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N H, C M, T R M, S S, S N, K E M, S C S, Y N, P V D, R N M. In Vitro Hepatic Models to Assess Herb-Drug Interactions: Approaches and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030409. [PMID: 36986508 PMCID: PMC10058280 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A newfound appreciation for the benefits of herbal treatments has emerged in recent decades. However, herbal medication production still needs to establish standardized protocols that adhere to strict guidelines for quality assurance and risk minimization. Although the therapeutic effects of herbal medicines are extensive, the risk of herb-drug interactions remains a serious concern, limiting their use. Therefore, a robust, well-established liver model that can fully represent the liver tissue is required to study potential herb-drug interactions to ensure herbal medicines' safe and effective use. In light of this, this mini review investigates the existing in vitro liver models applicable to detecting herbal medicines' toxicity and other pharmacological targets. This article analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of existing in vitro liver cell models. To maintain relevance and effectively express the offered research, a systematic strategy was employed to search for and include all discussed studies. In brief, from 1985 to December 2022, the phrases "liver models", "herb-drug interaction", "herbal medicine", "cytochrome P450", "drug transporters pharmacokinetics", and "pharmacodynamics" were combined to search the electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengwa N
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Masilela C
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa
| | - Mtambo T R
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sithole S
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Naidoo S
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Machaba K E
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Shabalala S C
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Ntamo Y
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Dludla P V
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Milase R N
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Ichida H, Fukami T, Amai K, Suzuki K, Mishiro K, Takano S, Obuchi W, Zhang Z, Watanabe A, Nakano M, Watanabe K, Nakajima M. Quantitative Evaluation of the Contribution of Each Aldo-Keto Reductase and Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Isoform to Reduction Reactions of Compounds Containing a Ketone Group in the Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:17-28. [PMID: 36310032 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamilies are involved in the reduction of compounds containing a ketone group. In most cases, multiple isoforms appear to be involved in the reduction of a compound, and the enzyme(s) that are responsible for the reaction in the human liver have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each isoform to reduction reactions in the human liver. Recombinant cytosolic isoforms were constructed, i.e., AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, and carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), and a microsomal isoform, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1), and their contributions to the reduction of 10 compounds were examined by extrapolating the relative expression of each reductase protein in human liver preparations to recombinant systems quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The reductase activities for acetohexamide, doxorubicin, haloperidol, loxoprofen, naloxone, oxcarbazepine, and pentoxifylline were predominantly catalyzed by cytosolic isoforms, and the sum of the contributions of individual cytosolic reductases was almost 100%. Interestingly, AKR1C3 showed the highest contribution to acetohexamide and loxoprofen reduction, although previous studies have revealed that CBR1 mainly metabolizes them. The reductase activities of bupropion, ketoprofen, and tolperisone were catalyzed by microsomal isoform(s), and the contributions of HSD11B1 were calculated to be 41%, 32%, and 104%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each reductase to the reduction of drugs in the human liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the contribution of aldo-keto reductase (AKR)-1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, carbonyl reductase 1, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 to drug reductions in the human liver by utilizing the relative expression factor approach. This study found that AKR1C3 contributes to the reduction of compounds at higher-than-expected rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Keito Amai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Shiori Takano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Wataru Obuchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Kengo Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (H.I., T.F., K.A., K.S., S.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.), and Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan (W.O., Z.Z., A.W., K.W.)
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Zhang Y, Sato R, Fukami T, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Pirfenidone 5-hydroxylation is mainly catalysed by CYP1A2 and partly catalysed by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in the human liver. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1352-1359. [PMID: 34779706 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2007553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pirfenidone is a first-line drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The primary metabolic pathways of pirfenidone in humans are 5-hydroxylation and subsequent oxidation to 5-carboxylpirfenidone. The aims of this study were to determine the cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for pirfenidone 5-hydroxylation and to evaluate their contributions in human liver microsomes (HLM).Among the recombinant P450 isoforms, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 were shown to catalyse the 5-hydroxylation of pirfenidone. Pirfenidone 5-hydroxylase activity by HLM was inhibited by α-naphthoflavone (by 45%), 8-methoxypsolaren (by 84%), tranylcypromine (by 53%), and quinidine (by 15%), which are CYP1A2, CYP1A2/CYP2A6/CYP2C19, CYP2A6/CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 inhibitors, respectively.In 17 individual HLM donors, pirfenidone 5-hydroxylase activity was significantly correlated with phenacetin O-deethylase (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activities (r = 0.51, P < 0.05), which are CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 marker activities, respectively.By using the relative activity factors, the contributions of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 to pirfenidone 5-hydroxylation in the human liver were 72.8%, 11.8%, and 8.9%, respectively.In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated the predominant P450 involved in pirfenidone 5-hydroxylation in the human liver is CYP1A2, with CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 playing a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Rei Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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4
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Wiebel FJ, Andersson TB, Casciano DA, Dickins M, Fischer V, Glatt H, Horbach J, Langenbach RJ, Luyten W, Turchi G, Vandewalle A. Genetically Engineered Cell Lines: Characterisation and Applications in Toxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- BIOMET Department, GlaxoWellcome, Building 2, Park Road, Ware SG12 ODP, UK
| | - Daniel A. Casciano
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, 59 route 10, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Maurice Dickins
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Abtl. Ernährungstoxikologie, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Volker Fischer
- RITOX, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Laboratory of Carcinogenesis/Mutagenesis, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jean Horbach
