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Li Y, Gao J, Zheng X, Nie G, Qin J, Wang H, He T, Wheelock Å, Li CX, Cheng L, Li X. Diagnostic Prediction of portal vein thrombosis in chronic cirrhosis patients using data-driven precision medicine model. Brief Bioinform 2023; 25:bbad478. [PMID: 38221905 PMCID: PMC10788706 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a significant issue in cirrhotic patients, necessitating early detection. This study aims to develop a data-driven predictive model for PVT diagnosis in chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis patients. METHODS We employed data from a total of 816 chronic cirrhosis patients with PVT, divided into the Lanzhou cohort (n = 468) for training and the Jilin cohort (n = 348) for validation. This dataset encompassed a wide range of variables, including general characteristics, blood parameters, ultrasonography findings and cirrhosis grading. To build our predictive model, we employed a sophisticated stacking approach, which included Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA). RESULTS In the Lanzhou cohort, SVM and Naïve Bayes classifiers effectively classified PVT cases from non-PVT cases, among the top features of which seven were shared: Portal Velocity (PV), Prothrombin Time (PT), Portal Vein Diameter (PVD), Prothrombin Time Activity (PTA), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), age and Child-Pugh score (CPS). The QDA model, trained based on the seven shared features on the Lanzhou cohort and validated on the Jilin cohort, demonstrated significant differentiation between PVT and non-PVT cases (AUROC = 0.73 and AUROC = 0.86, respectively). Subsequently, comparative analysis showed that our QDA model outperformed several other machine learning methods. CONCLUSION Our study presents a comprehensive data-driven model for PVT diagnosis in cirrhotic patients, enhancing clinical decision-making. The SVM-Naïve Bayes-QDA model offers a precise approach to managing PVT in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine & Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Heart and Lung Centre, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xubin Zheng
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Great Bay University, Guangdong, China
| | - Guole Nie
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jican Qin
- School of Computing and Information Technology, Great Bay University, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao He
- Jilin Hepato-Biliary Diseases Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Åsa Wheelock
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine & Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chuan-Xing Li
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine & Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lixin Cheng
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Liu Z, Wei L, Ding H. Clinical characteristics of reflux esophagitis among patients with liver cirrhosis: a case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:384-391. [PMID: 34965186 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.2018489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflux esophagitis (RE) can cause esophageal varices bleeding and largely reduce life quality of liver cirrhosis (LC) patients. AIMS To clarify the prevalence, severity and risk factors of RE among LC patients. METHODS A case-control study that enrolled 420 endoscopy-confirmed LC patients with RE as a case cohort and 409 LC patients without RE as a control group was conducted. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors for RE among LC patients. RESULTS The 10-year cumulative incidence rate of RE was 4.79% among the LC patients. The severity of RE among the LC patients was higher than that among the non-LC patients (p<.05). The LC patients with RE patients were older (56 years vs. 53 years) and had higher rates of male patients (77.14% vs. 65.77%), smoking (46.90% vs. 32.76%), alcohol intake (50.24% vs. 41.08%), past endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) (9.05% vs. 4.65%), endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) (16.19% vs. 2.69%), hiatus hernia (7.14% vs. 0.13%) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) (14.05% vs. 4.01%). Logistic regression demonstrated that hiatus hernia, past EIS, PVT, smoking, white blood cell count, age, spleen thickness and platelet (PLT) count were risk factors for RE among the LC patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with LC tended to have severer RE than non-LC patients. The special risk factors of RE among LC patients included past EIS and PVT, which deserved extra attention for hepatologists as well as gastroenterologists to prevent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing You'an Hospital, Beijing, China
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Weil D, Di Martino V, Mourey G, Biichle S, Renaudin A, Laheurte C, Cypriani B, Delabrousse E, Grandclément E, Thévenot T, Saas P. Small Annexin V-Positive Platelet-Derived Microvesicles Affect Prognosis in Cirrhosis: A Longitudinal Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00333. [PMID: 33908373 PMCID: PMC8084097 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microvesicles (MVs) with procoagulant properties may favor liver parenchymal extinction, then cirrhosis-related complications and mortality. In a longitudinal cohort of cirrhotic patients, we measured plasma levels of platelet-derived MVs (PMVs), endothelial-derived MVs, and red blood cell-derived MVs, expressing phosphatidylserine (annexin V-positive [AV+]) or not, and evaluated their impact on Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and transplant-free survival. METHODS MVs were quantified using