1
|
Stanley MA, Masterson PJ, Nicholls PK. In vitro and Animal Models for Antiviral Therapy in Papillomavirus Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for antiviral therapies for papillomavirus infections is well recognized but the difficulties of reproducing the infectious cycle of papillomaviruses in vitro has hindered our understanding of virus-cell interactions and the regulation of viral gene expression during permissive growth. Recent advances in understanding the temporal expression and function of papillomavirus proteins has enabled consideration of a targeted approach to papillomavirus chemotherapy and in particular the inhibition of viral replication by targeting the E1 and E2 proteins. There are in vitro culture systems available for the screening of new chemotherapeutic agents, since significant advances have been made with culture systems which promote epithelial differentiation in vitro. However, to date, there are no published data which show that virions generated in vitro can infect keratinocytes and initiate another round of replication in vitro. In vivo animal models are therefore necessary to assess the efficacy of antivirals in preventing and treating viral infection, particularly for the low-risk genital viruses which are on the whole refractory to culture in vitro. Although papillomaviruses affect a wide variety of hosts in a species-specific manner, the animals most useful for modelling papillomavirus infections include the rabbit, ox, mouse, dog, horse, primate and sheep. The ideal animal model should be widely available, easy to house and handle, be large enough to allow for adequate tissue sampling, develop lesions on anatomical sites comparable with those in human diseases and these lesions should be readily accessible for monitoring and ideally should yield large amounts of infectious virus particles for use in both in vivo and in vitro studies. The relative merits of the various papillomavirus animal models available in relation to these criteria are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MA Stanley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - PJ Masterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - PK Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lace MJ, Ushikai M, Yamakawa Y, Anson JR, Ishiji T, Turek LP, Haugen TH. The truncated C-terminal E2 (E2-TR) protein of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type-1 is a transactivator that modulates transcription in vivo and in vitro in a manner distinct from the E2-TA and E8^E2 gene products. Virology 2012; 429:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
3
|
Haugen TH, Lace MJ, Ishiji T, Sameshima A, Anson JR, Turek LP. Cellular factors are required to activate bovine papillomavirus-1 early gene transcription and to establish viral plasmid persistence but are not required for cellular transformation. Virology 2009; 389:82-90. [PMID: 19410271 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription from the major upstream early gene promoter, P89, of bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 is detectable in transfected cells lacking viral gene products yet also responds to viral E2 proteins. In contrast to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), the BPV upstream regulatory region (URR) functions as a transcriptional enhancer in epithelial cells and fibroblasts of bovine, murine or human origin. Mutations of Sp1 and/or two novel transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF)-1 sites within the 5' URR of the intact BPV-1 genome dramatically reduced P89-initiated mRNA levels, leading to decreased BPV-1 plasmid amplification and inefficient formation of transformed cell foci. However, cell lines transformed with wt or mutant BPV-1 genomes contained similar levels of unintegrated BPV-1 DNA, P89 mRNA and E2-dependent transactivation. We conclude that cellular factors necessary for activating viral early gene transcription, establishment of viral plasmid replication and cell immortalization are not required during the maintenance phase of BPV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Haugen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cho NH, An HJ, Jeong JK, Kang S, Kim JW, Kim YT, Park TK. Genotyping of 22 human papillomavirus types by DNA chip in Korean women: comparison with cytologic diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:56-62. [PMID: 12548196 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More sensitive and reliable methods than individual testing (such as polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and Southern blot) should be developed as screening tools for the detection of latent human papillomavirus. Today, the new Bethesda system recommends human papillomavirus testing as an adjuvant to the conventional Papanicolaou smear for more comprehensive identification of women at certain risk of cervical neoplasia. We performed human papillomavirus genotyping with the newly designed human papillomavirus DNA chip, which is based on polymerase chain reaction for high-throughput screening power, and compared the results with the results of a Papanicolaou smear according to the new Bethesda system. STUDY DESIGN Polymerase chain reaction amplifications of the human papillomavirus L1 region from biologic samples were hybridized to silanized glass slides by a microarrayer, which comprised 22 specific oligonucleotide probes to their genotypes, consisting of 15 high-risk and 7 low-risk types. Two cervical cancer cell lines and 20 plasmids that contained each type of the human papillomavirus whole genome were used for the evaluation of this method; in all cases, the cancer cell lines and plasmids showed clear positive signals on their corresponding positions. A comparative study that used 685 cervicovaginal swabs was performed by human papillomavirus DNA chip microarray together with Papanicolaou diagnosis. RESULTS Human papillomavirus was identified as positive in 31.9% of the 414 control samples and in 78.6% of the 271 neoplastic lesions. The major prevailing human papillomavirus genotypes were human papillomavirus types 16, 58, and 18, in descending order of incidence (average overall, 78.8%). Almost all of the remaining cases were comprised of human papillomavirus types 39, 52, 56, and 51. The frequency of multiple infection of human papillomavirus was highest in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion but was lowest in squamous cell carcinoma. All cases that exhibited infection of single human papillomavirus type 58 were squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, and 58 were confirmed to be major causative factors for cervical carcinogenesis. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion is a heterogeneous entity that is composed of different human papillomavirus subtypes and prevails in younger women (<40 years old). The human papillomavirus chip has potential use as a high-throughput screening test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meyers C, Alam S, Mane M, Hermonat PL. Altered biology of adeno-associated virus type 2 and human papillomavirus during dual infection of natural host tissue. Virology 2001; 287:30-9. [PMID: 11504539 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a common genital virus, may have a "protective" role against human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer. Epidemiological studies indicate a negative correlation between AAV infection and the incidence of cervical cancer. In contrast, HPV is positively associated with cervical cancer. To investigate interactions between these two viruses we used the organotypic "raft" culture system. The raft culture system is capable of supporting the complete HPV life cycle. Raft tissues that were actively replicating HPV were superinfected with AAV type 2 (AAV-2). We observed a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.)-dependent enhancement and inhibition of HPV DNA replication, concomitant with AAV-2 replication. The data suggest that at low m.o.i. of AAV-2 infection, HPV DNA replication was slightly increased compared to controls and AAV-2 replicated poorly. At high AAV-2 m.o.i., HPV DNA replication was reduced and AAV-2 replicated to high levels. AAV-2 replication was increased in the presence of HPV compared to primary human keratinocyte, squamous cell carcinoma, and HaCat raft cultures infected with AAV-2 alone. These data suggest that HPV may provide types of "enhancer/helper" functions for AAV-2 replication and progeny formation. Infection with AAV-2 had significant effects on epithelial morphology. During infection with low m.o.i. of AAV-2 the epithelium stratified to a greater extent than in controls. With high m.o.i. of AAV-2 infections, tissue cytopathic effects were observed, indicating an additional factor responsible for the effect of AAV-2 on HPV replication and infection. Our results demonstrate a complex interaction between AAV-2, HPV, and skin during dual infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JS, Hwang ES, Lee CJ, Kim CJ, Rha JG, Kim SJ, Namkoong SE, Um SJ. Mutational and functional analysis of HPV-16 URR derived from Korean cervical neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 74:23-9. [PMID: 10385547 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The YY1 mutation has been suggested as one of the indicators that explains development of cervical neoplasia by episomal-type HPV. To extend this hypothesis, we examined whether a mutation(s) in the YY1 site is functionally related to the invasiveness of cervical neoplasia and the physical status of HPV DNA. METHODS The URR sequences were obtained by PCR amplification of HPV-16 genome from CIN and invasive cancer patients and cloned into pUC18 for sequencing and into pBLCAT8+ for functional CAT assay. RESULTS Our previous data classified HPV-infected patients into three groups: 3 cancer cases carrying episomal HPV DNA; 12 cancer cases carrying integrated HPV DNA; 12 CIN cases carrying episomal HPV DNA. The specific variants in HPV-16 URR were found in Korean women: G-->A transition at nt 7520 (100%, 27/27), A-->C transition at nt 7729 (70%; 19/27), and G-->A transition at nt 7841 (78%; 21/27). Selective mutations were observed at the YY1 binding sites of HPV-16 URR in the 3 patients with invasive cervical cancer who have the episomal forms of HPV-16 DNA: A-->C transition at nt 7484 and G-->A transition at nt 7488 (YY1-binding site 2; from 7481 to 7489). Additionally, C-->T transition at nt 7785 (YY1-binding site 3; from 7781 to 7790) was found in 2 of 3 patients. No YY1 site mutations were detected in the 12 CIN patients and in the HPV-integrated invasive cancer patients. To determine whether these mutations have effects on the expression of HPV E6/E7 genes driven by URR, the transient transfection assay was employed using URR-CAT reporter plasmid. The relative activities of three URR mutants from episomal HPV-16 DNA of cervical cancers were two- to fourfold higher than that of the HPV-16 URR prototype. In contrast, the URRs from integrated HPV-16 DNA in cervical cancer and from episomal HPV-16 DNA in CIN, where no mutation of the YY1 binding site was detected, showed similar levels of promoter activity to that of the URR prototype. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the mutation at the YY1 binding site is functionally related to the development of cervical neoplasia caused by episomal HPV-16 DNA in Korean cervical cancer patients. Thus, mutation in the YY1 site of episomal HPV-16 URR may play a corresponding role of HPV integration in the progression of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Park