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutsebaan 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Langenbach
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Pisa, Via S. Giuseppe 22, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Luyten
- INSERM U246, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Gino Turchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Pisa, Via S. Giuseppe 22, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alain Vandewalle
- INSERM U246, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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5
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Recent advances in preclinical in vitro approaches towards quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions involving organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer BJ, Bremer S, Casati S, Castell J, Combes R, Corvi R, Crespi CL, Cunningham ML, Elaut G, Eletti B, Freidig A, Gennari A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Guillouzo A, Hartung T, Hoet P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Munn S, Janssens W, Ladstetter B, Leahy D, Long A, Meneguz A, Monshouwer M, Morath S, Nagelkerke F, Pelkonen O, Ponti J, Prieto P, Richert L, Sabbioni E, Schaack B, Steiling W, Testai E, Vericat JA, Worth A. Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:49-84. [PMID: 16522150 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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7
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Izumi S, Nozaki Y, Kusuhara H, Hotta K, Mochizuki T, Komori T, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Relative Activity Factor (RAF)-Based Scaling of Uptake Clearance Mediated by Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 in Human Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2277-2288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hotta
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mochizuki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, 1-6 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Identification of human cytochrome P450 and UGT enzymes involved in the metabolism of ferulic acid, a major bioactive component in traditional Chinese medicines. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:695-702. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Santos S, Silva AM, Matos M, Monteiro SM, Álvaro AR. Copper induced apoptosis in Caco-2 and Hep-G2 cells: Expression of caspases 3, 8 and 9, AIF and p53. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:138-146. [PMID: 27046389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal needed to ensure cell function. However, when present at high concentrations it becomes toxic to organisms. Cell death, induced by toxic levels of copper, was previously observed in in vitro studies. However, there is no consensus about the cell death pathway induced by Cu and it is still not known whether this occurs as a result of the direct action of the metal or by indirect effects. In the present work, we intend to identify the influence of different Cu concentrations in the induction of apoptosis and to explore the potential signaling pathways, using two different in vitro cell culture models (Caco-2 and Hep-G2). Cells were exposed, during 6, 12, 24 and 48h, to Cu concentrations corresponding to IC50 and 1/8 of IC50, according to the viability assays. Then, considering the different apoptosis pathways, the expression of caspases 3, 8 and 9, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and p53 genes was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. The results suggested that different Cu concentrations could trigger different apoptotic pathways, at different times of exposure. In both cell lines, apoptosis seems to be initiated by caspase independent pathway and intrinsic pathway, followed by extrinsic pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Cu induces the activation of apoptosis through caspase dependent and independent pathways, also suggesting that apoptosis activation mechanism is dependent on the concentration, time of exposure to Cu and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Santos
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Biology and Enviroment, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Amélia M Silva
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Biology and Enviroment, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomic and Biotechnology (IBB/CGB), Department of Genetic and Biotechnology (DGB), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Biology and Enviroment, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana R Álvaro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra (CNBC-UC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chen X, Murdoch R, Shafer DJ, Ajuwon KM, Applegate TJ. Cytotoxicity of various chemicals and mycotoxins in fresh primary duck embryonic fibroblasts: a comparison to HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1437-45. [PMID: 26889939 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | | | | | - Kolapo M. Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
| | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47906 USA
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11
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Kurokawa T, Fukami T, Yoshida T, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide Deacetylase is Responsible for Activation of Prasugrel in Human and Dog. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:409-16. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Morán MC, Tozar T, Simon A, Dinache A, Smarandache A, Andrei IR, Boni M, Pascu ML, Cirisano F, Ferrari M. Toxicity study in blood and tumor cells of laser produced medicines for application in fabrics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 137:91-103. [PMID: 26187648 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives are non-antibiotics with antimicrobial, fungistatic and fungicidal effects. We exposed to a high energy UV laser beam phenothiazines solutions in water at 20mg/mL concentration to increase antibacterial activity of resulting mixtures. Compared to previous results obtained on bacteria, more research is needed about UV laser irradiated phenothiazines applications on cancer cell cultures to evidence possible anticancerous properties. Evaluation of the safety of the newly obtained photoproducts in view of use on humans is also needed. Due to expensive animal testing in toxicology and pressure from general public and governments to develop alternatives to in vivo testing, in vitro cell-based models are attractive for preliminary testing of new materials. Cytotoxicity screening reported here shows that laser irradiated (4h exposure time length) chlorpromazine and promazine are more efficient against some cell cultures. Interaction of laser irradiated phenothiazines with fabrics show that promethazine and chlorpromazine have improved wetting properties. Correlation of these two groups of properties shows that chlorpromazine appears to be more recommended for applications on tissues using fabrics as transport vectors. The reported results concern stability study of phenothiazines water solutions to know the time limits within which they are stable and may be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Morán
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia-IN(2)UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tatiana Tozar
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Agota Simon
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Andra Dinache
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ionut Relu Andrei
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihai Boni
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihail Lucian Pascu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | | | - Michele Ferrari