flow cytometry in plasma from 90 noninfected cirrhotic patients and 10 healthy volunteers matched for age and sex. Impact of plasma microvesicle levels on 6-month transplant-free survival was assessed using log-rank tests and logistic regression. RESULTS Microvesicle levels, mostly platelet-derived, were 2.5-fold higher in healthy volunteers compared with cirrhotic patients. Circulating small AV+ PMV levels were lower in cirrhotic patients (P = 0.014) and inversely correlated with MELD scores (R = -0.28; P = 0.0065). During 1-year follow-up, 8 patients died and 7 underwent liver transplantation. In the remaining patients, circulating microvesicle levels did not change significantly. Six-month transplant-free survival was lower in patients with low baseline small AV+ PMV levels (72.6% vs 96.2%; P = 0.0007). In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy, clinical decompensation, total platelet counts, MELD score, and/or Child-Pugh C stage, patients with lower small AV+ PMV levels had a significant 5- to 8-fold higher risk of 6-month death or liver transplant. Other PMV levels did not impact on survival. DISCUSSION Decreased circulating small AV+ PMV levels are associated with significantly lower transplant-free survival in cirrhotic patients independently of MELD score and platelet counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Weil
- Service d'Hépatologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
- EA 4266, Épigénétique des Infections Virales et des Maladies Inflammatoires EPILAB, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Di Martino
- Service d'Hépatologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
- EA 4266, Épigénétique des Infections Virales et des Maladies Inflammatoires EPILAB, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Guillaume Mourey
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LipSTIC LabEx, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, CIC-1431, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Sabeha Biichle
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LipSTIC LabEx, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, CIC-1431, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Adeline Renaudin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LipSTIC LabEx, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, CIC-1431, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Caroline Laheurte
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LipSTIC LabEx, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, CIC-1431, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Cypriani
- Service de Biochimie Médicale, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Thévenot
- Service d'Hépatologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
- EA 4266, Épigénétique des Infections Virales et des Maladies Inflammatoires EPILAB, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR 1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LipSTIC LabEx, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, CIC-1431, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
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Weil D, Thévenot T, Saas P, Di Martino V. Relevance of platelet-derived microvesicles in cirrhosis: The debate remains open. J Hepatol 2021; 74:488-490. [PMID: 33279255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Weil
- Service d'hépatologie et EA 4266, CHU Jean Minjoz et Université de Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Thévenot
- Service d'hépatologie et EA 4266, CHU Jean Minjoz et Université de Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- UMR 1098, Etablissement français du sang, INSERM CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Di Martino
- Service d'hépatologie et EA 4266, CHU Jean Minjoz et Université de Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Kumar N, Srivastava A, Kumari N, Mittal S, Yachha SK, Nayez Z, Poddar U. Prevalence, nature, and predictors of colonic changes in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91:849-858. [PMID: 31816313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The medical literature on colonic changes in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) is limited. We evaluated EHPVO children for prevalence, nature, and relation of colonic changes with disease duration, extent of splenoportal axis (SPA) thrombosis, portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), and esophageal varices (EVs). The correlation between histologic and endoscopic changes was studied. METHODS Subjects were evaluated by colonoscopy with ileoscopy and biopsy sampling, clinico-laboratory profiles, and SPA imaging. Colonic changes were classified as varices (rectal/colonic) and portal hypertensive colopathy (PHC; colitis-like or vascular lesions). Morphometric analysis of colonic biopsy specimens was performed. RESULTS Fifty-four children (median age, 12 years [range, 8-15]; hematochezia in 9 [16.6%]) were evaluated. Rectal and colonic varices were seen in 51 (94%) and 2 (3.7%) cases, respectively. Seventy-five percent of patients had PHC, and colitis-like lesions were more common than vascular lesions (36/40 vs 23/40; P = .001). Colopathy changes were pancolonic in 52.5%, left-sided in 42.5%, and right-sided in 5% of cases. Sixteen percent of patients (8/49) had ileal changes. Children with PHC had PHG more often (90% vs 57%; P = .01), more endotherapy sessions (mean 6 [range, 4-8] vs 2 [range, 1-4]; P = .03), and large EVs less often (12.5% vs 43%; P = .02) than those without colopathy. The extent of SPA thrombosis was similar in patients with and without PHC. The number of capillaries per crypt was higher in EHPVO than in control subjects. Morphometric changes had no correlation with endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS Most EHPVO children had colonic changes, and 16% had ileopathy. "Colitis-like" changes and left-side involvement were more common. Patients with PHG and eradicated EVs had a higher risk of PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumari
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somit Mittal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surender K Yachha
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zafar Nayez
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjal Poddar
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Systemic inflammation and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:401-405. [PMID: 31356372 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices and non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis have a higher risk of re-bleeding and poor prognosis. This study aimed to analyze inflammatory biomarkers and thromboelastography in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. METHODS A total of 385 consecutive cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices were prospectively enrolled between 1 December 2016, and 31 August 2017. Of these, 231 were eligible for analysis and were divided into portal vein thrombosis (n = 103) and non-portal vein thrombosis (n = 128) groups based on computerized tomography angiography findings. RESULTS Patients with portal vein thrombosis generally had higher Child-Pugh scores than those without portal vein thrombosis (6.38 ± 0.12 vs. 5.81 ± 0.09, P < 0.001). The serum albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with portal vein thrombosis (35.90 ± 0.52 vs. 38.52 ± 0.43, P < 0.001). The portal vein thrombosis group had significant higher serum levels of interleukin 6 [4.85 (3.15-6.99) vs. 3.09 (2.06-5.20) pg/ml, P < 0.001] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [10.70 (7.60-15.20) vs. 9.07 (7.03-11.60) pg/ml, P = 0.020]. The interleukin 6 level was 2.5-fold higher in patients with portal vein thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio: 2.574; 95% confidential interval: 1.248-5.310). Thromboelastography showed that TEG-R, the reaction time, was significantly lower in the portal vein thrombosis group [5.20 (4.80-6.30) vs. 6.00 (5.20-6.95), P = 0.009], indicating enhanced coagulation activity. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the important role of systemic inflammation in portal vein thrombosis. Interleukin 6, an important inflammatory cytokine, is independently associated with portal vein thrombosis. The correlation between the interleukin 6 level and portal vein thrombosis requires further investigation.
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Abu El-Makarem M, El-Akad A, Elian M, Sherif T, El-Shaheed R, Abd El Fatah A, Sayed D, Bakry R, Mahmoud A. Non-neoplastic Portal Vein Thrombosis in HCV Cirrhosis Patients: Is it an Immuno-Inflammatory Disorder? Ann Hepatol 2018; 16:574-583. [PMID: 28611261 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a critical complication in cirrhotic patients. We explored the role of the activated factor VII-antithrombin (FVIIa-AT) complex and enhanced monocytic tissue factor (TF) expression in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in cirrhotic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 30 HCV-cirrhosis patients were included in our study. They were compared to 35 cirrhotic patients without PVT, 15 non-cirrhotic patients with PVT, and 15 healthy controls. The plasma level of the FVIIa-AT complexes was analyzed by ELISA. MIF CD142, CD86, and HLA-DR on monocytes (CD14) were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with cirrhotic patients without PVT, cirrhotic patients with PVT had comparable plasma values of FVIIa, AT, and the FVIIa-AT complex. However, they had significantly lower values compared to non-cirrhotic patients with PVT and healthy controls. Cirrhotic patients with PVT had increased monocytic TF expression (MIF CD142) compared to non-PVT cirrhotic patients and healthy controls [86.5 (93.5) vs. 18 (32.0) and 11.0 (6.0), respectively; p < 0.001 for each]. However, cirrhosis PVT could not be distinguished from non-cirrhosis PVT. The area under the ROC curve of MIF CD142 was 0.759 (0.641- 0.876; p = 0.000) at an optimal cut-off value of 45, which yielded a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 77.1%, as well as a PPV and NPV of 69.2% for each. CONCLUSION Enhanced expression of monocytic TF may have a role in the development and prediction of non-neoplastic PVT in HCV-cirrhosis patients. Large multicenter studies are necessary to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abu El-Makarem
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Atef El-Akad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Elian
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Tahra Sherif
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Ragaa El-Shaheed
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Abd El Fatah
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Douaa Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Rania Bakry
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Aisha Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Haris M, Thachil J. The problem with incidental and chronic portal vein thrombosis. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 39:e29-e30. [PMID: 28077255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haris