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, 137-040, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruffin MT, Lancaster WD. Clinical models of chemoprevention for cervical cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998; 12:1115-34, viii-ix. [PMID: 9888023 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma creates a worldwide, significant population burden that potentially could be reduced by new preventive strategies for cervical cancer such as chemoprevention. Given the vast array of clinical and molecular information available relating to cervical cancer and the precursor lesions along with a growing number of new molecular techniques, a model is needed to guide further investigation. Such a model would facilitate research design, guide hypothesis development and testing, and focus the use of molecular data collection and analysis. This article reviews the clinical and molecular data of cervical cancer and the precursor lesions in order to develop a model for chemoprevention research in cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Ruffin
- Department of Family Practice, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hines JF, Ghim SJ, Jenson AB. Prospects for human papillomavirus vaccine development: emerging HPV vaccines. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1998; 10:15-9. [PMID: 9484624 DOI: 10.1097/00001703-199802000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review concentrates on recent advances in human papillomavirus vaccine development. Strategies for prophylactic HPV subunit vaccines utilizing recombinantly synthesized, immunogenic virus-like particles are discussed. Therapeutic strategies focusing on the induction of cell-mediated immunity and gene manipulation for the treatment of established HPV-associated disease are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Hines
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6200, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park JS, Hwang ES, Park SN, Ahn HK, Um SJ, Kim CJ, Kim SJ, Namkoong SE. Physical status and expression of HPV genes in cervical cancers. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 65:121-9. [PMID: 9103401 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1996.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is known that E2 protein of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) inhibits the expression of E6 and E7 genes from their major promoters in vitro and suppresses the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. This suggests that the loss of functional E2 gene may provide selective advantages in the development of cervical cancer. Investigation of the relationship between the disruption of HPV-16/18 E2 genes by DNA integration and clinical outcome of cervical cancer may not only help to understand the mechanism of HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis, but may also provide novel management of cervical cancer. It was noted that integrated HPV-16/18 DNA was predominant in most patients with cervical cancers, marking 51 of a total of 68 cases (75%); episomal HPV DNAs were found in 5 cases (7.4%), and finally mixed forms of HPV DNAs with episome and integration were found in 12 cases (17.6%). Whole portions of E2 DNA of HPV-16 could be amplified by PCR in 19 (36.5%) of 52 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It was shown that there was not statistically significant association with the different stages, but integrated HPV DNAs were detectable only in the patients with far-advanced stage of cervical cancers, which also means no episomal forms were detected. Episomal forms of HPV DNA were detectable in 14 (25.9%) of 54 squamous cell carcinomas (4 pure episomal forms and 10 mixed forms), whereas only 1 (8.3%) of 12 adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous cell carcinomas contained episomal viral DNA. When HPV DNA forms were compared with initial tumor size, lymphovascular space involvement, and frequency of nodal metastasis, statistically significant relationships were not found. The association of DNA integration with invasive cervical cancers was seen regardless of HPV type; however, there were differences between the integration profiles of HPV-16 and HPV-18 DNA. Of the 51 HPV-16-containing cancers, 36 (70.6%) revealed purely integrated HPV DNA, and another 10 cases (19.6%) displayed both integrated and episomal HPV DNAs. However, 5 (9.8%) cases showed only episomal copies of the HPV-16 genome. In contrast, all 17 HPV-18-containing cancers (5 cases positive for HPV-18 and 12 cases positive for both HPV-16 and -18) revealed only the integrated form of HPV-18 DNA. The expression of E6 and E7 transcripts of HPV-16/18 is uniformly correlated with the physical status of HPV DNAs. HPV E2 mRNAs were constantly expressed in the presence of the intact virus in cases with episome and mixed forms of HPV DNA. In general, amplified signals from HPV E2 RT-PCR are more intensive than those from DNA-PCR in the same patients. It is suggested that RT-PCR is a valuable method to evaluate dynamic expression of the specific gene and seems to be more sensitive than the DNA-PCR method in detecting intact E2 gene because of the gene copy numbers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cervix Uteri/chemistry
- Cervix Uteri/pathology
- Cervix Uteri/virology
- DNA Primers/analysis
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Health Status
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Papillomaviridae/classification
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification
- Papillomavirus Infections/complications
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/complications
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Park
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Catholic Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta
- Receptors, Erythropoietin/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Terminology as Topic
- Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