- CNR - Istituto per l' Energetica e le Interfasi, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Kwon SS, Kim JH, Jeong HU, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Lee HS. Role of cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in metabolic pathway of homoegonol in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:305-13. [PMID: 26163112 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homoegonol is being evaluated for the development of a new antiasthmatic drug. Based on a pharmacokinetic study of homoegonol in rats, homoegonol is almost completely eliminated via metabolism, but no study on its metabolism has been reported in animals and humans. Incubation of homoegonol in human liver microsomes in the presence of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and UDP-glucuronic acid resulted in the formation of five metabolites: 4-O-demethylhomoegonol (M1), hydroxyhomoegonol (M2 and M3), 4-O-demethylhomoegonol glucuronide (M4), and homoegonol glucuronide (M5). We characterized the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes responsible for homoegonol metabolism using human liver microsomes, and cDNA-expressed CYP and UGT enzymes. CYP1A2 played a more prominent role than CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 in the 4-O-demethylation of homoegonol to M1. CYP3A4 was responsible for the hydroxylation of homoegonol to M2. The hydroxylation of homoegonol to M3 was insufficient to characterize CYP enzymes. Glucuronidation of homoegonol to M5 was mediated by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7 enzymes, whereas M4 was formed from 4-O-demethylhomoegonol by UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, and UGT2B15 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sang Kwon
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Uk Jeong
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Zientek MA, Youdim K. Reaction phenotyping: advances in the experimental strategies used to characterize the contribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:163-81. [PMID: 25297949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of drug discovery, the pharmaceutical industry is faced with numerous challenges. One challenge is the successful prediction of the major routes of human clearance of new medications. For compounds cleared by metabolism, accurate predictions help provide an early risk assessment of their potential to exhibit significant interpatient differences in pharmacokinetics via routes of metabolism catalyzed by functionally polymorphic enzymes and/or clinically significant metabolic drug-drug interactions. This review details the most recent and emerging in vitro strategies used by drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic scientists to better determine rates and routes of metabolic clearance and how to translate these parameters to estimate the amount these routes contribute to overall clearance, commonly referred to as fraction metabolized. The enzymes covered in this review include cytochrome P450s together with other enzymatic pathways whose involvement in metabolic clearance has become increasingly important as efforts to mitigate cytochrome P450 clearance are successful. Advances in the prediction of the fraction metabolized include newly developed methods to differentiate CYP3A4 from the polymorphic enzyme CYP3A5, scaling tools for UDP-glucuronosyltranferase, and estimation of fraction metabolized for substrates of aldehyde oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zientek
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
| | - Kuresh Youdim
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
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16
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Li X, Suhar T, Glass L, Rajaraman G. A High-Throughput (HTS) Assay for Enzyme Reaction Phenotyping in Human Recombinant P450 Enzymes Using LC-MS/MS. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 64:9.18.1-9.18.10. [PMID: 26344210 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0918s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme reaction phenotyping is employed extensively during the early stages of drug discovery to identify the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of new chemical entities (NCEs). Early identification of metabolic pathways facilitates prediction of potential drug-drug interactions associated with enzyme polymorphism, induction, or inhibition, and aids in the design of clinical trials. Incubation of NCEs with human recombinant enzymes is a popular method for such work because of the specificity, simplicity, and high-throughput nature of this approach for phenotyping studies. The availability of a relative abundance factor and calculated intersystem extrapolation factor for the expressed recombinant enzymes facilitates easy scaling of in vitro data, enabling in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Described in this unit is a high-throughput screen for identifying enzymes involved in the metabolism of NCEs. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the human recombinant enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4, including the calculation of the intrinsic clearance for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- AbbVie, Drug Metabolism, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tom Suhar
- AbbVie, Drug Metabolism, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lateca Glass
- AbbVie, Drug Metabolism, North Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Morán MC, Vinardell MP, Infante MR, Miguel MG, Lindman B. DNA gel particles: an overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 205:240-56. [PMID: 24119768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A general understanding of interactions between DNA and oppositely charged compounds forms the basis for developing novel DNA-based materials, including gel particles. The association strength, which is altered by varying the chemical structure of the cationic cosolute, determines the spatial homogeneity of the gelation process, creating DNA reservoir devices and DNA matrix devices that can be designed to release either single- (ssDNA) or double-stranded (dsDNA) DNA. This review covers recent developments on the topic of DNA gel particles formed in water-water emulsion-type interfaces. The degree of DNA entrapment, particle morphology, swelling/dissolution behavior and DNA release responses are discussed as functions of the nature of the cationic agent used. On the basis of designing DNA gel particles for therapeutic purposes, recent studies on the determination of the surface hydrophobicity and the hemolytic and the cytotoxic assessments of the obtained DNA gel particles have been also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Morán
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Interaction of Surfactants with Cell Membranes, Unit Associated with CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Pilar Vinardell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Interaction of Surfactants with Cell Membranes, Unit Associated with CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rosa Infante
- Interaction of Surfactants with Cell Membranes, Unit Associated with CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Tecnología de Tensioactivos, IQAC-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Graça Miguel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Björn Lindman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Physical Chemistry 1, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Morán M, Nogueira D, Vinardell M, Miguel M, Lindman B. Mixed protein–DNA gel particles for DNA delivery: Role of protein composition and preparation method on biocompatibility. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:192-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Diamidines versus Monoamidines as Anti-Pneumocystis Agents: An in Vivo Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:837-50. [PMID: 24276317 PMCID: PMC3816707 DOI: 10.3390/ph6070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some compounds articulated around a piperazine or an ethylenediamine linker have been evaluated in vitro to determine their activity in the presence of a 3T6 fibroblast cell line and an axenic culture of Pneumocystis carinii, respectively. The most efficient antifungal derivatives, namely N,N′-bis(benzamidine-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine (compound 6, a diamidine) and N-(benzamidine-4-yl)-N′-phenylethane-1,2-diamine (compound 7, a monoamidine), exhibited no cytotoxicity and were evaluated in vivo in a rat model. Only the diamidine 6 emerged as a promising hit for further studies.
