1
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Thakur K, Khan H, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Nuclear orphan receptors: A novel therapeutic agent in neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110845. [PMID: 37690241 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Orphan receptors constitute a historically varied subsection of a superfamily of nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptors regulate gene expression in response to ligand signals and are particularly alluring therapeutic targets for chronic illnesses. Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases have been linked to these orphan nuclear receptors. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that orphan receptors could serve as future targets in neuroinflammation, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Cerebral Ischemia. Given the therapeutic relevance of certain orphan receptors in a variety of disorders, their potential in neuroinflammation remains unproven. There is substantial evidence that ligand-activated transcription factors have great promise for preventing neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, with certain orphan nuclear receptors i.e., PPARγ, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs holding particularly high potential. Based on previous findings, we attempted to determine the contribution of PPAR, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs-regulated neuroinflammation to the pathogenesis of these disorders and their potential to become novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Thakur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
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2
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Pergande MR, Amoroso VG, Nguyen TTA, Li W, Vice E, Park TJ, Cologna SM. PPARα and PPARγ Signaling Is Enhanced in the Brain of the Naked Mole-Rat, a Mammal that Shows Intrinsic Neuroprotection from Oxygen Deprivation. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4258-4271. [PMID: 34351155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMRs) are a long-lived animal that do not develop age-related diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Additionally, NMRs have a profound ability to consume reactive oxygen species (ROS) and survive long periods of oxygen deprivation. Here, we evaluated the unique proteome across selected brain regions of NMRs at different ages. Compared to mice, we observed numerous differentially expressed proteins related to altered mitochondrial function in all brain regions, suggesting that the mitochondria in NMRs may have adapted to compensate for energy demands associated with living in a harsh, underground environment. Keeping in mind that ROS can induce polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation under periods of neuronal stress, we investigated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) peroxidation under oxygen-deprived conditions and observed that NMRs undergo DHA and AA peroxidation to a far less extent compared to mice. Further, our proteomic analysis also suggested enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation in NMRs via the PPARα-RXR and PPARγ-RXR complexes. Correspondingly, we present several lines of evidence supporting PPAR activation, including increased eicosapetenoic and omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid, as well as an upregulation of fatty acid-binding protein 3 and 4, known transporters of omega-3 fatty acids and PPAR activators. These results suggest enhanced PPARα and PPARγ signaling as a potential, innate neuroprotective mechanism in NMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Vince G Amoroso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Emily Vice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Thomas J Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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3
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Zhu FD, Hu YJ, Yu L, Zhou XG, Wu JM, Tang Y, Qin DL, Fan QZ, Wu AG. Nanoparticles: A Hope for the Treatment of Inflammation in CNS. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:683935. [PMID: 34122112 PMCID: PMC8187807 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.683935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), is a main hallmark of common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. The over-activated microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induces neuronal death and accelerates neurodegeneration. Therefore, inhibition of microglia over-activation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Many drugs have shown promising therapeutic effects on microglia and inflammation. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB)—a natural barrier preventing brain tissue from contact with harmful plasma components—seriously hinders drug delivery to the microglial cells in CNS. As an emerging useful therapeutic tool in CNS-related diseases, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields for use in diagnosis, biosensing and drug delivery. Recently, many NPs have been reported to be useful vehicles for anti-inflammatory drugs across the BBB to inhibit the over-activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. Therefore, NPs with good biodegradability and biocompatibility have the potential to be developed as an effective and minimally invasive carrier to help other drugs cross the BBB or as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarized various nanoparticles applied in CNS, and their mechanisms and effects in the modulation of inflammation responses in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights and suggestions for the use of NPs in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Dan Zhu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ze Fan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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4
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Akter R, Rahman MH, Behl T, Chowdhury MAR, Manirujjaman M, Bulbul IJ, Elshenaw SE, Tit DM, Bungau S. Prospective Role of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:430-450. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210218084444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
:
Aging is an important stage of the human life cycle and the primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (ND). The aging process contributes to modifications in cells, which may lead to a lack of nutrient signaling, disrupted cellular activity, increased oxidative pressure, cell homeostasis depletion, genomic instability, misfolded protein aggregation, impaired cellular protection, and telomere reduction. The neuropathologies found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are internally and extrinsically compound environmental stressors which may be partially alleviated by using different phytochemicals. The new therapies for ND are restricted as they are primarily targeted at final disease progression, including behavioral shifts, neurological disorders, proteinopathies, and neuronal failure. This review presents the role of phytochemicals-related polyphenolic compounds as an accompanying therapy model to avoid neuropathologies linked to AD, PD and to simultaneously enhance two stochastic stressors, namely inflammation and oxidative stress, promoting their disease pathologies. Therefore, this approach represents a prophylactic way to target risk factors that rely on their action against ND that does not occur through current pharmacological agents over the life of a person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, 42130, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
| | | | - Manirujjaman Manirujjaman
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Israt Jahan Bulbul
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, 42130, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Shimaa E. Elshenaw
- Center of stem cell and regenerative medicine, Zewail City for Science, Egypt
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1 Decembrie Sq., 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1 Decembrie Sq., 410073 Oradea, Romania
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5
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Deng L, Zhong W, Zhao L, He X, Lian Z, Jiang S, Chen CYC. Artificial Intelligence-Based Application to Explore Inhibitors of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurorobot 2020; 14:617327. [PMID: 33414713 PMCID: PMC7783404 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2020.617327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common factor in neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been demonstrated that galectin-3 activates microglia and astrocytes, leading to inflammation. This means that inhibition of galectin-3 may become a new strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on this motivation, the objective of this study is to explore an integrated new approach for finding lead compounds that inhibit galectin-3, by combining universal artificial intelligence algorithms with traditional drug screening methods. Based on molecular docking method, potential compounds with high binding affinity were screened out from Chinese medicine database. Manifold artificial intelligence algorithms were performed to validate the docking results and further screen compounds. Among all involved predictive methods, the deep learning-based algorithm made 500 modeling attempts, and the square correlation coefficient of the best trained model on the test sets was 0.9. The XGBoost model reached a square correlation coefficient of 0.97 and a mean square error of only 0.01. We switched to the ZINC database and performed the same experiment, the results showed that the compounds in the former database showed stronger affinity. Finally, we further verified through molecular dynamics simulation that the complex composed of the candidate ligand and the target protein showed stable binding within 100 ns of simulation time. In summary, combined with the application based on artificial intelligence algorithms, we unearthed the active ingredients 1,2-Dimethylbenzene and Typhic acid contained in Crataegus pinnatifida and Typha angustata might be the effective inhibitors of neurodegenerative diseases. The high prediction accuracy of the models shows that it has practical application value on small sample data sets such as drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Deng
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihe Zhong
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuedong He
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongkai Lian
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shancheng Jiang
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, China.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan, China
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6
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Zhang SZ, Wang QQ, Yang QQ, Gu HY, Yin YQ, Li YD, Hou JC, Chen R, Sun QQ, Sun YF, Hu G, Zhou JW. NG2 glia regulate brain innate immunity via TGF-β2/TGFBR2 axis. BMC Med 2019; 17:204. [PMID: 31727112 PMCID: PMC6857135 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain innate immunity is vital for maintaining normal brain functions. Immune homeostatic imbalances play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of brain innate immunity and their significance in PD pathogenesis are still largely unknown. METHODS Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR) and diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation was performed to investigate the impact of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) glia on the brain innate immunity. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in mouse brain with ablated NG2 glia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory response in the presence or absence of NG2 glia. The survival of dopaminergic neurons or glial cell activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Co-cultures of NG2 glia and microglia were used to examine the influence of NG2 glia to microglial activation. RESULTS We show that NG2 glia are required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the brain via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2)-CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling, which suppresses the activation of microglia. We demonstrate that mice with ablated NG2 glia display a profound downregulation of the expression of microglia-specific signature genes and remarkable inflammatory response in the brain following exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharides. Gain- or loss-of-function studies show that NG2 glia-derived TGF-β2 and its receptor TGFBR2 in microglia are key regulators of the CX3CR1-modulated immune response. Furthermore, deficiency of NG2 glia contributes to neuroinflammation and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP-induced mouse PD model. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NG2 glia play a critical role in modulation of neuroinflammation and provide a compelling rationale for the development of new therapeutics for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Neurobiology Key Laboratory, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huan-Yu Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan-Dong Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jin-Can Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing-Qing Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Feng Sun