- Virus Replication/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steger G, Corbach S. Dose-dependent regulation of the early promoter of human papillomavirus type 18 by the viral E2 protein. J Virol 1997; 71:50-8. [PMID: 8985322 PMCID: PMC191023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.50-58.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the E6/E7 promoter of genital human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is positively and negatively modulated by a complex interplay between a variety of cellular transcription factors and the virally encoded E2 protein. The long control region of genital HPVs contains four E2 binding sites in conserved positions, two of which are very close to the TATA box. Binding of E2 to these two sites has been shown to repress the promoter. To carefully analyze the effect of E2 on the activity of the early promoter P105 of HPV18, we used an in vitro transcription system, which allowed titration of the amount of E2 protein. We found that low amounts of HPV18 E2 stimulated the promoter, whereas increasing amounts resulted in promoter repression. When the affinity was analyzed, it became obvious that E2 bound with highest affinity to E2 binding site 4 (BS-4), located 500 bp upstream of the promoter. The promoter most proximal binding site (BS-1) was the weakest site. Transient transfection assays confirmed that small amounts of HPV type (HPV18) E2 and also of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) E2 were able to activate the P105, which was dependent on an intact BS-4. The positive role of BS-4 was also obvious at higher E2 concentrations, since mutation of BS-4 enhanced repression. In contrast to HPV18 E2, BPV1 E2 bound better to BS-1 and, in correlation, was able to more strongly repress the P105 in vivo. Our results suggest a dose-dependent regulation of the HPV18 E6/E7 promoter by E2 due to variable occupancy of its binding sites, which have antagonizing effects on the activity of the E6/E7 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Steger
- Institut für Virologie der Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Turek LP, Smith EM. The genetic program of genital human papillomaviruses in infection and cancer. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1996; 23:735-58. [PMID: 8989774 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8545(05)70275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. This article summarizes the functions of HPV gene products that cause abnormal cell growth--E6 and E7--and reviews how cellular and viral factors influence their synthesis. E6 and E7 inactivate two cellular tumor-suppressor gene products, p53 and RB. In cervical cancer, E6-E7 gene control is deranged by mutations in viral control sequences and in integrated HPV fragments by the disruption of the viral repressor E2. Elimination of this sequence makes E6-E7 mRNAs unstable, and deranges cellular regulation at the integration site. It is apparent that an intricate interplay of cellular and viral factors determines whether the outcome is active papillomavirus infection, viral latency, or ultimately, genital cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Turek
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duggan-Keen MF, Keating PJ, Stevens FR, Sinnott P, Snijders PJ, Walboomers JM, Davidson S, Hunter RD, Dyer PA, Stern PL. Immunogenetic factors in HPV-associated cervical cancer: influence on disease progression. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1996; 23:275-84. [PMID: 8858284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1996.tb00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
No HLA allele or specificity was significantly different in frequency between a group of 150 cervical cancer patients from north-west England and controls (corrected P values). HLA-DRB1*1501/DQB1*0602 was non-significantly increased, particularly among patients with HPV16-positive tumours. HLA-B7-positive patients had a significantly poorer clinical outcome than HLA-B7-negative patients. A significant component of the genotypic effect is down-regulation of HLA-B7 expression by the tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Duggan-Keen
- CRC Department of Immunology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhong W, Wang H, Herndier B, Ganem D. Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6641-6. [PMID: 8692871 PMCID: PMC39079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the leading neoplasm of HIV-infected patients and is also found in several HIV-negative populations. Recently, DNA sequences from a novel herpesvirus, termed KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) have been identified within KS tissue from both HIV-positive and HIV-negative cases; infection with this agent has been proposed as a possible factor in the etiology or pathogenesis of the tumor. Here we have examined the pattern of KSHV/HHV-8 gene expression in KS and find it to be highly restricted. We identify and characterize two small transcripts that represent the bulk of the virus-specific RNA transcribed from over 120 kb of the KSHV genome in infected cells. One transcript is predicted to encode a small membrane protein; the other is an unusual polyadenylylated RNA that accumulates in the nucleus to high copy number. This pattern of viral gene expression suggests that most infected cells in KS are latently infected, with lytic viral replication likely restricted to a much smaller subpopulation of cells. These findings have implications for the therapeutic utility of currently available antiviral drugs targeted against the lytic replication cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zhong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Keating PJ, Cromme FV, Duggan-Keen M, Snijders PJ, Walboomers JM, Hunter RD, Dyer PA, Stern PL. Frequency of down-regulation of individual HLA-A and -B alleles in cervical carcinomas in relation to TAP-1 expression. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:405-11. [PMID: 7640226 PMCID: PMC2033975 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cervical carcinoma is strongly associated with specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). A role for cellular immunity in cervical disease is supported by the increased occurrence of HPV-associated lesions in immunosuppressed individuals. Upon viral infection or malignant transformation, ensuing alterations in gene expression result in the generation of novel sets of peptides which can form complexes with specific HLA class I heavy chains and beta 2-microglobulin. These are then expressed at the cell surface as potential targets for specific T cells. In this study of 100 carcinomas HLA-A and -B class I expression by the tumour cells was down-regulated at one or more alleles in at least 73% of cervical carcinomas. Interference with the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), which translocates cytosolic peptides from endogenously synthesised proteins (e.g. viral) into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum was found in 38% of the HLA class I down-regulated tumours. Loss of expression for common HLA class I alleles ranged from 36% to 71%, and such changes might be expected to influence specific immunogenic peptide presentation and consequent immune recognition. These results underline the importance of single as well as multiple allelic loss in cervical neoplasia and have important implications for attempts to intervene immunologically in cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Keating
- Cancer Research Campaign Department of Immunology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Breitburd F, Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, Nonnenmacher B, Trin-Dinh-Desmarquet C, Orth G, Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Immunization with viruslike particles from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can protect against experimental CRPV infection. J Virol 1995; 69:3959-63. [PMID: 7745754 PMCID: PMC189126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3959-3963.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) to protect domestic rabbits against papillomas induced by the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). A recombinant baculovirus system that expressed only the L1 major papillomavirus structural protein or L1 plus the minor L2 protein was used in insect cells as the source of VLPs. Groups of 10 rabbits were immunized with native or denatured VLPs from CRPV or type 1 bovine papillomavirus by using Freund's adjuvant. Alum was used as the adjuvant for an additional group immunized with CRPV L1-L2 VLPs. Animals were challenged with 5 x 10(10) and 2 x 10(11) particles on opposing flanks. No protection was seen in rabbits immunized with native or denatured bovine papillomavirus L1-L2 or with denatured CRPV L1-L2. In these groups, the lower and higher challenge doses resulted in 27 of 30 animals with extensive papillomas, with each of the remaining animals having a smaller number of persistent papillomas. Progression to carcinoma developed in 20 rabbits. Animals inoculated with native CRPV VLPs composed of L1 alone or L1-L2 developed many fewer lesions; the lower and higher challenge doses resulted in 17 of 29 and 5 of 29 rabbits, respectively, with no lesions, and the remainder developed only one to eight papillomas, which all regressed except for those on 1 rabbit. None developed cancer within 1 year of infection. Rabbits vaccinated with native CRPV VLPs developed high-titer antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on native VLPs, and passive transfer of serum or immunoglobulin G from rabbits immunized with CRPV VLPs protected against CRPV challenge. We conclude that native VLPs can induce antibody-mediated, type-specific protection against experimental papillomavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Breitburd
- Unité des papillomavirus, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-190, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ruffin MT, Ogaily MS, Johnston CM, Gregoire L, Lancaster WD, Brenner DE. Surrogate endpoint biomarkers for cervical cancer chemopreventive trials. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1995; 23:113-24. [PMID: 8747385 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240590915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) represents a spectrum of epithelial changes that provide an excellent model for developing chemopreventive interventions for cervical cancer. Possible drug effect surrogate endpoint biomarkers are dependent on the agent under investigation. Published and preliminary clinical reports suggest retinoids and carotenoids are effective chemopreventive agents for CIN. Determination of plasma and tissue pharmacology of these agents and their metabolites could serve as drug effect intermediate endpoints. In addition, retinoic acid receptors could serve a both drug and biological effect intermediate endpoints. Possible biological effect surrogate endpoint biomarkers include cytomorphological parameters, proliferation markers, genomic markers, regulatory markers, and differentiation. Given the demonstrated causality of human papillomavirus (HPV) for cervical cancer, establishing the relationship to HPV will be an essential component of any biological intermediate endpoint biomarker. The pathologic effect surrogate endpoint biomarker for cervical cancer is CIN, used clinically for years. The desired effect for chemopreventive trials is complete regression or prevention progression. In planning chemoprevention trials, investigators need to consider spontaneous regression rates, the subjective nature of detecting CIN, and the impact of biopsy on regression. If intermediate endpoint biomarkers that met the above criteria were available for cervical cancer, then new chemopreventive agents could be rapidly explored. The efficacy of these new agents could be determined with a moderate number of subjects exposed to minimal risk over an acceptable amount of time. The impacts on health care for women would be significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Ruffin
