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Cao J, Dong Z, Zhao H, Duan S, Cao X, Liu H, Yang Z. Allelopathic effect of rhubarb extracts on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1092-1101. [PMID: 33055399 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With its advantages of ecological safety, environmental affinity, and high selectivity, allelopathic technology has been widely developed for algae inhibition. However, obtaining effective allelochemicals and realizing their mechanism are difficult. In this paper, a Chinese herbal medicine, namely, Rheum palmatum L. (Chinese rhubarb), was utilized as a source of allelopathic substances for the first time. Four units of rhubarb organic extracts were collected to study the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, proteins, and algal toxin of Microcystis aeruginosa. Results showed that the ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous phases of the rhubarb extracts have notable inhibitory effects. After a 16-day treatment, the four extracts reduced M. aeruginosa by 64.1%, 59.3%, 61.9%, and 7.2% with disruption of algal photosynthesis and protein synthesis and reduction of algal toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
| | - Zezhang Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
| | - Shuhui Duan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaole Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
| | - Honglei Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental Protection Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zongzheng Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China E-mail:
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Lin S, Yu X, Fang J, Fan J. Influences of the micropollutant erythromycin on cyanobacteria treatment with potassium permanganate. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 177:115786. [PMID: 32305701 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms and micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics) in source waters are two increasing environmental issues worldwide. This study hypothesized that the coexisting antibiotics may possibly alter the efficiency of water treatment processes through affecting the physiological and biochemical characteristics of cyanobacterial cells. A toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to the common antibiotic erythromycin (ERY) at environmentally relevant concentrations; then, samples were collected on days 1, 4 and 6 to assess the efficiency of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in cyanobacteria oxidation. The percentage of intact cells remained constant after treatment with 2 mg L-1 KMnO4 in M. aeruginosa samples dosed with 0-5.0 μg L-1 ERY. Although 6 mg L-1 KMnO4 could damage cyanobacterial cells, its ability was considerably reduced as the concentrations of ERY increased. KMnO4 oxidation degraded the intracellular microcystins (MCs) in all of the cyanobacterial samples, even the samples with intact cells, possibly resulting from the stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The highest amounts of total MCs remained after oxidation with 2 and 6 mg L-1 KMnO4 in 0.2 μg L-1 ERY-treated cyanobacterial samples, which may be due to large amounts of MC production. The 5.0 μg L-1 ERY inhibited the growth of cyanobacterial cells and downregulated the expression of the MC synthesis gene (mcyB), which resulted in the lowest amounts of total MCs. However, it led to the highest concentration (4.6 μg L-1) of extracellular MCs after treatment with 2 mg L-1 KMnO4 for 300 min. Generally, this study indicates that the effectiveness of KMnO4 oxidation in cyanobacteria treatment decreased when the concentration of ERY increased. Hence, the possible risks caused by the coexistence of cyanobacteria and antibiotics, such as reduced efficiency of water treatment processes in cyanobacteria inactivation and degradation of the dissolved MCs, need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Lin
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Mrdjen I, Lee J. Simple and practical on-site treatment of high microcystin levels in water using polypropylene plastic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:1000-1005. [PMID: 29985758 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1471032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is a hepatotoxin produced by various cyanobacteria during harmful algal blooms (HAB's) in freshwater environments. Advanced treatment methods can remove MC from drinking water, but are costly and do not address recreational water exposure and ecosystem health concerns. Here we investigate the feasibility of utilizing plastics as a MC-adsorbing material, for use in water resources used for recreation, agriculture, aquaculture and drinking water. Water containing 20 µg/L MC-LR was exposed to polypropylene (PP) plastic for a six-day period at varying temperatures (22, 37, 65°C). Water samples were then collected at 0, 1, 2, and 6 hour-intervals to examine short term treatment feasibility. Samples were also taken at 24 hours, 3 days, and 6 days to determine long-term treatment effectiveness. MC concentrations were analyzed using ELISA. Results showed a maximal reduction of nearly 70% of MC-LR after a 6-day treatment with PP at 65°C. Temperature enhanced MC-LR reduction over a 6-day period: 70% reduction at 65°C; 50% at 37°C; 38% at 22°C. We propose an inexpensive intervention strategy which can be deployed rapidly on-site in various source waters, including in resource-limited settings. During the high peak of HAB season, the strategy can be applied in source waters, alleviating water treatment burden for treatment plants, lowering treatment costs and reducing chemical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mrdjen