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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7
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Moutinho M, Codocedo JF, Puntambekar SS, Landreth GE. Nuclear Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lost in Translation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:237-261. [PMID: 30208281 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons that leads to a broad range of disabilities, including severe cognitive decline and motor impairment, for which there are no effective therapies. Several lines of evidence support a putative therapeutic role of nuclear receptors (NRs) in these types of disorders. NRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of a wide range of genes linked to metabolism and inflammation. Although the activation of NRs in animal models of neurodegenerative disease exhibits promising results, the translation of this strategy to clinical practice has been unsuccessful. In this review we discuss the role of NRs in neurodegenerative diseases in light of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as new findings derived from the analysis of transcriptomic databases from humans and animal models. We discuss the failure in the translation of NR-based therapeutic approaches and consider alternative and novel research avenues in the development of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
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8
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Herman F, Westfall S, Brathwaite J, Pasinetti GM. Suppression of Presymptomatic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegeneration by Grape-Derived Polyphenols. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 30210334 PMCID: PMC6122113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a group of multifaceted conditions characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connections consequent to a combination of specific genetic predispositions and stochastic stressors. The neuropathologies observed in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are in part attributed to compounding intrinsic and extrinsic environmental stressors, which we propose may be limited by the administration of specific grape derived phytochemicals and their metabolized derivatives, specifically polyphenols isolated from grape botanicals. Current therapies for neurodegenerative disorders are limited as they solely target the final disease pathologies including behavioral changes, cognitive deficits, proteinopathies and neuronal loss; however, this strategy is not a sustainable approach toward managing disease onset or progression. This review discusses the application of grape derived polyphenols as an adjunctive treatment paradigm for the prevention of neuropathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy by simultaneously ameliorating two stochastic stressors that facilitate their disease pathologies: inflammation and oxidative stress. The biophysical attributes of grape-derived polyphenols buffer against redox potential dependent peripheral and neuroinflammation and down regulate the activation of inflammasomes in microglia and astrocytes, which could provide a novel mechanism through which grape-derived polyphenols simultaneously suppress risk factors across pathologically distinct neurodegenerative conditions. This approach therefore offers a prophylactic mode, not feasible through current pharmacological agents, to target activity dependent risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders that manifest over an individual's lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Herman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Westfall
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin Brathwaite
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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9
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Glucocorticoid receptor in astrocytes regulates midbrain dopamine neurodegeneration through connexin hemichannel activity. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:580-596. [PMID: 30006609 PMCID: PMC6370798 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise contribution of astrocytes in neuroinflammatory process occurring in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not well characterized. In this study, using GRCx30CreERT2 mice that are conditionally inactivated for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in astrocytes, we have examined the actions of astrocytic GR during dopamine neuron (DN) degeneration triggered by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The results show significantly augmented DN loss in GRCx30CreERT2 mutant mice in substantia nigra (SN) compared to controls. Hypertrophy of microglia but not of astrocytes was greatly enhanced in SN of these astrocytic GR mutants intoxicated with MPTP, indicating heightened microglial reactivity compared to similarly-treated control mice. In the SN of GR astrocyte mutants, specific inflammation-associated transcripts ICAM-1, TNF-α and Il-1β as well as TNF-α protein levels were significantly elevated after MPTP neurotoxicity compared to controls. Interestingly, this paralleled increased connexin hemichannel activity and elevated intracellular calcium levels in astrocytes examined in acute midbrain slices from control and mutant mice treated with MPP+ . The increased connexin-43 hemichannel activity was found in vivo in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Importantly, treatment of MPTP-injected GRCx30CreERT2 mutant mice with TAT-Gap19 peptide, a specific connexin-43 hemichannel blocker, reverted both DN loss and microglial activation; in wild-type mice there was partial but significant survival effect. In the SN of post-mortem PD patients, a significant decrease in the number of astrocytes expressing nuclear GR was observed, suggesting the participation of astrocytic GR deregulation of inflammatory process in PD. Overall, these data provide mechanistic insights into GR-modulated processes in vivo, specifically in astrocytes, that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state and dopamine neurodegeneration in PD pathology.
