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Xu Z, Wang Z, Shi X, Ding R, Han L, Yang X, Zhang H, Hobson AD. Impact of atropisomerism on a non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2357-2371. [PMID: 39026657 PMCID: PMC11253871 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate atropisomers of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator GSK866, a virtual library of substituted benzoic acid analogues was enumerated. Compounds from this library were subjected to a torsion angle scan using Spartan'20 to calculate the torsion rotation energy barrier which identified compounds predicted to be stable as atropisomers. After synthesis of the library, analysis showed that compounds 13 and 14 existed as stable atropisomers 13a, 13b, 14a and 14b, in agreement with the earlier calculations. Screening in a glucocorticoid receptor cellular assay showed that one compound from each atropisomer pair was significantly more potent than the other. Docking in a public structure of the glucocorticoid receptor (PBD code 3E7C) enabled the stereochemistry of the two most potent compounds 13a and 14b to be assigned as (R a) and (S a), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xu
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Xiaona Shi
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Rui Ding
- WuXi AppTec, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA 168 Nanhai Road, TJS 300457 China
| | - Li Han
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xueping Yang
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone 288 Fute Zhong Road, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
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2
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Calderón JC, Herrera A, Heinemann FW, Langer J, Linden A, Chelouan A, Grasruck A, Añez R, Clark T, Dorta R. Stereochemical Stability of Planar-Chiral Benzazepine Tricyclics: Inversion Energies of P- and S-Alkene Ligands. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16144-16154. [PMID: 37944159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Inversion barriers ΔG‡ for planar chiral phosphine-alkene and sulfonamide-alkene hybrid ligands based on phenyl-dibenz[b,f]azepine have been determined by density-functional theory calculations. Analysis of the structural and electronic characteristics of the minima and transition states explains the magnitudes of ΔG‡ and the geometrical changes during the inversion process. The steric repulsion caused by bulky substituents attached to the azepine nitrogen atom has a pronounced effect on the ΔG‡ value, explaining, inter alia, the stereochemical stability of the P- and S-alkene ligands when compared to the fluxional parent compound where X = H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Calderón
- Laboratorio de Química Física y Catálisis Computacional, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas, Venezuela
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Chelouan
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Grasruck
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Añez
- Laboratorio de Química Física y Catálisis Computacional, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romano Dorta
- Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Low Temperature Dynamic Chromatography for the Separation of the Interconverting Conformational Enantiomers of the Benzodiazepines Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, Diclazepam and Flurazepam. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13061012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are an important class of psychoactive drugs with hypnotic-sedative, myorelaxant, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties due to interaction with the GABAa receptor in the central nervous system of mammals. BZDs are interesting both in clinical and forensic toxicology for their pharmacological characteristics and potential of abuse. The presence of a non-planar diazepine ring generates chiral conformational stereoisomers, even in the absence of stereogenic centers. A conformational enrichment of BZD at the binding sites has been reported in the literature, thus making interesting a stereodynamic screening of a wide range of BZDs. Herein, we report the investigation of three stereolabile 1,4-benzodiazepine included in the class of “designer benzodiazepines” (e.g., diclazepam, a chloro-derivative of diazepam, and two triazolo-benzodiazepines, flubromazolam and clonazolam) and a commercially available BZD known as flurazepam, in order to study the kinetic of the “ring-flip” process that allows two conformational enantiomers to interconvert at high rate at room temperature. A combination of low temperature enantioselective dynamic chromatography on chiral stationary phase and computer simulations of the experimental chromatograms allowed us to measure activation energies of enantiomerization (ΔG‡) lower than 18.5 kcal/mol. The differences between compounds have been correlated to the pattern of substitutions on the 1,4-benzodiazepinic core.
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Sabia R, Ciogli A, Pierini M, Franzini R, Iazzetti A, Villani C. Chromatographic separation of the interconverting enantiomers of imidazo- and triazole-fused benzodiazepines. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462148. [PMID: 33957345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The toolbox of medicinal chemists includes the 1,4-benzodiazepine scaffold as a "privileged scaffold" in drug discovery. Several biologically active small molecules containing a 1,4-benzodiazepine scaffold have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of various diseases, with most of them being used for their psychotropic effects. The therapeutic potential of 1,4-benzodiazepines has stimulated the interest of synthetic chemists in developing new synthetic strategies to a range of substituted analogues for biological evaluation. A structural variation of the classical benzodiazepine skeleton is observed e.g. in alprazolam, midazolam, and related benzodiazepines, which contain a 1,2,4-triazole or an imidazole ring fused to the benzodiazepine core. Irrespective of the presence of the fused heterocyclic ring, the seven-membered diazepine ring is far from planar, and its shape resembles a twist chair. Then, the unsymmetrical substitution pattern around the seven membered cycle renders these molecules chiral, as they lack any reflection-type symmetry element. However, chirality of this molecules is labile at room temperature, becausea simple ring flipping process converts one enantiomer into the other, and 1,4-benzodiazepines exist as a mixture of rapidly interconverting conformational enantiomers in solution at or near room temperature. Physical separation of the interconverting enantiomers of diazepam and of other related 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones can be accomplished by low temperature HPLC on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). If the HPLC column is cooled down to temperatures where the interconversion rate is sufficiently low, compared to the chromatographic separation rate, distinct separated peaks can be observed, provided the CSP is sufficiently enantioselctive. The apparent rate constants for the on-column enantiomerization and the corresponding free energy activation barriers were obtained by simulation of exchange-deformed HPLC profiles using a computer program based on the stochastic model. Here we report on the dynamic HPLC investigations carried out on a set of fused imidazo and triazolo-benzodiazepines (alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam and estazolam) The experimental dynamic chromatograms and the corresponding interconversion barriers reported in this paper show that the third fused heterocyclic ring increase the energy barrier by 2 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Sabia
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Franzini
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- SapienzaUniversità di Roma, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy.