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20
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Kato Y, Nakajima M, Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in haloperidol glucuronidation and quantitative estimation of their contribution. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:240-8. [PMID: 22028316 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major metabolic pathway of haloperidol is glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). In this study, we found that two glucuronides were formed by the incubation of haloperidol with human liver microsomes (HLM) and presumed that the major and minor metabolites (>10-fold difference) were O- and N-glucuronide, respectively. The haloperidol N-glucuronidation was catalyzed solely by UGT1A4, whereas the haloperidol O-glucuronidation was catalyzed by UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. The kinetics of the haloperidol O-glucuronidation in HLM was monophasic with K(m) and V(max) values of 85 μM and 3.2 nmol · min⁻¹ · mg⁻¹, respectively. From the kinetic parameters of the recombinant UGT1A4 (K(m) = 64 μM, V(max) = 0.6 nmol · min⁻¹ · mg⁻¹), UGT1A9 (K(m) = 174 μM, V(max) = 2.3 nmol · min⁻¹ · mg⁻¹), and UGT2B7 (K(m) = 45 μM, V(max) = 1.0 nmol · min⁻¹ · mg⁻¹), we could not estimate which isoform largely contributes to the reaction. Because the haloperidol O-glucuronidation in a panel of 17 HLM was significantly correlated (r = 0.732, p < 0.01) with zidovudine O-glucuronidation, a probe activity of UGT2B7, and the activity in the pooled HLM was prominently inhibited (58% of control) by gemfibrozil, an inhibitor of UGT2B7, we surmised that the reaction would mainly be catalyzed by UGT2B7. We could successfully estimate, using the concept of the relative activity factor, that the contributions of UGT1A4, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 in HLM were approximately 10, 20, and 70%, respectively. The present study provides new insight into haloperidol glucuronidation, concerning the causes of interindividual differences in the efficacy and adverse reactions or drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kato
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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21
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Nogueira DR, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. Comparative sensitivity of tumor and non-tumor cell lines as a reliable approach for in vitro cytotoxicity screening of lysine-based surfactants with potential pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:51-8. [PMID: 21871545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are used as additives in topical pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems. The biocompatibility of amino acid-based surfactants makes them highly suitable for use in these fields, but tests are needed to evaluate their potential toxicity. Here we addressed the sensitivity of tumor (HeLa, MCF-7) and non-tumor (3T3, 3T6, HaCaT, NCTC 2544) cell lines to the toxic effects of lysine-based surfactants by means of two in vitro endpoints (MTT and NRU). This comparative assay may serve as a reliable approach for predictive toxicity screening of chemicals prior to pharmaceutical applications. After 24-h of cell exposure to surfactants, differing toxic responses were observed. NCTC 2544 and 3T6 cell lines were the most sensitive, while both tumor cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of surfactants. IC(50)-values revealed that cytotoxicity was detected earlier by MTT assay than by NRU assay, regardless of the compound or cell line. The overall results showed that surfactants with organic counterions were less cytotoxic than those with inorganic counterions. Our findings highlight the relevance of the correct choice and combination of cell lines and bioassays in toxicity studies for a safe and reliable screen of chemicals with potential interest in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rubert Nogueira
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Crewe HK, Barter ZE, Yeo KR, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Are there differences in the catalytic activity per unit enzyme of recombinantly expressed and human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2C9? A systematic investigation into inter-system extrapolation factors. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32:303-18. [PMID: 21725985 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 'relative activity factor' (RAF) compares the activity per unit of microsomal protein in recombinantly expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes (rhCYP) and human liver without separating the potential sources of variation (i.e. abundance of enzyme per mg of protein or variation of activity per unit enzyme). The dimensionless 'inter-system extrapolation factor' (ISEF) dissects differences in activity from those in CYP abundance. Detailed protocols for the determination of this scalar, which is used in population in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are currently lacking. The present study determined an ISEF for CYP2C9 and, for the first time, systematically evaluated the effects of probe substrate, cytochrome b5 and methods for assessing the intrinsic clearance (CL(int) ). Values of ISEF for S-warfarin, tolbutamide and diclofenac were 0.75 ± 0.18, 0.57 ± 0.07 and 0.37 ± 0.07, respectively, using CL(int) values derived from the kinetic values V(max) and K(m) of metabolite formation in rhCYP2C9 + reductase + b5 BD Supersomes™. The ISEF values obtained using rhCYP2C9 + reductase BD Supersomes™ were more variable, with values of 7.16 ± 1.25, 0.89 ± 0.52 and 0.50 ± 0.05 for S-warfarin, tolbutamide and diclofenac, respectively. Although the ISEF values obtained from rhCYP2C9 + reductase + b5 for the three probe substrates were statistically different (p < 0.001), the use of the mean value of 0.54 resulted in predicted oral clearance values for all three substrates within 1.4 fold of the observed literature values. For consistency in the relative activity across substrates, use of a b5 expressing recombinant system, with the intrinsic clearance calculated from full kinetic data is recommended for generation of the CYP2C9 ISEF. Furthermore, as ISEFs have been found to be sensitive to differences in accessory proteins, rhCYP system specific ISEFs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Crewe
- Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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23
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Peters FT, Meyer MR. In vitro approaches to studying the metabolism of new psychoactive compounds. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:483-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Metabolic-based drug-drug interactions prediction, recent approaches for risk assessment along drug development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 26:147-68. [DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2011.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Chen Y, Liu L, Nguyen K, Fretland AJ. Utility of Intersystem Extrapolation Factors in Early Reaction Phenotyping and the Quantitative Extrapolation of Human Liver Microsomal Intrinsic Clearance Using Recombinant Cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:373-82. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Hisaka A, Ohno Y, Yamamoto T, Suzuki H. Theoretical considerations on quantitative prediction of drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:48-61. [PMID: 20208388 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) associated with change in clearance for metabolism is reviewed, particularly focusing on pharmacokinetic theories for prediction based on in vitro and in vivo observation. First, there is discussion about how quantitative determination of the contribution of major clearance pathways is fundamental for the accurate prediction of DDIs. Secondly, the concentrations of causative drugs at sites of interactions are discussed. Although DDIs have been predicted from in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters based on predicted hepatic unbound concentrations of inhibitors and inducers, there are noticeable discrepancies between predicted and observed magnitudes of these DDIs. To solve these issues, a method for the prediction of unbound hepatic concentration is proposed based on theoretical considerations. Finally, a pharmacokinetic model to describe the intestinal first pass metabolism is considered, particularly focusing on the importance of the Q(gut) model. Although this Q(gut) model was proposed as an empirical model, theoretical considerations suggest that the model is regarded as a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model that can predict significance of intestinal DDIs. Theoretical considerations proposed in the present article may be helpful for future analysis of DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hisaka
- Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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27
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Understanding CYP2D6 interactions. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:964-72. [PMID: 19638317 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the polymorphic nature of CYP2D6, clinically significant issues can arise when drugs rely on that enzyme either for clearance, or metabolism to an active metabolite. Available screening methods to determine if the compound is likely to cause drug-drug interactions, or is likely to be a victim of inhibition of CYP2D6 by other compounds will be described. Computational models and examples will be given on strategies to design out the CYP2D6 liabilities for both heme-binding compounds and non-heme-binding compounds.