- Department of Family Practice, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0708, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zemlo TR, Lohrbach B, Lambert PF. Role of transcriptional repressors in transformation by bovine papillomavirus type 1. J Virol 1994; 68:6787-93. [PMID: 8084016 PMCID: PMC237105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6787-6793.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation of rodent cells by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) has been shown to require the direct contribution of the viral oncogenes encoded by the E5, E6, and E7 translational open reading frames (ORFs). It is also known that the viral E1 and E2 ORFs contribute indirectly to cellular transformation through their transcriptional modulation of these viral oncogenes. A mutant BPV-1 disrupted in two of the proteins encoded by the E2 ORF, the E2 transcriptional repressors, has a complex transformation phenotype. In this paper, we provide evidence that (i) this phenotype is not attributable to the absence of other viral genes that overlap the E2 repressor genes, (ii) the acquisition of transformation over time in cells harboring the E2 double-repressor mutant correlates with reversions of the mutations that disrupt one of the E2 repressor genes, E8/E2TR, and (iii) the initial transformation defect in the E2 double-repressor mutant can be rescued by disruption of the full-length protein encoded by the E1 ORF, the E1 transcriptional repressor. We propose a model by which the combination of E1 and E2 transcriptional repressors functions to modulate the transforming capacity of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Zemlo
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ushikai M, Lace MJ, Yamakawa Y, Kono M, Anson J, Ishiji T, Parkkinen S, Wicker N, Valentine ME, Davidson I. trans activation by the full-length E2 proteins of human papillomavirus type 16 and bovine papillomavirus type 1 in vitro and in vivo: cooperation with activation domains of cellular transcription factors. J Virol 1994; 68:6655-66. [PMID: 8083999 PMCID: PMC237086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6655-6666.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviral E2 genes encode proteins that regulate viral transcription. While the full-length bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 peptide is a strong trans activator, the homologous full-length E2 product of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) appeared to vary in function in previous studies. Here we show that when expressed from comparable constructs, the full-length E2 products of HPV-16 and BPV-1 trans activate a simple E2- and Sp1-dependent promoter up to approximately 100-fold in human keratinocytes and other epithelial cells as well as human and animal fibroblasts. Vaccinia virus-expressed, purified full-length HPV-16 and BPV-1 E2 proteins bound a consensus E2 site with high specific affinities (Kd = approximately 10(-9) M) and stimulated in vitro transcription up to six- to eightfold. In vivo and in vitro trans activation by either E2 protein required cooperation with another activator, such as Sp1, or other factors that interact with papillomavirus promoters, such as AP-1, Oct-1, nuclear factor 1/CTF, transcriptional enhancer factor 1, or USF. The glutamine-rich domain B of Sp1 or the mutually unrelated activation domains of other transcription factors were necessary and sufficient for cooperation with either E2 factor. We conclude that like BPV-1 E2, the HPV-16 E2 protein has the potential to function as a strong activator of viral gene expression in cooperation with cellular transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ushikai
- Department of Pathology, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu X, Xiao W, Brandsma JL. Papilloma formation by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus requires E1 and E2 regulatory genes in addition to E6 and E7 transforming genes. J Virol 1994; 68:6097-102. [PMID: 8057490 PMCID: PMC237021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.6097-6102.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA-rabbit system to evaluate whether the regulatory genes E1 and E2 and the transforming gene E6 are required for papilloma formation. Frameshift mutations were generated in the individual genes in the context of a full-length cottontail rabbit papillomavirus genome, and the mutant DNAs were intradermally inoculated into domestic rabbits. None of the mutants induced papillomas. Marker rescue experiments confirmed that the defects were due to mutations that we deliberately introduced. Marker rescue also confirmed our previous report that the upstream region of E7 around position 9 was critical for papilloma induction. These results demonstrate that the E1 and E2 regulatory genes as well as the E6 and E7 transforming genes are each required for papilloma formation. Each gene may provide molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- E J Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Belyavskyi M, Miller J, Wilson V. Bovine papillomavirus E1 protein affects the host cell cycle phase fractions. CYTOMETRY 1994; 16:129-37. [PMID: 7924681 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990160206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
C127 murine fibroblast cells were electroporated with a bovine papillomavirus E1 protein expression vector and examined by flow cytometry. E1 expressing cells (E1+) within the total cell population were distinguished from nonexpressing cells (E1-) by immunofluorescent staining with anti-E1 serum and a fluorescein-conjugated second antibody. Under conditions of saturation with the first and second antibodies, the specific green fluorescence reflected the level of intracellular E1 protein. Simultaneous staining with a DNA-specific dye, propidium iodide (PI), enabled the cell cycle distributions for the E1+ and E1- cell populations to be determined. It was found that the E1+ subpopulation had a reduced percentage of cells in G1 phase and an increased percentage of G2+M phase cells, compared to the E1- subpopulation. There was no significant difference in overall doubling time or percentage of noncycling cells in the E1+ vs. E1- populations, indicating that the change in cell cycle distribution was not due to a general activation or inhibition of cell growth by E1. Direct measurement of cell cycle phase fractions confirmed that the G1 phase was decreased and the G2+M phase was increased in E1 expressing cells. As these observations were made in the absence of other viral proteins or viral DNA replication, it suggests that the E1 protein exerts an effect on the host cell independent of its direct role in viral DNA replication. Thus, E1 may interact directly with the host cell cycle regulatory machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Belyavskyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station 77843