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road; Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Harding DJ, Perera MTPR, Chen F, Olliff S, Tripathi D. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: Controversies and latest developments. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6769-84. [PMID: 26078553 PMCID: PMC4462717 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is encountered in liver cirrhosis, particularly in advanced disease. It has been a feared complication of cirrhosis, attributed to significant worsening of liver disease, poorer clinical outcomes and potential inoperability at liver transplantation; also catastrophic events such as acute intestinal ischaemia. Optimal management of PVT has not yet been addressed in any consensus publication. We review current literature on PVT in cirrhosis; its prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, impact on the natural history of cirrhosis and liver transplantation, and management. Studies were identified by a search strategy using MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The incidence of PVT increases with increasing severity of liver disease: less than 1% in well-compensated cirrhosis, 7.4%-16% in advanced cirrhosis. Prevalence in patients undergoing liver transplantation is 5%-16%. PVT frequently regresses instead of uniform thrombus progression. PVT is not associated with increased risk of mortality. Optimal management has not been addressed in any consensus publication. We propose areas for future research to address unresolved clinical questions.
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Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, Luongo M, Critelli R, Colopi S, Tata C, Zecchini R, Gitto S, Petta S, Lei B, Bernabucci V, Vukotic R, De Maria N, Schepis F, Karampatou A, Caporali C, Simoni L, Del Buono M, Zambotto B, Turola E, Fornaciari G, Schianchi S, Ferrari A, Valla D. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1253-1260.e4. [PMID: 22819864 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We performed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, in preventing portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with advanced cirrhosis. METHODS In a nonblinded, single-center study, 70 outpatients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes B7-C10) with demonstrated patent portal veins and without hepatocellular carcinoma were assigned randomly to groups that were given enoxaparin (4000 IU/day, subcutaneously for 48 weeks; n = 34) or no treatment (controls, n = 36). Ultrasonography (every 3 months) and computed tomography (every 6 months) were performed to check the portal vein axis. The primary outcome was prevention of PVT. Radiologists and hepatologists that assessed outcomes were blinded to group assignments. Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS At 48 weeks, none of the patients in the enoxaparin group had developed PVT, compared with 6 of 36 (16.6%) controls (P = .025). At 96 weeks, no patient developed PVT in the enoxaparin group, compared with 10 of 36 (27.7%) controls (P = .001). At the end of the follow-up period, 8.8% of patients in the enoxaparin group and 27.7% of controls developed PVT (P = .048). The actuarial probability of PVT was lower in the enoxaparin group (P = .006). Liver decompensation was less frequent among patients given enoxaparin (11.7%) than controls (59.4%) (P < .0001); overall values were 38.2% vs 83.0%, respectively (P < .0001). The actuarial probability of liver decompensation was lower in the enoxaparin group (P < .0001). Eight patients in the enoxaparin group and 13 controls died. The actuarial probability of survival was higher in the enoxaparin group (P = .020). No relevant side effects or hemorrhagic events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In a small randomized controlled trial, a 12-month course of enoxaparin was safe and effective in preventing PVT in patients with cirrhosis and a Child-Pugh score of 7-10. Enoxaparin appeared to delay the occurrence of hepatic decompensation and to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Calogero Cammà
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Marietta
- Department of Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Luongo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rosina Critelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Colopi
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Tata
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Ramona Zecchini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Gitto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Bernabucci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ranka Vukotic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Maria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Schepis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Aimilia Karampatou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristian Caporali
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Simoni
- Haematology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Del Buono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zambotto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Turola
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Ferrari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Dominique Valla
- Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France; INSERM U773-CRB3, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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El Kady N, Hamdy S, Zayed N, Mostafa M, Shaaban M, Omar D. Alterations in colonic mucosal lesions in patients with portal hypertension. Arab J Gastroenterol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ouyang FF, Wang LY. Relationship between liver cirrhosis and pulmonary function impairment. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:2203-2207. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i21.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the relationship between liver cirrhosis and pulmonary function impairment.