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10
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Tebbens JD, Azar M, Friedmann E, Lanzendörfer M, Pávek P. Mathematical Models in the Description of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-Regulated Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061785. [PMID: 29914136 PMCID: PMC6032247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a drug/xenobiotic-activated transcription factor of crucial importance for major cytochrome P450 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP) expression and regulation in the liver and the intestine. One of the major target genes regulated by PXR is the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP3A4), which is the most important human drug-metabolizing enzyme. In addition, PXR is supposed to be involved both in basal and/or inducible expression of many other CYPs, such as CYP2B6, CYP2C8, 2C9 and 2C19, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP2A6. Interestingly, the dynamics of PXR-mediated target genes regulation has not been systematically studied and we have only a few mechanistic mathematical and biologically based models describing gene expression dynamics after PXR activation in cellular models. Furthermore, few indirect mathematical PKPD models for prediction of CYP3A metabolic activity in vivo have been built based on compartmental models with respect to drug–drug interactions or hormonal crosstalk. Importantly, several negative feedback loops have been described in PXR regulation. Although current mathematical models propose these adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive mathematical model based on sufficient experimental data is still missing. In the current review, we summarize and compare these models and address some issues that should be considered for the improvement of PXR-mediated gene regulation modelling as well as for our better understanding of the quantitative and spatial dynamics of CYPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Duintjer Tebbens
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Malek Azar
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Mathematikon, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Lanzendörfer
- Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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11
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Jaiswal B, Gupta A. Modulation of Nuclear Receptor Function by Chromatin Modifying Factor TIP60. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2199-2215. [PMID: 29420715 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences known as hormone response elements located upstream of their target genes. Transcriptional activity of NRs can be modulated by binding of the compatible ligand and transient interaction with cellular coregulators, functioning either as coactivators or as corepressors. Many coactivator proteins possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity that catalyzes the acetylation of specific lysine residues in histone tails and loosens the histone-DNA interaction, thereby facilitating access of transcriptional factors to the regulatory sequences of the DNA. Tat interactive protein 60 (TIP60), a member of the Mof-Ybf2-Sas2-TIP60 family of HAT protein, is a multifunctional coregulator that controls a number of physiological processes including apoptosis, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional regulation. Over the last two decades or so, TIP60 has been extensively studied for its role as NR coregulator, controlling various aspect of steroid receptor functions. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the role of TIP60 as a coregulator for different classes of NRs and its overall functional implications. We also discuss the latest studies linking TIP60 to NR-associated metabolic disorders and cancers for its potential use as a therapeutic drug target in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Quercetin attenuates AZT-induced neuroinflammation in the CNS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6194. [PMID: 29670213 PMCID: PMC5906611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication in patients. However, continuous HAART is required to prevent viral rebound, which may have detrimental effects in various tissues, including persistent neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that quercetin (3,5,7,3’,4’-pentahydroxy flavones), a natural antioxidant used in Chinese traditional medicines, suppresses the neuroinflammation that is induced by chronic exposure to Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is commonly part of HAART regimens. We found that the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial and astrocytic markers induced by AZT (100 mg/kg/day; 8 days) was significantly inhibited by co-administration of quercetin (50 mg/kg/day) in the mouse cortex, hippocampus and spinal cord. We further showed that quercetin attenuated AZT-induced up-regulation of Wnt5a, a key regulator of neuroinflammation. These results suggest that quercetin has an inhibitory effect on AZT-induced neuroinflammation in the CNS, and Wnt5a signaling may play an important role in this process. Our results may further our understanding of the mechanisms of HAART-related neurotoxicity and help in the development of effective adjuvant therapy.