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Soars MG, Webborn PJH, Riley RJ. Impact of Hepatic Uptake Transporters on Pharmacokinetics and Drug−Drug Interactions: Use of Assays and Models for Decision Making in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1662-77. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800246x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G. Soars
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Robert J. Riley
- Department of Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
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29
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Stereoselective differences in the cytochrome P450-dependent dealkylation and demethylenation of N-methyl-benzodioxolyl-butanamine (MBDB, Eden) enantiomers. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1725-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Langenfeld E, Zanger UM, Jung K, Meyer HE, Marcus K. Mass spectrometry-based absolute quantification of microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 in human liver. Proteomics 2009; 9:2313-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Chiba M, Ishii Y, Sugiyama Y. Prediction of hepatic clearance in human from in vitro data for successful drug development. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:262-76. [PMID: 19408130 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo metabolic clearance in human has been successfully predicted by using in vitro data of metabolic stability in cryopreserved preparations of human hepatocytes. In the predictions by human hepatocytes, the systematic underpredictions of in vivo clearance have been commonly observed among different datasets. The regression-based scaling factor for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation has mitigated discrepancy between in vitro prediction and in vivo observation. In addition to the elimination by metabolic degradation, the important roles of transporter-mediated hepatic uptake and canalicular excretion have been increasingly recognized as a rate-determining step in the hepatic clearance. It has been, therefore, proposed that the in vitro assessment should allow the evaluation of clearances for both transporter(s)-mediated uptake/excretion and metabolic degradation. This review first outlines the limited ability of subcellular fractions such as liver microsomes to predict hepatic clearance in vivo. It highlights the advantages of cryopreserved human hepatocytes as one of the versatile in vitro systems for the prediction of in vivo metabolic clearance in human at the early development stage. The following section discusses the mechanisms underlying the systematic underprediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by hepatocytes. It leads to the proposal for the assessment of hepatic uptake clearance as one of the kinetically important determinants for accurate predictions of hepatic clearance in human. The judicious combination of advanced technologies and understandings for the drug disposition allows us to rationally optimize new chemical entities to the drug candidate with higher probability of success during the clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Chiba
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Okubo 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-0810, Japan
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32
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Stringer RA, Strain-Damerell C, Nicklin P, Houston JB. Evaluation of Recombinant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes as an in Vitro System for Metabolic Clearance Predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1025-34. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.024810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sauer C, Peters FT, Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Investigations on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of the designer drugs N-(1-phenyl cyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Quantitative analysis of highly homologous proteins: the challenge of assaying the “CYP-ome” by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ghosal A, Chowdhury SK, Gupta S, Yuan Y, Iannucci R, Zhang H, Zbaida S, Patrick JE, Alton KB. Identification of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of SCH 351125, a CCR5 antagonist. Xenobiotica 2008; 35:405-17. [PMID: 16012074 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500136569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification and relative contribution of human cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) involved in the metabolism of SCH 351125 were investigated. In human liver microsomes, O-deethylation was the major metabolic pathway, whereas aromatization of a piperidine ring to pyridine and the reduction of the N-oxide moiety were minor routes. Recombinant human CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 both exhibited catalytic activity with respect to the formation of rotameric O-deethylated metabolites (M12, M13), the metabolites resulting from aromatization (M22/M24) and N-oxide reduction (M31). Using the relative activity factor (RAF) approach, the relative contributions of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 to M13 formation were estimated to be 76 and 24%, respectively. There was a high correlation (r>0.96) between the rate of formation of M12 and M13 and 6 beta-hydroxylation of testosterone catalysed by CYP3A4/5. Ketoconazole (2microM) and CYP3A4/5-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody inhibited the formation of M12 and M13 from human liver microsomes by approximately 60 and 71%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the in vitro metabolism of SCH 351125 is mediated primarily via CYP3A4 and that CYP2C9 plays a minor role. Clinical study designs should encompass these enzymology data to address any potential drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosal
- Drug, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Naritomi Y, Terashita S, Kagayama A. Identification and relative contributions of human cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of glibenclamide and lansoprazole: evaluation of an approach based on thein vitrosubstrate disappearance rate. Xenobiotica 2008; 34:415-27. [PMID: 15370958 DOI: 10.1080/00498250410001685728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The identification and relative contributions of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the metabolism of glibenclamide and lansoprazole in human liver microsomes were investigated using an approach based on the in vitro disappearance rate of unchanged drug. 2. Recombinant CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 catalysed a significant disappearance of both drugs. When the contribution of CYPs to the intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) of drugs in pooled human microsomes was estimated by relative activity factors, contributions of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 were determined to be 4.6 and 96.4% for glibenclamide, and 75.1 and 35.6% for lansoprazole, respectively. 3. CL(int) of glibenclamide correlated very well with CYP3A4 marker activity, whereas the CL(int) of lansoprazole significantly correlated with CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 marker activities in human liver microsomes from 12 separate individuals. Effects of CYP-specific inhibitors and anti-CYP3A serum on the CL(int) of drugs in pooled human liver microsomes reflected the relative contributions of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. 4. The results suggest that glibenclamide is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, whereas lansoprazole is metabolized by both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. This approach, based on the in vitro drug disappearance rate, is useful for estimating CYP identification and their contribution to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naritomi