METHODS: Fifty patients with liver cirrhosis, who were treated at our hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from May 2007 to March 2008, were included in the study. All patients underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity), single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and DLCO per unit of alveolar volume (KCO, also known as DLCO/VA). The mean FEV1, FEV1/FVC, DLCO and KCO were compared between patients with and without liver palm, spider naevi, clinical jaundice, hypoproteinemia, hypersplenism or widening of the portal vein, respectively.
RESULTS: Approximately 34 percent of patients presented with ventilation abnormalities, mainly restrictive ventilation disorders. Decreased diffusion capacity was the most common pulmonary function disorder and was found in 72% of patients. The Child-Pugh score was correlated inversely with KCO (r = -0.351, P < 0.05). Serum albumin level was correlated positively with FEV1 and KCO (r = 0.334 and 0.336, respectively; both P < 0.05). The width of the portal vein was correlated inversely with FEV1 and DLCO (r = -0.389 and -0.417, respectively; both P < 0.05). The thickness of the spleen was correlated inversely with DLCO and KCO (r = -0.644 and -0.536, respectively; both P < 0.01). Hemoglobin concentration and the thickness of the spleen were independent predictors of DLCO (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The impairment of diffusion capacity is a very common disorder in patients with liver cirrhosis. Long-term portal hypertension is closely associated with the development of impaired diffusion capacity in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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de Melo-Júnior MR, de Figueiredo JL, Araújo Filho JLS, Machado MCFDP, Brandt CT, de Pontes-Filho NT. [Portal hypertension in mansonic schistosomiasis: repercussions of surgical treatment on the histomorphometric profile of the gastric mucosa]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:71-5. [PMID: 17486259 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The repercussions from surgical treatment for controlling portal hypertension and its effects on the gastric vasculature of young patients with mansonic schistosomiasis were investigated by digital image analysis. The study included five patients at the preoperative stage and 27 patients who had undergone surgical intervention at different times in the past: 0-2 years ago, n=4; 2-6 years ago, n=13, and more than 6 years ago, n=10. Endoscopic biopsies were taken from the mucosa of the gastric antrum and body endoscopic mucosa and the samples underwent routine histological tests after embedding in paraffin blocks. Histological thin sections were used for histomorphometric analysis of the following parameters: mean number of vessels per field, and mean diameter and thickness of the vessel walls. The results showed that, between the patients whose operation was not more than two years ago and those whose operation was more than six years ago, there was a significant decrease in the density and diameter of the vessels. These findings give support to the concept that the surgical treatment administered decreases specific histological alterations like hemorrhage and ectasia, over the long term.
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Palma MD, Aller MA, Vara E, Nava MP, Garcia C, Arias-Diaz J, Balibrea JL, Arias J. Portal hypertension produces an evolutive hepato-intestinal pro- and anti-inflammatory response in the rat. Cytokine 2006; 31:213-26. [PMID: 15950486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An inflammatory etiopathogeny can be suggested in portal hypertensive enteropathy since infiltration of the intestinal wall by mononuclear cells has been described in this condition. This work was carried out with the intention of shedding light on this matter. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 control groups and 4 groups with partial portal vein ligation at 1, 2, 3 and 15 months. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-10 were quantified in liver and ileum by ELISA. CO and NO were measured in splanchnic and systemic vein by spectrophotometry and Griess reaction, respectively. Expression of constitutive and inducible isoforms of NO and HO were assayed by Western blot in liver and ileum. An increased hepatic release of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NO) associated with intestinal release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, CO) occurs in an early evolutive phase (1 month) of experimental portal hypertension. On the contrary, in the long-term (15 months), the increase in the intestinal release of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) is associated with an increase in the hepatic release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, CO). These results suggest that experimental prehepatic portal hypertension presents changes in the serum and tissular (liver and small bowel) concentrations of mediators which are considered as pro- and anti-inflammatory.