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Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Yekaninejad S, Soleymani F, Chahardoli R, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. A Novel Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces T-Bet Gene Expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and Clinical Scores but Promotes PPARγ Gene Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:498-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gutierrez J, Lamanna JJ, Grin N, Hurtig CV, Miller JH, Riley J, Urquia L, Avalos P, Svendsen CN, Federici T, Boulis NM. Preclinical Validation of Multilevel Intraparenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in the Porcine Spinal Cord. Neurosurgery 2015; 77:604-12; discussion 612. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Although multiple clinical trials are currently testing different stem cell therapies as treatment alternatives for many neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury, the optimal injection parameters have not yet been defined.
OBJECTIVE:
To test the spinal cord's tolerance to increasing volumes and numbers of stem cell injections in the pig.
METHODS:
Twenty-seven female Göttingen minipigs received human neural progenitor cell injections using a stereotactic platform device. Cell transplantation in groups 1 to 5 (5–7 pigs in each) was undertaken with the intent of assessing the safety of an injection volume escalation (10, 25, and 50 µL) and an injection number escalation (20, 30, and 40 injections). Motor function and general morbidity were assessed for 21 days. Full necropsy was performed; spinal cords were analyzed for graft survival and microscopic tissue damage.
RESULTS:
No mortality or permanent surgical complications were observed during the 21-day study period. All animals returned to preoperative baseline within 14 days, showing complete motor function recovery. The histological analysis showed that there was no significant decrease in neuronal density between groups, and cell engraftment ranged from 12% to 31% depending on the injection paradigm. However, tissue damage was identified when injecting large volumes into the spinal cord (50 μL).
CONCLUSION:
This series supports the functional safety of various injection volumes and numbers in the spinal cord and gives critical insight into important safety thresholds. These results are relevant to all translational programs delivering cell therapeutics to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason J. Lamanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natalia Grin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carl V. Hurtig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph H. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey Urquia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas M. Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Woo JH, Lee JH, Kim H, Park SJ, Joe EH, Jou I. Control of Inflammatory Responses: a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Chronic Neuronal Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:95-102. [PMID: 26113788 PMCID: PMC4479815 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'inflammation' was first introduced by Celsus almost 2000 years ago. Biological and medical researchers have shown increasing interest in inflammation over the past few decades, in part due to the emerging burden of chronic and degenerative diseases resulting from the increased longevity that has arisen thanks to modern medicine. Inflammation is believed to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of degenerative brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, researchers have sought to combat such diseases by controlling inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the endogenous inflammatory stimulators and signaling pathways in the brain. In particular, our group has focused on the JAK-STAT pathway, identifying anti-inflammatory targets and testing the effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs. This work has shown that the JAK-STAT pathway and its downstream are negatively regulated by phosphatases (SHP2 and MKP-1), inhibitory proteins (SOCS1 and SOCS3) and a nuclear receptor (LXR). These negative regulators are controlled at various levels (e.g. transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational). Future study of these proteins could facilitate the manipulation of the inflammatory response, which plays ubiquitous, diverse and ambivalent roles under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hong Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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16