- a Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- a Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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He H, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li C, Yao J, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li M, Li H, Dong WF. Detection of trace microcystin-LR on a 20MHz QCM sensor coated with in situ self-assembled MIPs. Talanta 2015; 131:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang C, Lü Y, Xu R, Chen Y, Yin K, Teng E. [Determination of five microcystins in water using liquid chromatography-diode array detection/ion trap mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2011; 29:212-6. [PMID: 21657049 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the determination of five microcystins (MCs) in water was established using liquid chromatography (LC)-diode array detection (DAD)/ion trap mass spectrometry (IT MS). The five MCs in water were enriched and purified by solid phase extraction, and determined by LC-DAD/IT MS. DAD was used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and IT MS was used for qualitative analysis only. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 5 MCs in water were 0.1 microg/L. The average recoveries of the three spiked levels (0.2, 0.8 and 5 microg/L) were 52.2% - 115.2% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2% - 10.0%. This method uses UV absorption spectrum and MS spectrum in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and can be applied in the determination of various MCs in both surface water and drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
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Abstract
Blue-green algae are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and brackish waters throughout the world. In case of excessive growth such as bloom formation, these bacteria can produce inherent toxins in quantities causing toxicity in mammals, including humans. These cyanotoxins include cyclic peptides and alkaloids. Among the cyclic peptides are the microcystins and the nodularins. The alkaloids include anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(S), cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins (STXs), aplysiatoxins and lyngbyatoxin. Both biological and chemical methods are used to determine cyanotoxins. Bioassays and biochemical assays are nonspecific, so they can only be used as screening methods. HPLC has some good prospects. For the subsequent detection of these toxins different detectors may be used, ranging from simple UV-spectrometry via fluorescence detection to various types of MS. The main problem in the determination of cyanobacterial toxins is the lack of reference materials of all relevant toxins. In general, toxicity data on cyanotoxins are rather scarce. A majority of toxicity data are known to be of microcystin-LR. For nodularins, data from a few animal studies are available. For the alkaloids, limited toxicity data exist for anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and STX. Risk assessment for acute exposure could be relevant for some types of exposure. Nevertheless, no acute reference doses have formally been derived thus far. For STX(s), many countries have established tolerance levels in bivalves, but these limits were set in view of STX(s) as biotoxins, accumulating in marine shellfish. Official regulations for other cyanotoxins have not been established, although some (provisional) guideline values have been derived for microcystins in drinking water by WHO and several countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E van Apeldoorn
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Sangolkar LN, Maske SS, Chakrabarti T. Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3485-96. [PMID: 17014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita N Sangolkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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Hyenstrand P, Metcalf JS, Beattie KA, Codd GA. Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by high performance liquid chromatography. WATER RESEARCH 2001; 35:3508-3511. [PMID: 11547876 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of adsorption to plastics and solvent conditions in the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR were investigated. Aqueous microcystin-LR readily adsorbed to the disposable polypropylene pipette tips commonly used in laboratory manipulations. This was not affected by the pH or salinity of the solution. Furthermore, dilutions of microcystin-LR in varying concentrations of methanol and acetonitrile influenced the quantification of the microcystin-LR concentration by high performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hyenstrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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Hyenstrand P, Metcalf JS, Beattie KA, Codd GA. Losses of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous solution by adsorption during laboratory manipulations. Toxicon 2001; 39:589-94. [PMID: 11024499 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of plastic and methanol on the loss of microcystin-LR from solution was analysed by HPLC with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). With plastic disposable pipette tips, the loss from an aqueous microcystin-LR (MC-LR) solution was 4.2% per tip operation. Using the same pipette tip, four operations were required to completely saturate a single tip with toxin. MC-LR attached to plastic pipette tips could subsequently be eluted by methanol and detected by HPLC-PDA. At methanol concentrations below 25% (v/v), recovered concentrations of MC-LR decreased significantly. Differences in MC-LR concentration were also noted by performing 50% dilution with Milli-Q water or methanol. The results are discussed in relation to the hydrophobicity of MC-LR, analytical procedures and the avoidance of toxin losses from solution during laboratory manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hyenstrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Dundee, UK
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