ortho-vinyl-nitroarenes, which undergo a "metal-free" nitrene insertion, resulting in a new pyrrole ring. This novel synthetic approach has a wide substrate tolerance and it is applicable in the preparation of more complex "drug-like" molecules. Interestingly, an ortho-nitro-allylarene derivative furnished a cyclic β-aminophosphonate motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Llona-Minguez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational, Medicine & Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 21 (Sweden) http://www.helleday.org.
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12
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Umeda R, Mashino T, Nishiyama Y. Synthesis of multisubstituted 1H-pyrrole: selenium-catalyzed reaction of γ-nitro substituted carbonyl compounds and carbon monoxide. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Umeda R, Kouno H, Kitagawa T, Okamoto T, Kawashima K, Mashino T, Nishiyama Y. Selective Synthesis of Quinolines and Indoles: Sulfur-Assisted or Selenium-Catalyzed Reaction of β-(2-Nitrophenyl)-α,β-unsaturated Ketones with Carbon Monoxide. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Umeda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouno
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mashino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Yutaka Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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14
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Maeno Z, Mitsudome T, Mizugaki T, Jitsukawa K, Kaneda K. Selective synthesis of Rh5 carbonyl clusters within a polyamine dendrimer for chemoselective reduction of nitro aromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6526-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Nishiyama Y, Umeda R, Nishimoto Y, Mashino T. Synthesis of Indoles: Sulfur-Assisted Reaction of 2-Nitrostilbenes with Carbon Monoxide. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Okuro K, Gurnham J, Alper H. Ionic Diamine Rhodium Complex Catalyzed Reductive N-Heterocyclization of 2-Nitrovinylarenes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4715-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200320k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Okuro
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joanna Gurnham
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Howard Alper
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
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17
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Umeda R, Morishita S, Nishiyama Y. Selenium-catalyzed reductive cyclization and carbocyclization of 2,2′-dinitrostilbenes with carbon monoxide: One-shot synthesis of indolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Nishiyama Y, Ikeda S, Nishida H, Umeda R. Selenium-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Reduction of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Carbon Monoxide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20090347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Zhao X, Yu Z, Zeng F, Chen J, Wu X, Wu S, Xiao WJ, Zheng Z. Highly Efficient Route to Diselenides from the Reactions of Imines and Selenium in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide and Water. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Liu X, Lu S. Selective formation of aromatic amines by selenium-catalyzed reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with CO/H2O under atmospheric pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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O'Dell DK, Nicholas KM. Unexpected products from the Fp2-catalyzed reductive cyclization of nitroaromatics bearing pendant unsaturation. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Söderberg BCG, Wallace JM, Tamariz J. A novel palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinoxalines and 3,4-dihydroquinoxalinones. Org Lett 2002; 4:1339-42. [PMID: 11950357 DOI: 10.1021/ol025640g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of enamines, derived from 2-nitroanilines and alpha-substituted aldehydes, with carbon monoxide (6 atm) in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) (Pd(dba)(2)) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) afford readily separated mixtures of 1,2-dihydroquinoxalines and 3,4-dihydroquinoxalinones. Addition of a catalytic amount of 1,10-phenanthroline to the reaction mixture substantially improved the yield of products. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn C G Söderberg
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6045, USA.
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Nishiyama Y, Hirose M, Kitagaito W, Sonoda N. Synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one: selenium-catalyzed reductive N-heterocyclization of N-(2-nitrobenzoyl)amides with carbon monoxide. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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