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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37
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Yamamoto T, Itoga H, Kohno Y, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y. Prediction of oral clearance fromin vitrometabolic data using recombinant CYPs: Comparison among well-stirred, parallel-tube, distributed and dispersion models. Xenobiotica 2008; 35:627-46. [PMID: 16192112 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500159371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic clearances (CLint-HLM-total) for the metabolism of NE-100, metoprolol, clarithromycin (CAM), lornoxicam and tenoxicam were predicted from in vitro data with recombinant cytochorme P450s (CYPs) using relative activity factor (RAF) and then compared with CLint-HLM observed in human liver microsomes (HLM). The predicted CLint-HLM-total correlated well with the observed CLint-HLM in HLM. When oral clearances (CLoral) of low-clearance drugs such as metoprolol, CAM, lornoxicam and tenoxicam were predicted from the in vitro data using four physiological models (well-stirred, parallel tube, distributed and dispersion models), the predicted CLoral corresponded well with the observed CLoralin vivo and were similar among the four models. For a high-clearance drug, the predicted CLoral of NE-100 in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (EMs) was substantially different between individual models, although the predicted CLoral in a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6 (PMs) was similar. The CLoral ratio of NE-100 between the EMs and the PMs predicted from the dispersion model, which leads to a reliable prediction for the high-clearance drug, was 48.4, but the ratio decreased depending on the increase of the NE-100 plasma concentration. The results suggest that the CLoral decrease in the EMs is caused by saturation of NE-100 metabolism mediated by CYP2D6 and is based on increases in plasma NE-100 concentrations dependent on the dose of NE-100. The study suggests that the RAF and the in vitro-in vivo scaling approaches are useful for predicting CLoral from in vitro data with recombinant CYPs without using HLM and hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism Laboratory, Medicinal Development Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Meyer MR, Peters FT, Maurer HH. The role of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine and its enantiomers. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2345-54. [PMID: 18725511 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The entactogen, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), is a chiral drug that is mainly metabolized by N-demethylation and demethylenation. The involvement of cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes in these metabolic steps has been studied by inhibition assays with human liver microsomes and, in part, with heterologously expressed human P450 isozymes. However, a comprehensive study on the involvement of all relevant human P450s has not been published yet. In addition, the chirality of this drug was not considered in these in vitro studies. The aim of the present work was to study the contribution of human P450 isozymes in the N-demethylation and demethylenation of racemic MDMA and its single enantiomers. MDMA and its enantiomers were incubated using heterologously expressed human P450s, and the metabolites were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization with S-heptafluorobutyrylprolyl chloride. The highest contribution for the N-demethylation as calculated from the enzyme kinetic data, were obtained for CYP2B6 (R,S-MDMA), CYP1A2 (R-MDMA), and CYP2B6 (S-MDMA). In the case of the demethylenation, the isozyme with the highest contribution to net clearance for R,S-MDMA, R-MDMA, and S-MDMA was CYP2D6. For the first time, marked enantioselectivity was observed for N-demethylation and demethylenation by CYP2C19 with a preference for the S-enantiomers. In addition, CYP2D6 showed preference for S-MDMA in the case of demethylenation. None of the other isozymes showed major preferences for certain enantiomers. In conclusion, therefore, the different pharmacokinetic properties of the MDMA enantiomers may be caused by enantioselective metabolism by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Building 46, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Lu C, Berg C, Prakash SR, Lee FW, Balani SK. Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Using Human Hepatocyte Suspension in Plasma and Cytochrome P450 Phenotypic Data. III. In Vitro-in Vivo Correlation with Fluconazole. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1261-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Peters FT, Meyer MR, Theobald DS, Maurer HH. Identification of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of the New Designer Drug 4′-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:163-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Li AP. In vitro evaluation of metabolic drug-drug interactions: a descriptive and critical commentary. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2007; Chapter 4:Unit 4.25. [PMID: 23045147 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0425s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug-drug interactions represent a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, in vitro approaches for the evaluation of metabolism-related drug-drug interactions have been developed. These in vitro approaches are found to be useful in the assessment of clinical drug-drug interaction potential of new chemical entities and to aid the understanding of clinically significant drug-drug interactions observed with existing drugs. The general methods for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions using in vitro, human-based experimental systems are described and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, Maryland, USA
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42
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Soars MG, McGinnity DF, Grime K, Riley RJ. The pivotal role of hepatocytes in drug discovery. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 168:2-15. [PMID: 17208208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review promotes the value of isolated hepatocytes in modern Drug Discovery programmes and outlines how increased understanding, particularly in the area of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), has led to more widespread use. The importance of in vitro metabolic intrinsic clearance data for predicting in vivo clearance has been acknowledged for several years and the greater utility of hepatocytes, compared with hepatic microsomes and liver slices, for this application is discussed. The application of hepatocytes in predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) resulting from reversible and irreversible (time-dependent) inhibition is relatively novel but affords the potential to study both phase I and phase II processes together with any impact of drug efflux and/or uptake (cellular accumulation). Progress in this area is reviewed along with current opinions on the comparative use of primary hepatocytes and higher throughput reporter gene-based systems for studying cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction. The appreciation of the role of transporter proteins in drug disposition continues to evolve. The study of hepatic uptake using isolated hepatocytes and the interplay between drug transport and metabolism with respect to both clearance and DDIs and subsequent IVIVE is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Soars
- Department of Physical and Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, UK.