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Pu QH, He JL, Wu MJ, Li JJ, Yang Z, Wang YX, Yu C. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of tetramethylpyrazine inhibition on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation. Life Sci 2014; 121:46-56. [PMID: 25476832 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neurodegenerative diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several studies have shown that tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an effective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and that it acts by inhibiting the activation of microglial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of TMP remain unknown. MAIN METHODS Proteomic analysis was used to generate novel insights into the mechanism by which TMP inhibits microglial activation, and western blotting was used to validate candidate proteins. KEY FINDINGS To identify candidate proteins affected by TMP in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia, we performed proteomic analysis using iTRAQ labelling coupled with LC TRIPLE-TOF, and we identified 5187 unique proteins. Among these, 266 proteins were differentially expressed and considered putative candidate proteins. Protein annotation revealed that the differentially expressed proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and ERO1-like protein (ERO1L), might be involved in reducing cellular oxidation in response to stress. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were involved in a variety of signalling pathways, including liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation and the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Furthermore, one of the differentially expressed protein candidates detected by iTRAQ, iNOS, was confirmed by western blotting. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that iTRAQ technology is an effective tool to study the mechanism by which TMP inhibits activated microglia. TMP decreased the expression of LXR/RXR-mediated iNOS, which reduced microglial activation in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Hong Pu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun-Lin He
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ming-Jun Wu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jia-Jia Li
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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17
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Structure of the retinoid X receptor α-liver X receptor β (RXRα-LXRβ) heterodimer on DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:277-81. [PMID: 24561505 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are conditional transcription factors with common multidomain organization that bind diverse DNA elements. How DNA sequences influence NR conformation is poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structure of the human retinoid X receptor α-liver X receptor β (RXRα-LXRβ) heterodimer on its cognate element, an AGGTCA direct repeat spaced by 4 nt. The complex has an extended X-shaped arrangement, with DNA- and ligand-binding domains crossed, in contrast to the parallel domain arrangement of other NRs that bind an AGGTCA direct repeat spaced by 1 nt. The LXRβ core binds DNA via canonical contacts and auxiliary DNA contacts that enhance affinity for the response element. Comparisons of RXRα-LXRβs in the crystal asymmetric unit and with previous NR structures reveal flexibility in NR organization and suggest a role for RXRα in adaptation of heterodimeric complexes to DNA.
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18
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Alexandrov PN, Zhao Y, Jones BM, Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Expression of the phagocytosis-essential protein TREM2 is down-regulated by an aluminum-induced miRNA-34a in a murine microglial cell line. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:267-9. [PMID: 23778113 PMCID: PMC3797872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the key classical pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ42) peptides and their coalescence into highly insoluble senile plaque cores. A major factor driving Aβ42 peptide accumulation is the inability of brain cells to effectively clear excessive amounts of Aβ42 via phagocytosis. The trans-membrane spanning, sensor-receptor known as the "triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2" (TREM2; chr6p21) is essential in the sensing, recognition, phagocytosis and clearance of noxious cellular debris from brain cells, including neurotoxic Aβ42 peptides. Recently, mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with amyloidogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. In this report, we provide evidence that aluminum-sulfate, when incubated with microglial cells, induces the up-regulation of an NF-кB-sensitive micro RNA-34a (miRNA-34a; chr1p36) that is known to target the TREM2 mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), significantly down-regulating TREM2 expression. The aluminum-induced up-regulation of miRNA-34a and down-regulation of TREM2 expression were effectively quenched using the natural phenolic compound and NF-kB inhibitor CAPE [2-phenylethyl-(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate; caffeic-acid phenethyl ester]. These results suggest, for the first time, that an epigenetic mechanism involving an aluminum-triggered, NF-kB-sensitive, miRNA-34a-mediated down-regulation of TREM2 expression may impair phagocytic responses that ultimately contribute to Aβ42 peptide accumulation, aggregation, amyloidogenesis and inflammatory degeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Brandon M. Jones