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Turek LP. The structure, function, and regulation of papillomaviral genes in infection and cervical cancer. Adv Virus Res 1994; 44:305-56. [PMID: 7817876 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L P Turek
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hwang ES, Riese DJ, Settleman J, Nilson LA, Honig J, Flynn S, DiMaio D. Inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell line proliferation by the introduction of a bovine papillomavirus regulatory gene. J Virol 1993; 67:3720-9. [PMID: 8389903 PMCID: PMC237735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.7.3720-3729.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes are expressed in the great majority of human cervical carcinomas, whereas the viral E2 regulatory gene is usually disrupted in these cancers. To investigate the roles of the papillomavirus E2 genes in the development and maintenance of cervical carcinoma, the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E2 gene was acutely introduced into cervical carcinoma cell lines by infection with high-titer stocks of simian virus 40-based recombinant viruses. Expression of the BPV E2 protein in HeLa, C-4I, and MS751 cells results in specific inhibition of the expression of the resident HPV type 18 (HPV18) E6 and E7 genes and in inhibition of cell growth. HeLa cells, in which HPV gene expression is nearly completely abolished, undergo a dramatic and rapid inhibition of proliferation, which appears to be largely a consequence of a block in progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. Loss of HPV18 gene expression in HeLa cells is also accompanied by a marked increase in the level of the cellular p53 tumor suppressor protein, apparently as a consequence of abrogation of HPV18 E6-mediated destabilization of p53. The proliferation of HT-3 cells, a human cervical carcinoma cell line devoid of detectable HPV DNA, is also inhibited by E2 expression, whereas two other epithelial cell lines that do not contain HPV DNA are not inhibited. Thus, a number of cervical carcinoma cell lines are remarkably sensitive to growth inhibition by the E2 protein. Although BPV E2-mediated inhibition of HPV18 E6 and E7 expression may contribute to growth inhibition in some of the cervical carcinoma cell lines, the BPV E2 protein also appears to exert a growth-inhibitory effect that is independent of its effects on HPV gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Hwang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8005
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stacey SN, Ghosh A, Bartholomew JS, Tindle RW, Stern PL, Mackett M, Arrand JR. Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein by recombinant baculovirus and use for the detection of E7 antibodies in sera from cervical carcinoma patients. J Med Virol 1993; 40:14-21. [PMID: 7685808 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of serum antibodies against the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7 protein has been linked with cervical cancer, currently available assays detect antibodies in only ca. 40% of carcinoma patients. The dependence of these serological assays on synthetic target antigens which present only linear epitopes may be a limiting factor. In order to produce a more realistic target antigen for use in serological assays, we have expressed the HPV-16 E7 protein in insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus vector. Two major E7 forms of ca. 18kDa and 16kDa were produced and characterised. The 16kDa component was shown to be truncated at the N-terminus. A radioimmunoprecipitation assay was developed for the detection of anti-E7 antibodies in human sera. This assay showed a marked increase in detection rate compared with a western blotting method based on bacterially derived E7 fusion proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Stacey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital, Manchester, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brandsma JL, Yang ZH, DiMaio D, Barthold SW, Johnson E, Xiao W. The putative E5 open reading frame of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus is dispensable for papilloma formation in domestic rabbits. J Virol 1992; 66:6204-7. [PMID: 1326666 PMCID: PMC283673 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.10.6204-6207.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit system, recombinant CRPV DNA can induce papillomas. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate whether the E5 open reading frame (ORF) of CRPV is required for papilloma formation. The CRPV genome we utilized, CRPV-WA, was sequenced in the E5 region and was found to contain one deletion, two insertions, and one transition mutation compared with CRPV-KS, the CRPV genome that has been fully sequenced. Despite these differences, an intact E5 ORF is preserved, supporting the notion that this gene may serve a biological function. One frameshift and two in-frame mutations were constructed in the small region of the 5' end of the E5 ORF that follows the E2 stop codon and precedes the L2 ORF. Several hundred rabbit skin sites were inoculated with each DNA preparation with a jet injector to test the ability of three CRPV E5 mutant DNAs to induce papillomas. In vivo results showed that each of the mutants induced papillomas, and biochemical analysis demonstrated that the E5 mutations present in DNA inocula were retained in the papillomas. The frequency of papilloma formation, however, was generally lower with each of the CRPV E5 mutants than with wild-type CRPV DNA, particularly