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Prieto I, Aller MA, Santamaría L, Nava MP, Madero R, Pérez-Robledo JP, Arias J. Prehepatic portal hypertension produces increased mast cell density in the small bowel and in mesenteric lymph nodes in the rat. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1025-31. [PMID: 15955210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because most of the characteristics of the portal hypertensive enteropathy can be explained on the basis of increased levels of mast cell mediators, the purpose of the present paper was to study mast cell splanchnic infiltration. METHODS Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph node complex infiltration by mast cells was assayed by a stereological technique in control rats (group I; n = 5) and in an experimental model of portal hypertension (the portal vein-stenosed rat, group II; n = 5) at 6 weeks after operation. RESULTS Intestinal and mesenteric lymph node complex infiltration by mast cells increased in the animals with partial portal vein ligation. The mast cell density progressively increased distally along the small bowel. The mast cell increase in the mesenteric lymph node complex in portal vein-stenosed rats was greater than in the duodenum (P = 0.001), jejunum (P = 0.006) and ileum. CONCLUSION The rise of mast cells density in the small bowel and mesenteric lymph node complex in rats with partial portal vein ligation suggests that these cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of experimental portal prehepatic hypertensive enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prieto
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Justo CRE, Brandt CT, Lucena MT, Jales M. Effect of splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein on portal hypertensive colopathy in carriers of surgical hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Acta Cir Bras 2005; 20:9-14. [PMID: 15810460 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502005000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy and band ligation seem not to affect the endoscopic findings of Portal Hypertensive Colopathy (PHC) of cirrhotic patients. The aim was to assess the effect of splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein on the PHC in carriers of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni who underwent this surgery when they were between 9 and 18 year-old. METHODS Fourteen patients, mean age of 19.1 +/- 3.1 years, were included in the postoperative group (GI). The follow-up was from 1 to 9 years. The preoperative group (GII) consisted of nine patients, mean age of 14.0 +/- 3.1 years. Full-length colonoscopy was carried out in all patients. Search was made for PHC lesions. RESULTS Telangiectasy (GI 100% vs GII 100%), increased vascularisation (GI 57.1% vs GII 100%), focal and diffuse hyperemia (GI 14.3% vs GII 66.7%), angiodysplasia (GI 7.1% vs GII 33.3%), and rectal varix (GI 0% vs GII 55.6%) were the most frequent findings. It was observed that the patients of this series tended to exhibit fewer hemodynamic manifestations of the PHC after treatment (postoperative versus preoperative - chi2 = 8.155 - p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Splenectomy and ligature of the left gastric vein tend to reduce the abnormal vascular findings of PHC in carriers of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.
