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Yu L, Davis IJ, Liu P. Regulation of EWSR1-FLI1 Function by Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:382. [PMID: 36672331 PMCID: PMC9857208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in childhood and adolescence. Currently, first-line therapy includes multidrug chemotherapy with surgery and/or radiation. Although most patients initially respond to chemotherapy, recurrent tumors become treatment refractory. Pathologically, Ewing sarcoma consists of small round basophilic cells with prominent nuclei marked by expression of surface protein CD99. Genetically, Ewing sarcoma is driven by a fusion oncoprotein that results from one of a small number of chromosomal translocations composed of a FET gene and a gene encoding an ETS family transcription factor, with ~85% of tumors expressing the EWSR1::FLI1 fusion. EWSR1::FLI1 regulates transcription, splicing, genome instability and other cellular functions. Although a tumor-specific target, EWSR1::FLI1-targeted therapy has yet to be developed, largely due to insufficient understanding of EWSR1::FLI1 upstream and downstream signaling, and the challenges in targeting transcription factors with small molecules. In this review, we summarize the contemporary molecular understanding of Ewing sarcoma, and the post-transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that control EWSR1::FLI1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ian J. Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Khoury JD. Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: a model for the new era of integrated laboratory diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:97-105. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Monument MJ, Bernthal NM, Randall RL. Salient features of mesenchymal stem cells-implications for Ewing sarcoma modeling. Front Oncol 2013; 3:24. [PMID: 23443465 PMCID: PMC3580960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a heightened appreciation of the many defining molecular aberrations in Ewing sarcoma, the cooperative genetic environment and permissive cell of origin essential for EWS/ETS-mediated oncogenesis remain elusive. Consequently, inducible animal and in vitro models of Ewing sarcoma from a native cellular context are unable to fully recapitulate malignant transformation. Despite these shortcomings, human, and murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the closest working in vitro systems available. MSCs are tolerant of ectopic EWS/FLI expression, which is accompanied by a molecular signature most similar to Ewing sarcoma. Whether MSCs are the elusive cell of origin or simply a tolerant platform of the EWS/FLI transcriptome, these cells have become an excellent molecular tool to investigate and manipulate oncogenesis in Ewing sarcoma. Our understanding of the biological complexity and heterogeneity of human MSCs (hMSCs) has increased substantially over time and as such, appreciation and utilization of these salient complexities may greatly enhance the efficient use of these cells as surrogate models for Ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Monument
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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4
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Ewing sarcoma family of tumours: unusual histological variants and immunophenotypic characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Lin PP, Pandey MK, Jin F, Xiong S, Deavers M, Parant JM, Lozano G. EWS-FLI1 induces developmental abnormalities and accelerates sarcoma formation in a transgenic mouse model. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8968-75. [PMID: 18974141 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is characterized by the t(11;22)(q24:q12) reciprocal translocation. To study the effects of the fusion gene EWS-FLI1 on development and tumor formation, a transgenic mouse model was created. A strategy of conditional expression was used to limit the potentially deleterious effects of EWS-FLI1 to certain tissues. In the absence of Cre recombinase, EWS-FLI1 was not expressed in the EWS-FLI1 transgenic mice, and they had a normal phenotype. When crossed to the Prx1-Cre transgenic mouse, which expresses Cre recombinase in the primitive mesenchymal cells of the embryonic limb bud, the EF mice were noted to have a number of developmental defects of the limbs. These included shortening of the limbs, muscle atrophy, cartilage dysplasia, and immature bone. By itself, EWS-FLI1 did not induce the formation of tumors in the EF transgenic mice. However, in the setting of p53 deletion, EWS-FLI1 accelerated the formation of sarcomas from a median time of 50 to 21 weeks. Furthermore, EWS-FLI1 altered the type of tumor that formed. Conditional deletion of p53 in mesenchymal cells (Prx1-Cre p53(lox/lox)) produced osteosarcomas as the predominant tumor. The presence of EWS-FLI1 shifted the tumor phenotype to a poorly differentiated sarcoma. The results taken together suggest that EWS-FLI1 inhibits normal limb development and accelerates the formation of poorly differentiated sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Primary small round cell tumors of the bone are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms presenting predominantly in children and adolescents. They include Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor or Ewing family tumors, lymphoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and small cell osteosarcoma. Even though they share many morphological similarities, their unique biological and genetic characteristics have provided substantial insights into the pathology of these diverse neoplasms.
Objective.—To provide an overview of the clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and genetic characteristics of these tumors along with a pertinent review of the literature.
Data Sources.—A literature search using PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE was performed, and data were obtained from various articles pertaining to clinicopathologic, biological, and genetic findings in these tumors. Additionally, findings from rare cases have been included from author's subspecialty experience.