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43
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Akutsu T, Kobayashi K, Sakurada K, Ikegaya H, Furihata T, Chiba K. Identification of Human Cytochrome P450 Isozymes Involved in Diphenhydramine N-Demethylation. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 35:72-8. [PMID: 17020955 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenhydramine is widely used as an over-the-counter antihistamine. However, the specific human cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes that mediate the metabolism of diphenhydramine in the range of clinically relevant concentrations (0.14-0.77 microM) remain unclear. Therefore, P450 isozymes involved in N-demethylation, a main metabolic pathway of diphenhydramine, were identified by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method developed in our laboratory. Among 14 recombinant P450 isozymes, CYP2D6 showed the highest activity of diphenhydramine N-demethylation (0.69 pmol/min/pmol P450) at 0.5 microM. CYP2D6 catalyzed diphenhydramine N-demethylation as a high-affinity P450 isozyme, the K(m) value of which was 1.12 +/- 0.21 microM. In addition, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 were identified as low-affinity components. In human liver microsomes, involvement of CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 in diphenhydramine N-demethylation was confirmed by using P450 isozyme-specific inhibitors. In addition, contributions of these P450 isozymes estimated by the relative activity factor were in good agreement with the results of inhibition studies. Although an inhibitory effect of diphenhydramine on the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 has been reported previously, the results of the present study suggest that it is not only a potent inhibitor but also a high-affinity substrate of CYP2D6. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that the sedative effect of diphenhydramine might be caused by coadministration of CYP2D6 substrate(s)/inhibitor(s). In addition, large differences in the metabolic activities of CYP2D6 and those of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 could cause the individual differences in anti-allergic efficacy and the sedative effect of diphenhydramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Akutsu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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44
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Lu C, Miwa GT, Prakash SR, Gan LS, Balani SK. A Novel Model for the Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions in Humans Based on in Vitro Cytochrome P450 Phenotypic Data. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 35:79-85. [PMID: 17020957 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.011346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketoconazole has generally been used as a standard inhibitor for studying clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4/5. However, ketoconazole at therapeutic, high concentrations also inhibits cytochromes P450 (P450) other than CYP3A4/5, which has made the predictions of DDIs less accurate. Determining the in vivo inhibitor concentration at the enzymatic site is critical for predicting the clinical DDI, but it remains a technical challenge. Various approaches have been used in the literature to estimate the human hepatic free concentrations of this inhibitor, and application of those to predict DDIs has shown some success. In the present study, a novel approach using cryopreserved human hepatocytes suspended in human plasma was applied to mimic the in vivo concentration of ketoconazole at the enzymatic site. The involvement of various P450s in the metabolism of compounds of interest was quantitatively determined (reactive phenotyping). Likewise, the effect of ketoconazole on various P450s was quantitated. Using this information, P450-mediated change in the area under the curve has been predicted without the need of estimating the inhibitor concentrations at the enzyme active site or the K(i). This approach successfully estimated the magnitude of the clinical DDI of an investigational compound, MLX, which is cleared by multiple P450-mediated metabolism. It also successfully predicted the pharmacokinetic DDIs for several marketed drugs (theophylline, tolbutamide, omeprazole, desipramine, midazolam, alprazolam, cyclosporine, and loratadine) with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.992. Thus, this approach provides a simple method to more precisely predict the DDIs for P450 substrates when coadministered with ketoconazole or any other competitive P450 inhibitors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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45
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Jondeau A, Dahbi L, Bani-Estivals MH, Chagnon MC. Evaluation of the sensitivity of three sublethal cytotoxicity assays in human HepG2 cell line using water contaminants. Toxicology 2006; 226:218-28. [PMID: 16930799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro toxicological index IC50 (the millimolar concentration of compound which inhibits response assay by 50% compared to the solvent control) of 11 water contaminants (acrylamide, atrazine, B[a]P, BPA, 2,4-DAT, 17-alphaEE, H(2)O(2), 4-OP, sodium bromate, sodium chlorate, sodium nitrate) was evaluated on the human hepatoma (HepG2) cells using three short-term bioassays related to their morbidity status [radiometric RNA synthesis assay (RNA), luminometric ATP assay (ATP), fluorometric Alamar blue assay (AB)]. Among all substances, we were not able to determine atrazine IC50 value whatever the test used. Furthermore, B[a]P was not cytotoxic in the ATP and AB assays. Statistical analysis revealed a correlation between the IC50 values obtained in the three assays. Except with 4-OP, RNA assay was always inhibited at lower concentrations than those required in the other assays, suggesting that this assay is a very sensitive indicator of the presence of toxic compounds. ATP and AB assays responded to a similar pattern. Due to its higher sensitivity and its reliability, RNA synthesis assay using HepG2 cell line provides the most suitable tool for the screening of water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jondeau
- ENSBANA, UMR (1234) Toxicologie Alimentaire, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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46
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Uttamsingh V, Lu C, Miwa G, Gan LS. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FIVE MAJOR HUMAN CYTOCHROMES P450, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, AND 3A4, TO THE HEPATIC METABOLISM OF THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR BORTEZOMIB. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1723-8. [PMID: 16103134 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.005710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VELCADE (bortezomib, PS-341), reversibly inhibits the 20S proteasome and exhibits cytotoxic and antitumor activities. Pretreatment of cancer cells with bortezomib increases the chemosensitivity of these cells, suggesting that bortezomib may be used in combination chemotherapy. The relative contributions of the five major human cytochromes P450 (P450s), 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 (the focus of the present study), to the metabolism of bortezomib are an important aspect of potential drug interactions. Relative activity factor (RAF), chemical inhibition, and immunoinhibition using monoclonal antibodies were three approaches employed to determine the relative contributions of the major human P450s to the net hepatic metabolism of bortezomib. RAFs for the P450 isoform-selective substrates were determined; the ratio of the rate of metabolism of bortezomib with cDNA-expressed P450s versus rate of metabolism with human liver microsomes was normalized with respect to the RAF for each P450 isoform to determine the percentage contributions of the P450s to the net hepatic metabolism of bortezomib. CYP3A4 followed by CYP2C19 were determined to be the major contributors to the metabolism of bortezomib. Chemical inhibition and immunoinhibition confirmed that CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 were the major P450s responsible for the hepatic metabolism of bortezomib. The studies were conducted with 2 muM bortezomib, and the disappearance of bortezomib, rather than appearance of a specific metabolite, was quantified to determine the contributions of the P450s to the overall hepatic metabolism of bortezomib in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Uttamsingh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug Safety and Disposition, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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47
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Li XQ, Weidolf L, Simonsson R, Andersson TB. Enantiomer/Enantiomer Interactions between theS- andR- Isomers of Omeprazole in Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Major Role of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:777-87. [PMID: 16093273 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the enzyme kinetic basis for the stereoselective disposition of R- and S-omeprazole (OME) and racemic OME in human liver microsomes. OME is primarily metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP2C19 and 3A4). The metabolism of each enantiomer and pseudoracemic OME was studied using unlabeled and (13)C(7)-labeled enantiomers. The enantiomers inhibited each other's metabolism competitively in human liver microsomes and in recombinant CYP2C19 and 3A4. The results obtained with the individual enantiomers allowed successful prediction of the enzyme kinetics for the pseudoracemate. The intrinsic clearance of each enantiomer in a pseudoracemic mixture remained the same as those of the individually incubated enantiomers, although K(m) and V(max) decreased. In the pseudoracemate, the relative contribution of CYP2C19 and 3A4 to 5-hydroxylation and 5'-O-demethylation of R-OME was comparable to that obtained for the incubation of R-OME alone. For S-OME, however, the presence of its antipode greatly increased the contribution of CYP3A4, with increasing concentrations, compared with that obtained when incubating S-OME alone. The results of our in vitro study clearly show metabolic interactions between the OME enantiomers, which may also occur in vivo. Because the enantiomers of OME produce similar pharmacological effects, the enantiomer interactions should not significantly affect the pharmacodynamics. On the other hand, the use of the S-enantiomer results in less complex enzyme kinetics than those of the racemate; thus, the outcome of its clinical use is more predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Li
- DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden.