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Medeiros R, Kitazawa M, Passos GF, Baglietto-Vargas D, Cheng D, Cribbs DH, LaFerla FM. Aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 stimulates alternative activation of microglia and reduces Alzheimer disease-like pathology in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1780-9. [PMID: 23506847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an essential role in innate immunity, homeostasis, and neurotropic support in the central nervous system. In Alzheimer disease (AD), these cells may affect disease progression by modulating the buildup of β-amyloid (Aβ) or releasing proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic substances. Discovering agents capable of increasing Aβ uptake by phagocytic cells is of potential therapeutic interest for AD. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an endogenous lipid mediator with potent anti-inflammatory properties directly involved in inflammatory resolution, an active process essential for appropriate host responses, tissue protection, and the return to homeostasis. Herein, we demonstrate that aspirin-triggered LXA4 (15 μg/kg) s.c., twice a day, reduced NF-κB activation and levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as increased levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. Such changes in the cerebral milieu resulted in recruitment of microglia in an alternative phenotype, as characterized by the up-regulation of YM1 and arginase-1 and the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Microglia in an alternative phenotype-positive cells demonstrated improved phagocytic function, promoting clearance of Aβ deposits and ultimately leading to reduction in synaptotoxicity and improvement in cognition. Our data indicate that activating LXA4 signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
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21
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Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via αB-crystallin. Nature 2012; 494:90-4. [PMID: 23242137 DOI: 10.1038/nature11748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is a common feature of the ageing brain and some neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of innate immunity in the central nervous system remain elusive. Here we show that the astrocytic dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) modulates innate immunity through αB-crystallin (CRYAB), which is known to suppress neuroinflammation. We demonstrate that knockout mice lacking Drd2 showed remarkable inflammatory response in multiple central nervous system regions and increased the vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. Astrocytes null for Drd2 became hyper-responsive to immune stimuli with a marked reduction in the level of CRYAB. Preferential ablation of Drd2 in astrocytes robustly activated astrocytes in the substantia nigra. Gain- or loss-of-function studies showed that CRYAB is critical for DRD2-mediated modulation of innate immune response in astrocytes. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with the selective DRD2 agonist quinpirole increased resistance of the nigral dopaminergic neurons to MPTP through partial suppression of inflammation. Our study indicates that astrocytic DRD2 activation normally suppresses neuroinflammation in the central nervous system through a CRYAB-dependent mechanism, and provides a new strategy for targeting the astrocyte-mediated innate immune response in the central nervous system during ageing and disease.
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Jakobsson T, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR. Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:394-404. [PMID: 22541735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are master regulators of transcriptional programs that integrate the homeostatic control of almost all biological processes. Their direct mode of ligand regulation and genome interaction is at the core of modern pharmacology. The two liver X receptors LXRα and LXRβ are among the emerging newer drug targets within the NR family. LXRs are best known as nuclear oxysterol receptors and physiological regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism that also act in an anti-inflammatory way. Because LXRs control diverse pathways in development, reproduction, metabolism, immunity and inflammation, they have potential as therapeutic targets for diseases as diverse as lipid disorders, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent insights into LXR signaling suggest future targeting strategies aiming at increasing LXR subtype and pathway selectivity. This review discusses the current status of our understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signaling that constitute the potential of LXRs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jakobsson
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Abstract
Microglia - resident myeloid-lineage cells in the brain and the spinal cord parenchyma - function in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. Microglia also act as sentinels of infection and injury, and participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system. Microglia can become activated and/or dysregulated in the context of neurodegenerative disease and cancer, and thereby contribute to disease severity. Here, we discuss recent studies that provide new insights into the origin and phenotypes of microglia in health and disease.