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Miranda MAC, Domingues ALC, Dias HS, Miranda RC, Jucá NT, Albuquerque MFM, Cordeiro FT. Hypertensive portal colopathy in schistosomiasis mansoni: proposal for a classification. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:67-71. [PMID: 15486638 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension is a frequent complication of chronic liver disease, detected not only in schistosomiasis, but also in cirrhosis of any etiology. Vascular alterations in the colonic mucosa are a potential source for acute or chronic bleeding and have been observed in patients with portal hypertension. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe and propose a classification for the vascular alterations of portal hypertension in the colonic mucosa among patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. One or more alterations of portal colopathy were observed in all patients and they were classified according to their intensity, obeying the classification proposed by the authors. Portal colopathy is an important finding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and might be the cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with severe portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angelina C Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego s/no, Cidade Univeresitária, 50640-900 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1569-1571. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To do a histomorphometric study of vascular changes in colonic mucosa of patients with portal hypertension (PHT) and to find their association with clinical and upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic observations. METHODS Full length colonoscopy was carried out in 55 patients with portal hypertension and 25 controls. Hemorrhoids, anorectal varices and colopathy were carefully looked for and recorded. Two biopsies each were taken from the caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. Sections from all the five sites were examined for histopathological changes with special reference to changes in mucosal capillaries. Morphometric assessment of the diameter of the capillary and thickness of the capillary wall was performed. These histomorphometric changes were correlated with clinical parameters and findings of upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic findings. RESULTS Dilated and congested capillaries as well as capillaries with irregular thickening of the wall were seen in a significantly higher number of sections from patients than controls in biopsies from all the five sites from caecum to rectum. On morphometry, the diameter of the capillaries and the thickness of the capillary wall in biopsies from all the five sites in patients was significantly higher than that in the control group. Apart from vascular changes, edema and inflammatory infiltrate in lamina propria were the other significant histological features noted. No significant association between clinical and endoscopic features and histomorphometric assessment was found. CONCLUSION Dilated tortuous mucosal capillaries with irregular thickening of wall, edema of lamina propria and mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate are the major histopathological changes seen in colonic biopsies of patients with PHT, showing that PHT produces changes in the colonic mucosa similar to those seen in the mucosa of upper GI tract. However, the histological changes had no correlation with the clinical or endoscopic findings except that the thickness of the capillary wall was higher in patients who had undergone endoscopic sclerotherapy as opposed to those who had not received sclerotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Misra
- Department of Pathology, M.L.N. Medical College, Allahabad, India.
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Huang EH, Marks JM. The diagnostic and therapeutic roles of colonoscopy: a review. Surg Endosc 2001; 15:1373-80. [PMID: 11965449 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-001-8138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2001] [Accepted: 04/11/2001] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, ColumbiaUniversity, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding is a frequent cause of physician consultations and hospital admissions. Clinical presentation is predictable and significantly influences subsequent patient management. Controversy surrounding diagnosis and treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding results from a surprising lack of prospective controlled data. Thus, selection of diagnostic and therapeutic manoeuvres often depends more on local expertise and availability than on an algorithm approach. Advances in endoscopic, radiological and surgical equipment and techniques offer promising new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, particularly in concerted applications. Outcome studies on the appropriate sequence and linking of these modalities are urgently needed. The present chapter will address clinical presentation, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lingenfelser
- Innere Medizin II, Dr.-Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ludwig-Erhard-Str.100, Wiesbaden, Germany.
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Bini EJ, Lascarides CE, Micale PL, Weinshel EH. Mucosal abnormalities of the colon in patients with portal hypertension: an endoscopic study. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52:511-6. [PMID: 11023569 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2000.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy still exists regarding colonic mucosal abnormalities in patients with portal hypertension (portal colopathy). The aims of this study were to better define portal colopathy and to identify risk factors for these colonic mucosal abnormalities. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 437 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and 224 with irritable bowel syndrome (control patients) who underwent colonoscopy over a 6-year period. RESULTS Individuals with portal hypertension were significantly more likely than control patients to have colitis-like abnormalities (38% vs. 3%, p < 0.001) and vascular lesions (13% vs. 3%, p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, portal hypertensive gastropathy (odds ratio 5.64: 95% CI [3.39, 9.41]; p < 0.001), 2+ or larger esophageal varices (odds ratio 4.76: 95% CI [2. 78, 8.15]; p < 0.001), and Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis (odds ratio 2.64: 95% CI [1.40, 4.97]; p = 0.003) were independently associated with an increased risk of having portal colopathy, whereas the use of beta-blockers independently decreased the risk of having these findings (odds ratio 0.23: 95% CI [0.13, 0.40]; p < 0.001). Mucosal biopsies of the colon in patients with colitis-like abnormalities revealed a mild, nonspecific inflammatory infiltrate with edema and vascular ectasias in the majority of cases. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal abnormalities in portal colopathy include edema, erythema, granularity, friability, and vascular lesions, findings that may be confused with colitis. A standardized grading system to classify the endoscopic appearance and severity of portal colopathy should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bini
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Bellevue Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Thomas
- Academic Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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