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Franzini R, Pierini M, Mazzanti A, Iazzetti A, Ciogli A, Villani C. Molecular Recognition of the HPLC Whelk-O1 Selector towards the Conformational Enantiomers of Nevirapine and Oxcarbazepine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010144. [PMID: 33375681 PMCID: PMC7796420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of stereogenic elements is a common feature in pharmaceutical compounds, and affording optically pure stereoisomers is a frequent issue in drug design. In this context, the study of the chiral molecular recognition mechanism fundamentally supports the understanding and optimization of chromatographic separations with chiral stationary phases. We investigated, with molecular docking, the interactions between the chiral HPLC selector Whelk-O1 and the stereoisomers of two bioactive compounds, the antiviral Nevirapine and the anticonvulsant Oxcarbazepine, both characterized by two stereolabile conformational enantiomers. The presence of fast-exchange enantiomers and the rate of the interconversion process were studied using low temperature enantioselective HPLC and VT-NMR with Whelk-O1 applied as chiral solvating agent. The values of the energetic barriers of interconversion indicate, for the single enantiomers of both compounds, half-lives sufficiently long enough to allow their separation only at critically sub-ambient temperatures. The chiral selector Whelk-O1 performed as a strongly selective discriminating agent both when applied as a chiral stationary phase (CSP) in HPLC and as CSA in NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Franzini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (A.I.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Marco Pierini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (A.I.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (A.I.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (C.V.)
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Costil R, Lefebvre Q, Clayden J. Medium-Sized-Ring Analogues of Dibenzodiazepines by a Conformationally Induced Smiles Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14602-14606. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Costil
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Quentin Lefebvre
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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7
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Costil R, Lefebvre Q, Clayden J. Medium-Sized-Ring Analogues of Dibenzodiazepines by a Conformationally Induced Smiles Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Costil
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Quentin Lefebvre
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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8
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ChemInform Abstract: The Concept of Chiral Conformers and Its Significance in Molecular Pharmacology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.199746265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Fitos I, Visy J, Zsila F, Mády G, Simonyi M. Conformation selectivity in the binding of diazepam and analogues to α1-acid glycoprotein. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4857-62. [PMID: 17507228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diazepam, a 1,4-benzodiazepine lacking chiral centre, exists in an equimolar mixture of two chiral conformers. Induced circular dichroism spectra for the binding of diazepam and its 3,3-dimethyl substituted analogues to alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) revealed that opposite to human serum albumin, AGP preferably binds the P-conformers. Accordingly, slightly favoured binding of (R)-enantiomers of 3-alkyl derivatives having P-conformation was found. In case of 3-acyloxy derivatives, however, AGP preferably binds the (S)-enantiomers. Studies with the separated genetic variants of AGP proved similar binding affinities, but markedly different conformation selectivities. For diazepam bound by the F1-S variant, a P/M selectivity of about 2 could be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Fitos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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de Paula da Silva CHT, Sanches SM, Taft CA. A molecular modeling and QSAR study of suppressors of the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. J Mol Graph Model 2004; 23:89-97. [PMID: 15331057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have used molecular modeling and QSAR tools to study 18 dithiocarbamate suppressors of the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, which have been reported in the literature as superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitors. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the descriptors superficial area, heat of formation, logarithm of the partition coefficient, charge of the nitrogen atom from the dithiocarbamate group and Charges of the two carbon atoms adjacent to that nitrogen are responsible for the classification between the higher and lower trypanomicid activity. Using multiple linear regression (MLR) and docking methods it was possible to identify the probable bioactive isomers that suppress of the growth of T. cruzi epimastigotes. Our best partial least square (PLS) model obtained with these six descriptors yields a good correlation between experimental and predicted biological activities and compares two different SODs as possible target for interaction with the dithiocarbamates.
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Zucchi C, Boese R, Alberts K, Herbrich T, Tóth G, Bencze L, Pályi G. Concerted Development of Chiral Conformations in [(Alkyloxycarbonyl)methyl]tricarbonyl(triphenylphosphane)cobalt Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(200109)2001:9<2297::aid-ejic2297>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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