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Hamano Y, Okude T, Yokosuka O, Ogawa M. Attenuation of Immune-Mediated Renal Injury by Telmisartan, an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker and a Selective PPAR-γ Activator. NEPHRON EXTRA 2011; 1:78-90. [PMID: 22470382 PMCID: PMC3290842 DOI: 10.1159/000331704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis is characterized by activation of the renin-angiotensin system. This study aimed to determine the question of whether a temporary angiotensin II blockade at the initial stage of anti-GBM nephritis is able to attenuate the disease as well as differences in renoprotection among angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) with distinct peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ-modulating activities. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were immunized with rabbit IgG, followed by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-mouse antibodies. Mice were then treated with telmisartan, losartan, and telmisartan + GW9662 (a PPAR-γ antagonist) for 5 days, or hydralazine for 9 days. On days 8 and 13, mice were sacrificed to obtain tissues for histological analysis. RESULTS The temporary administration of telmisartan significantly suppressed glomerular damage compared to hydralazine. Losartan showed a similar effect but was less effective. Co-administration of GW9662 attenuated the renoprotective effect of telmisartan, almost to levels observed with losartan. In particular, it limited the decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells and preservation of capillaries in the glomeruli induced by telmisartan. CONCLUSION Temporary angiotensin II blockade at the initial stage of anti-GBM disease dramatically inhibited its progression. In addition to a class effect of ARBs, telmisartan modified inflammation and endothelial damage in the kidney through its PPAR-γ-agonistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hamano
- Department of Nephrology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Christiansen SH, Selige J, Dunkern T, Rassov A, Leist M. Combined anti-inflammatory effects of β2-adrenergic agonists and PDE4 inhibitors on astrocytes by upregulation of intracellular cAMP. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:837-46. [PMID: 21871511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important hallmark of all neurodegenerative diseases and activation of different glial populations may be involved in the progression of some of these disorders. Especially, the activation of astroglia can lead to long-term detrimental morphological changes, such as scar formation. Therefore, improved strategies to modulate inflammation in these cells are currently being investigated. We investigated the interaction of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors, such as rolipram, with other agents raising cellular cAMP levels. When used alone, none of the PDE4 inhibitors increased cAMP levels. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, the β(2)-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol and the mixed β(1)/β(2)-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased intracellular cAMP levels of cortical murine astrocytes. This increase was synergistically elevated by rolipram or the PDE4 inhibitor RO-201724, but not by inhibition of PDE3. Inflammatory stimulation of the cells with the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ strongly induced PDE4B and augmented overall PDE4 activity, while PDE3 activity was low. Clenbuterol and forskolin caused downregulation of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6 and MCP-1. This effect was further enhanced by rolipram, but not by the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone. The cAMP-raising drug combinations attenuated the upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and the secretion of IL-6, but did not affect initial NF-κB signalling triggered by the stimulating cytokines. These results indicate that PDE4 may be a valuable anti-inflammatory target in brain diseases, especially under conditions associated with stimulation of cAMP-augmenting astrocyte receptors as is observed by clenbuterol treatment.
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Berrabah W, Aumercier P, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Control of nuclear receptor activities in metabolism by post-translational modifications. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1640-50. [PMID: 21486568 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are molecular transducers of endocrine and dietary signals allowing tissues to adapt their transcriptional responses to endogenous or exogenous cues. These signals act in many cases as specific ligands, converting of NRs into transcriptionally active molecules. This on-off mechanism needs, however, to be finely tuned with respect to the tissue environment and adjusted to the organism needs. These subtle adjustments of NR transcriptional activity are brought about by post-translational modifications (PTMs), which can be, in the case of orphan NRs, the sole regulatory mechanism. The role of PTMs, with a more specific focus on phosphorylation, affecting the functions of NR controlling metabolic events is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Berrabah
- Université Lille Nord de France, INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
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Taupin P. Thirteen compounds promoting oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and remyelination for treating multiple sclerosis: WO2010054307. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1767-73. [PMID: 20954805 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.528393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application is in the field of cellular therapy and neural repair. OBJECTIVE It aims at identifying and characterizing compounds and molecules that promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and remyelination of the nervous system. METHODS Library of compounds and molecules were screened on a series of assays specifically designed and developed to assess the activity and potency of compounds and molecules on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and on remyelination of nerve cells in in vitro and in vivo models, such as cultures of neural progenitor and stem cells, cerebellar organotypic cultures, the zebrafish and the cuprizone-mediated demyelination mouse models. RESULTS In all, 13 compounds were identified and characterized, after a secondary screening, for inducing the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and for promoting myelination and remyelination in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The 13 compounds, promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and myelination of nerve cells, may be used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other myelin-related disorders. The application claims the use of the compounds to promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and endogenous remyelination for the treatment of demyelinating diseases alone or in combination with other agents and drugs, such as immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Taupin
- Dublin City University, School of Biotechnology, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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