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Tachibana S, Fujimaki Y, Yokoyama H, Okazaki O, Sudo KI. IN VITRO METABOLISM OF THE CALMODULIN ANTAGONIST DY-9760e (3-[2-[4-(3-CHLORO-2-METHYLPHENYL)-1-PIPERAZINYL]ETHYL]-5,6-DIMETHOXY-1-(4-IMIDAZOLYLMETHYL)-1H-INDAZOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE 3.5 HYDRATE) BY HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES: INVOLVEMENT OF CYTOCHROMES P450 IN ATYPICAL KINETICS AND POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1628-36. [PMID: 16049129 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.004903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (P450) isozyme(s) responsible for metabolism of the calmodulin antagonist 3-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dimethoxy-1-(4-imidazolylmethyl)-1H-indazole dihydrochloride 3.5 hydrate (DY-9760e) and kinetic profiles for formation of its six primary metabolites [M3, M5, M6, M7, M8, and DY-9836 (3-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperazinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindazole)] were identified using human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes. In vitro experiments, including an immunoinhibition study, correlation analysis, and reactions with recombinant P450 enzymes, revealed that CYP3A4 is the primary P450 isozyme responsible for the formation of the DY-9760e metabolites, except for M5, which is metabolized by CYP2C9. Additionally, at clinically relevant concentrations, CYP2C8 and 2C19 make some contribution to the formation of M3 and M5, respectively. The formation rates of DY-9760e metabolites except for M8 by human liver microsomes are not consistent with a Michaelis-Menten kinetics model, but are better described by a substrate inhibition model. In contrast, the enzyme kinetics for all metabolites formed by recombinant CYP3A4 can be described by an autoactivation model or a mixed model of autoactivation and biphasic kinetics. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by DY-9760e in human liver microsomes was also investigated. DY-9760e is a very potent competitive inhibitor of CYP2C8, 2C9 and 2D6 (Ki 0.25-1.7 microM), a mixed competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor of CYP2C19 (Ki 2.4 microM) and a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 and 3A4 (Ki 11.4-20.1 microM), suggesting a high possibility for human drug-drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Tachibana
- Drug Metabolism & Physicochemistry Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Toky, Japan.
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49
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Yamamoto T, Hagima N, Nakamura M, Kohno Y, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y. Prediction of differences in in vivo oral clearance of N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl] ethylamine monohydrochloride (NE-100) between extensive and poor metabolizers from in vitro metabolic data in human liver microsomes lacking CYP2D6 activity and recombinant CYPs. Xenobiotica 2005; 34:687-703. [PMID: 15672756 DOI: 10.1080/00498250412331281070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. It has previously been reported that N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl]-ethylamine monohydrochloride (NE-100) was predominantly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 in human liver microsomes (HLM). In the present study, the contribution of CYP forms involved in the formation of the major metabolites of NE-100 in human liver lacking CYP2D6 activity (PM-HLM) has been predicted by use of in vitro kinetic data on recombinant CYPs microsomes (rCYPs). 2. In PM-HLM, NE-100 is predicted to be metabolized to N-despropyl-NE-100 (NE-098), p-hydroxy-NE-100 (NE-152) and m-hydroxyl-NE-100 (NE-163), but not to O-demethy-NE-100 (NE-125), which is a major metabolite in pooled human liver microsomes (EM-HLM). The relative activity factor approach assumed that NE-098 formation is predominantly catalysed by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 and the NE-152+163mix (a mixture of two hydroxylated metabolites, NE-152 and NE-163) formation is only catalysed by CYP3A4. 3. The predicted contribution rates of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 for NE-098 formation were 58.1 and 34.6%, respectively, in PM-HLM. These predicted results were strongly supported by kinetic and inhibition studies using PM-HLM. The intrinsic clearance of NE-100 predicted from rCYPs (the predicted CLint-HLM-total) corresponded to those observed from EM- and PM-HLM (the observed CLint-HLM). 4. The in vivo oral clearance (CLoral) of NE-100 in extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 was predicted to be 50times higher in extensive metabolizers than poor metabolizers using in vitro-in vivo scaling method based on the dispersion model. These data suggest that polymorphism of CYP2D6 might greatly affect NE-100 metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Medicinal Research Laboratory, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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Proctor NJ, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Predicting drug clearance from recombinantly expressed CYPs: intersystem extrapolation factors. Xenobiotica 2004; 34:151-78. [PMID: 14985145 DOI: 10.1080/00498250310001646353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Recombinantly expressed human cytochromes P450 (rhCYPs) have been underused for the prediction of human drug clearance (CL). 2. Differences in intrinsic activity (per unit CYP) between rhCYP and human liver enzymes complicate the issue and these discrepancies have not been investigated systematically. We define intersystem extrapolation factors (ISEFs) that allow the use of rhCYP data for the in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of human drug CL and the variance that is associated with interindividual variation of CYP abundance due to genetic and environmental effects. 3. A large database (n = 451) of metabolic stability data has been compiled and used to derive ISEFs for the most commonly used expression systems and CYP enzymes. 4. Statistical models were constructed for the ISEFs to determine major covariates in order to optimize experimental design to increase prediction accuracy. 5. Suggestions have been made for the conduct of future studies using rhCYP to predict human drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Proctor
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Sciences Division (South), University of Sheffield, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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