Conclusion.—The diagnosis of small round cell tumors can be made accurately by applying clinicopathologic criteria, as well as a panel of immunohistochemical and genetic studies in appropriate cases. Molecular genetic studies may provide further insight into the biology, histogenesis, and prognosis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Hameed
- Surgical Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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7
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Riggi N, Cironi L, Provero P, Suvà ML, Kaloulis K, Garcia-Echeverria C, Hoffmann F, Trumpp A, Stamenkovic I. Development of Ewing's sarcoma from primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11459-68. [PMID: 16357154 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a member of Ewing's family tumors (EFTs) and the second most common solid bone and soft tissue malignancy of children and young adults. It is associated in 85% of cases with the t(11;22)(q24:q12) chromosomal translocation that generates fusion of the 5' segment of the EWS gene with the 3' segment of the ETS family gene FLI-1. The EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein behaves as an aberrant transcriptional activator and is believed to contribute to EFT development. However, EWS-FLI-1 induces growth arrest and apoptosis in normal fibroblasts, and primary cells that are permissive for its putative oncogenic properties have not been discovered, hampering basic understanding of EFT biology. Here, we show that EWS-FLI-1 alone can transform primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells and generate tumors that display hallmarks of Ewing's sarcoma, including a small round cell phenotype, expression of EFT-associated markers, insulin like growth factor-I dependence, and induction or repression of numerous EWS-FLI-1 target genes. These observations provide the first identification of candidate primary cells from which EFTs originate and suggest that EWS-FLI-1 expression may constitute the initiating event in EFT pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riggi
- Experimental Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Gao Z, Kahn LB. The application of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. Skeletal Radiol 2005; 34:755-70. [PMID: 16189715 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-005-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays an important role in the diagnosis of some bone tumors, especially in the differential diagnosis of primary from metastatic non-osseous tumors and in the categorization of small-round-blue-cell tumors. This article reviews immunomarkers used in bone tumors and their diagnostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, New York, NY, 11040, USA
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9
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Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) comprises morphologically heterogeneous tumors that are characterized by nonrandom chromosomal translocations involving the EWS gene and one of several members of the ETS family of transcription factors. The translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) is the most common and leads to the formation of the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein, which contributes to ESFT pathogenesis by modulating the expression of target genes. Tumors may be composed of small uniform cells with minimal morphologic evidence of differentiation, or they may be composed of larger, less uniform cells with varying degrees of neuroectodermal differentiation. CD99 expression is identified in nearly all ESFT and constitutes a useful positive marker when used as part of a panel of immunostains that can help rule out other differential diagnostic considerations. Molecular diagnostic tests commonly used to detect the presence of ESFT-specific translocations include RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Current therapy for patients with ESFT includes chemotherapy and surgery with or without radiation therapy. At present, the most significant prognostic factor for patients with ESFT is whether the disease is localized or metastatic.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Child
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Gelsolin/analysis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Incidence
- Microfilament Proteins
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sarcoma, Ewing/therapy
- Survival Analysis
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE The Ewing's sarcoma (ES) family of tumors is a relatively rare entity, presenting most commonly in children. While the most common sites for this group of tumors are the trunk and the extremities, this case is unique in that we describe a long-term follow-up with an ES presenting in the cavernous sinus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION We report the case of a 13-year-old girl presenting with the symptoms of classic orbital apex syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a cavernous sinus mass engulfing the optic nerve and extending into the superior orbital fissure. INTERVENTION Evaluation of this patient included intracranial magnetic resonance imaging angiography and biopsy of the cavernous sinus mass lesion. Histopathological findings yielded a diagnosis of ES. Further work-up demonstrated that the patient's thyroid was also involved. The tumor was treated with radiation therapy to both sites and, subsequently, after confirmed metastases to other sites, 11 cycles of doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, as well as bone marrow transplantation. However, the patient succumbed to the illness 18 months after her initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION The cavernous sinus is an unusual site for ES, but given the vascularity and the frequency of this tumor in childhood, the diagnosis should be entertained. This patient with an ES of cavernous sinus may be the first reported case with a long-term follow-up in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Kushen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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11