so for the E5 frameshift mutant, suggesting that although the recognized E5 ORF is not required in domestic rabbits for the induction of papillomas by CRPV DNA, it may facilitate their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been suspected of playing a role in human malignancy. The long latency period (decades) and the fact that only a small proportion of infected individuals subsequently have cancer suggests that these viruses probably contribute in an indirect manner to the development of cancer. Analysis of viral gene function at the molecular level supports this conclusion. More studies are needed to understand the subtle interactions between host cell and viral functions and the genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morgan DM, Pecoraro G, Rosenberg I, Defendi V. Transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA but not HPV6b DNA is enhanced by addition of the human cytomegalovirus enhancer. Virology 1992; 189:687-94. [PMID: 1322595 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90592-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary human cervical epithelial cells immortalized by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA exhibit altered morphology and differentiation characteristic of transformation, but show a lack of transformed phenotype relative to HPV18 DNA immortalized cells in terms of anchorage-independent growth (Pecoraro, Lee, Morgan, and Defendi, 1991, Am. J. Pathol. 138, 1-8). This is completely corrected by inserting a strong heterologous enhancer derived from human cytomegalovirus DNA upstream from the HPV16 long control region. The cells immortalized by this DNA form colonies in agar comparable to those formed by HPV18 DNA immortalized cells. The enhanced transformation capability correlates with increased levels of HPV16 E6-E7 and E5 transcripts. The HPV16 DNA containing this strong enhancer also transforms C127 mouse cells with increased efficiency and strength relative to the natural HPV16 DNA, as measured by the numbers and size of the colonies in agar. The positive effects of this strong enhancer appear specific for HPVs associated with genital malignancies such as HPV16, since HPV6b DNA (primarily in benign tumors) with or without the strong cytomegalovirus enhancer is incapable of immortalizing primary human cervical epithelial cells or allowing efficient growth of C127 mouse cells in agar. These results suggest that the diminished oncogenic properties of HPV16 versus HPV18 DNA in cultured cells and in human malignancies may reside in the long control regions of these viruses and, additionally, may define another difference in the oncogenic properties of HPVs associated with benign or malignant genital neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Morgan
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Burnett S, Jareborg N, DiMaio D. Localization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 E5 protein to transformed basal keratinocytes and permissive differentiated cells in fibropapilloma tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5665-9. [PMID: 1319069 PMCID: PMC49353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined expression of the E5 transforming protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) in naturally and experimentally infected bovine cells. Bovine conjunctival fibroblasts transformed in vitro by experimental infection with purified BPV-1 virions expressed significantly higher amounts of the 7-kDa E5 protein than BPV-1-transformed murine C127 cells. Indirect immunofluourescence analysis revealed a cytoplasmic, predominantly juxtanuclear, localization of E5 protein in the in vitro virus-transformed bovine cells. In naturally infected bovine skin fibropapilloma tissue, two widely separated sites of E5 protein synthesis were identified within the epithelial layers. Transformed basal layer keratinocytes throughout the tumor tissue expressed cytoplasmic E5 protein at a low uniform level. In addition, abundant amounts of cytoplasmic E5 protein with a granular staining pattern were detected in highly differentiated keratinocytes in close association with sites of viral capsid protein synthesis. These observations imply roles for the viral E5 oncogene in the growth transformation of basal epidermal keratinocytes as well as in the differentiation-linked process of viral maturation. Detection of a papillomavirus protein in the basal cell population of warts lends support to the hypothesis that these cells are maintained in a transformed state by continuous expression of a viral transforming gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Burnett
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Leptak C, Ramon y Cajal S, Kulke R, Horwitz BH, Riese DJ, Dotto GP, DiMaio D. Tumorigenic transformation of murine keratinocytes by the E5 genes of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and human papillomavirus type 16. J Virol 1991; 65:7078-83. [PMID: 1658398 PMCID: PMC250837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.7078-7083.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the biological properties of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E5 genes, each was cloned separately into a retroviral expression vector and helper-free recombinant viruses were generated in packaging cell lines. The BPV E5 retroviruses efficiently caused morphologic and tumorigenic transformation of cultured lines of murine fibroblasts, whereas the HPV16 E5 viruses were inactive in these assays. In contrast, infection of the p117 established line of murine epidermal keratinocytes with either the BPV or the HPV16 E5 retrovirus resulted in the generation of tumorigenic cells. Pam212 murine keratinocytes were also transformed to tumorigenicity by the HPV16 E5 gene but not by the gene carrying a frameshift mutation. These results establish that the HPV16 E5 gene is a transforming gene in cells related to its normal host epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Leptak
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|