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Idrees M, Gandhi C, Betchen S, Strauchen J, King W, Wolfe D. Intracranial Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Cavernous Sinus: A Diagnostic Peculiarity. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129:e11-5. [DOI: 10.5858/2005-129-e11-ippnto] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNETs) are aggressive, poorly differentiated neoplasms that occur in children and young adults. These tumors are associated with a peak incidence in the second decade and a slight male preponderance. Recently, Ewing sarcoma and pPNET tumors have been proven to carry identical translocations, the most common being t(11;22)(q24;q12). Intracranial Ewing sarcoma/pPNETs have rarely been described in the literature. We studied a case of intracranial pPNET arising in the right cavernous sinus of a 46-year-old man. On imaging, the tumor had both sellar and suprasellar components and was centered within the right parasellar region. Histologically, the tumor was composed of intermediate to large cells with round to oval hyperchromatic nuclei with distinct nucleoli. The cells contained a moderate amount of slightly basophilic cytoplasm. The tumor was markedly fibrotic and had collagen bands surrounding both individual and groups of cells. A large immunohistochemical panel was positive only for CD99 and vimentin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization did not show translocations associated with Ewing sarcoma/pPNET. However, a small percentage of these tumors can be negative for this translocation. In these cases, histology and immunohistochemical techniques in the absence of an alternative diagnosis are the only tools available to establish the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Chirag Gandhi
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Simone Betchen
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - James Strauchen
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wesley King
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David Wolfe
- From The Lilian and Henry M. Stratton–Hans Popper Department of Pathology (Drs Idrees, Strauchen, and Wolfe) and the Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Gandhi, Betchen, and King), Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
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12
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Rorie CJ, Weissman BE. The Ews/Fli-1 Fusion Gene Changes the Status of p53 in Neuroblastoma Tumor Cell Lines. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7288-95. [PMID: 15492248 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One hallmark of Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumors is the presence of the Ews/Fli-1 chimeric oncogene. Interestingly, infection of neuroblastoma tumor cell lines with Ews/Fli-1 switches the differentiation program of neuroblastomas to Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumors. Here we examined the status of cytoplasmically sequestered wt-p53 in neuroblastomas after stable expression of Ews/Fli-1. Immunofluorescence revealed that in the neuroblastoma-Ews/Fli-1 infectant cell lines, p53 went from a punctate-pattern of cytoplasmic sequestration to increased nuclear localization. Western blot analysis revealed that PARC was down-regulated in one neuroblastoma cell line but not expressed in the second. Therefore, decreased PARC expression could not fully account for relieving p53 sequestration in the neuroblastoma tumor cells. Neuroblastoma-Ews/Fli-1 infectant cell lines showed marked increases in p53 protein expression without transcriptional up-regulation. Interestingly, p53 was primarily phosphorylated, without activation of its downstream target p21(WAF1). Western blot analysis revealed that whereas MDM2 gene expression does not change, p14(ARF), a negative protein regulator of MDM2, increases. These observations suggest that the downstream p53 pathway may be inactivated as a result of abnormal p53. We also found that p53 has an extended half-life in the neuroblastoma-Ews/Fli-1 infectants despite the retention of a wild-type sequence in neuroblastoma-Ews/Fli-1 infectant cell lines. We then tested the p53 response pathway and observed that the neuroblastoma parent cells responded to genotoxic stress, whereas the neuroblastoma-Ews/Fli-1 infectants did not. These results suggest that Ews/Fli-1 can directly abrogate the p53 pathway to promote tumorigenesis. These studies also provide additional insight into the relationship among the p53 pathway proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Checo J Rorie
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Aryee DNT, Ambros I, Ambros PF, Muehlbacher K, Luegmayr A, Yoshie O, Kovar H. Frequent low level expression in Ewing sarcoma family tumors and widespread absence of the metastasis suppressor KAI1/CD82 in neuroblastoma. Pediatr Res 2002; 52:279-85. [PMID: 12149507 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200208000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane 4 superfamily member KAI1/CD82, a metastasis suppressor, is correlated inversely with the progression and invasion of several tumors. It is capable of inhibiting metastasis without affecting tumorigenicity per se. KAI1/CD82 expression is down-regulated in the progression of common solid epithelial tumors of adulthood. Mutation of p53 is suggested to be involved in the modulation of KAI1. As little is known about its expression and possible prognostic impact in pediatric tumors, we investigated KAI1/CD82 expression in cell lines and primary tumor samples from pediatric tumors of neuroectodermal origin, neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma family tumor. Twenty-four of 29 Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell lines, independent of p53 status, showed KAI1 mRNA positivity by reverse transcription-PCR analysis in contrast to zero of eight neuroblastoma cell lines. Among 13 primary Ewing's sarcoma family tumor samples from patients with different disease extension, KAI1 mRNA expression was low as detected by reverse transcription-PCR. Twenty of 30 primary neuroblastoma specimens were KAI1-negative by immunofluorescence analysis whereas the remaining 10 gave weak to moderate staining patterns. There was no apparent correlation of KAI1 expression with any clinical or genetic features of the patients whose tumor samples were studied. Consequently, KAI1 may not be of prognostic relevance in this group of tumors although there may be some role for KAI1 modulation in the biology of these neuroectodermal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave N T Aryee
- Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), St. Anna Kinderspital, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Burdach S, Jürgens H. High-dose chemoradiotherapy (HDC) in the Ewing family of tumors (EFT). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 41:169-89. [PMID: 11856593 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
EFT is defined by the expression of ews/ets fusion genes. The type of the fusion transcript impacts on the clinical biology. EFT requires risk adapted treatment. A risk-adapted treatment is determined by tumor localisation, tumor stage and volume. For metastatic and relapsed disease the pattern of spread and the time of relapse are the determinants of risk stratification. Staging of Ewing tumors has been considerably improved by magnetic resonance imaging and modern isotope scanning techniques. However, the determination of the extent of the metastatic spread in particular number of involved bones remains an unresolved issue. The prognosis for high-risk Ewing tumors has been improved by multimodal and high-dose radio/chemotherapy (HDC). The concepts for high-dose therapy in Ewing tumors are based on dose response and dose intensity relationships. In single agent HDC most experience exists with Melphalan. Several chemotherapeutic agents have been used in combination HDC with or without TBI such as Adriamycin, BCNU, Busulphan, Carboplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Melphalan, Thiotepa Procarbazin and Vincristine. To date, superiority of any high-dose chemotherapy regimen has not been established. However, the clinical biology, the pattern of spread and the time of relapse determine the prognosis of patient who are eligible for HDC. In particular, patients with multifocal bone or bone marrow metastases have a poorer prognosis than patients with lung metastases. In addition, patients with a relapse within 24 months have a poorer prognosis than patients with a relapse later than 24 months after diagnosis. This review will analyze the results of single- and multi-agent chemotherapy with respect to agent combination, dose and risk stratum of patient population. Future therapeutic modalities for the treatment of EFT might encompass immunotherapeutic and genetic strategies including allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Burdach
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Children's Cancer Research Center, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, 06097, Halle, Germany.
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Antunes NL, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Kalifa C, Delattre O, Pierre-Kahn A, Rosenblum MK. Intracranial Ewing sarcoma/'peripheral' primitive neuroectodermal tumor of dural origin with molecular genetic confirmation. J Neurooncol 2001; 51:51-6. [PMID: 11349881 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006432919281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma/'peripheral' primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/pPNET) is the designation given to a family of small cell neoplasms that typically arise in bone or soft tissue and are unified by their common expression of the MIC2 antigen and specific translocations involving a gene on chromosome 22q12 [the most common being t(11;22)(q24;q12)]. ES/pPNET of intracranial origin is extraordinary. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with a large left frontal region mass that adhered to dura and was extracerebral at surgery. Histologic study revealed a high-grade, undifferentiated-appearing neoplasm of small cell type that was negative on immunostudy for glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, desmin, leukocyte common antigen, smooth muscle actin and epithelial membrane antigen, but positive for vimentin and neuron-specific enolase and diffusely labeled by antibody O13 (which recognizes the MIC2 gene product). RNA-based polymerase chain reaction assay confirmed the diagnosis of ES/pPNET by demonstrating fusion transcripts indicative of t(11;22) translocation. Bone scan, computerized tomography of the chest and bone marrow examination revealed no systemic tumor. The limited observations published to date suggest that primary intracranial ES/pPNET is most likely to present in childhood as a circumscribed, contrast-enhancing and dural-based extracerebral mass. It must be distinguished from a variety of small cell neoplasms, particularly PNETs of central neuroepithelial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Antunes
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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16
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Izycka-Swieszewska E, Stefanowicz J, Debiec-Rychter M, Rzepko R, Borowska-Lehman J. Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor within the spinal epidural space. Neuropathology 2001; 21:218-21. [PMID: 11666019 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1789.2001.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A case of an epidural spinal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) in a 13-year-old girl is presented. The tumor was disseminated at the moment of diagnosis, thus only diagnostic oligobiopsy of the epidural mass was performed. Histologically the tumor was composed of small round blue cells. The neoplastic cells expressed MIC2 and features of neural differentiation on immunohistochemical staining (neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin and NCAM positivity). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed for the final diagnosis and the translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) was detected. The present case emphasizes the usefulness of FISH in differential diagnosis of tumors, especially when only routinely fixed material is available.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Adolescent
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Epidural Neoplasms/genetics
- Epidural Neoplasms/metabolism
- Epidural Neoplasms/pathology
- Epidural Space/metabolism
- Epidural Space/pathology
- Epidural Space/physiopathology
- Female
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral/metabolism
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral/pathology
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Synaptophysin/metabolism
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Treatment Outcome
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17
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Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 123:1-26. [PMID: 11120329 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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