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Genome-scale reconstruction and metabolic modelling of the fast-growing thermophile Geobacillus sp. LC300. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 15:e00212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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2
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Proteomic perspectives on thermotolerant microbes: an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:629-646. [PMID: 34671903 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thermotolerant microbes are a group of microorganisms that survive in elevated temperatures. The thermotolerant microbes, which are found in geothermal heat zones, grow at temperatures of or above 45°C. The proteins present in such microbes are optimally active at these elevated temperatures. Hence, therefore, serves as an advantage in various biotechnological applications. In the last few years, scientists have tried to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the maintenance of the structural integrity of the cell and to study the stability of various thermotolerant proteins at extreme temperatures. Proteomic analysis is the solution for this search. Applying novel proteomic tools determines the proteins involved in the thermostability of microbes at elevated temperatures. METHODS Advanced proteomic techniques like Mass spectrometry, nano-LC-MS, protein microarray, ICAT, iTRAQ, and SILAC could enable the screening and identification of novel thermostable proteins. RESULTS This review provides up-to-date details on the protein signature of various thermotolerant microbes analyzed through advanced proteomic tools concerning relevant research articles. The protein complex composition from various thermotolerant microbes cultured at different temperatures, their structural arrangement, and functional efficiency of the protein was reviewed and reported. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of thermotolerant microbes, their enzymes, and the proteomic tools implemented to characterize them. This article also reviewed a comprehensive view of the current proteomic approaches for protein profiling in thermotolerant microbes.
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Hendriks A, van Lier J, de Kreuk M. Growth media in anaerobic fermentative processes: The underestimated potential of thermophilic fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kristjansson JK, Alfredsson GA. Distribution of Thermus spp. in Icelandic Hot Springs and a Thermal Gradient. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 45:1785-9. [PMID: 16346312 PMCID: PMC242539 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.6.1785-1789.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth range in nature of bacteria belonging to the genus Thermus was investigated by sampling 55 different hot springs in Iceland. The springs ranged in temperature from 32 to 99 degrees C, and in pH from 2.1 to 10.1. Viable counts of Thermus spp. ranging from 10 to 10 CFU/100 ml of spring water were found in 27 of the springs sampled. The temperature range for these bacteria was found to be 55 to 85 degrees C, and the pH range was from about 6.5 to above 10. Thermus spp. were found in springs containing up to 1 mM dissolved sulfide and having conductivity up to 2,000 muS/cm. The distribution of Thermus spp. in a hot spring thermal gradient was also investigated and found to agree well with the overall distribution in individual springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kristjansson
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland
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5
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Deming JW, Baross JA. Solid Medium for Culturing Black Smoker Bacteria at Temperatures to 120 degrees C. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 51:238-43. [PMID: 16346981 PMCID: PMC238853 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.2.238-243.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid, highly thermostable medium, based on the new gelling agent GELRITE, was devised to facilitate the culturing of extremely thermophilic microorganisms from submarine hydrothermal vents. The medium remained solid at temperatures to 120 degrees C at vapor pressures and hydrostatic pressures to 265 atm. It proved useful to its maximum tested limits in isolating colonies of black smoker bacteria from hydrothermal fluids recently collected at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Deming
- Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Shady Side, Maryland 20764, and School of Oceanography, WB-10, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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6
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Zhang M, Nakai H, Imanaka T. Useful Host-Vector Systems in Bacillus stearothermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:3162-4. [PMID: 16347805 PMCID: PMC204443 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.12.3162-3164.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a highly transformable thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus SIC1, which exhibited the following features. The growth temperature ranged from 45 to 65 degrees C in L broth. The maximum cell concentration in 2L broth (2% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl, pH 7.2) was determined as an optical density at 660 nm of 7.8, and the generation time was 11 min at 60 degrees C. Strain SIC1 was a prototroph and was transformed by the protoplast procedure not only with repB plasmids (high-copy-number plasmids such as pTB913 and pUB110) but also with repA plasmids (low-copy-number plasmids such as pTB53). Transformation efficiencies with repB and repA plasmids were about 2 x 10 to 5 x 10 and 5 x 10 transformants per mug of DNA, respectively. The transformant carrying plasmid pTB913Y/K could grow at 63 degrees C in the presence of kanamycin. The regeneration frequency of protoplasts was 60%, and only 1 day was needed for regeneration at 55 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565, Japan
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7
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Belkin S, Wirsen CO, Jannasch HW. A new sulfur-reducing, extremely thermophilic eubacterium from a submarine thermal vent. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 51:1180-5. [PMID: 16347075 PMCID: PMC239042 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.6.1180-1185.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly described bacterial isolate, designated strain NS-E, differs from presently known extremely thermophilic bacteria in various characteristics. It is a strictly heterotrophic eubacterium of marine origin and has a temperature range for growth of 50 to 95 degrees C with an optimum at 77 degrees C and a pH of 7.5. Its DNA base composition is 41.3 mol% guanine + cytosine. It is obligately anaerobic, utilizes various sugars as well as yeast extract, and reduces elemental sulfur facultatively to hydrogen sulfide. In 24-h cultures cell densities are up to fourfold higher in the presence than in the absence of elemental sulfur. Sulfide concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 mM limit growth by 65 and 95%, respectively. Oxygen sensitivity is apparent only at or above that range of temperature at which growth occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Belkin
- Membrane Bioenergetics Group, Department of Physiology/Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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Abstract
Frankly, I was surprised to receive an invitation to write a prefatory chapter for the Annual Review of Microbiology. I have read several such chapters written by outstanding researchers, many of whom I know and admire. I did not think I belonged to such a preeminent group. In my view, my contributions to the physiology and biochemistry of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria and, more lately, to anaerobic fungi are modest compared to the contribution made by other authors of prefatory chapters. I am honored to write about my life and my work, and I hope that those who read this chapter will sense how exciting and rewarding they have been.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Ljungdahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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10
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Margaritis A, Merchant RFJ, Yaguchi M. Thermostable Cellulases from Thermophilic Microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558609150799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Wiegel J, Ljungdahl LG, Demain AL. The Importance of Thermophilic Bacteria in Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558509150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Imanaka T. Application of recombinant DNA technology to the production of useful biomaterials. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 33:1-27. [PMID: 2944355 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Moscoso H, Saavedra C, Loyola C, Pichuantes S, Vásquez C. Biochemical characterization of tellurite-reducing activities of Bacillus stearothermophilus V. Res Microbiol 1998; 149:389-97. [PMID: 9766238 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(98)80321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus V is a naturally occurring Gram-positive rod which exhibits resistance to potassium tellurite. Crude extracts of this bacterium catalyse the NADH-dependent, protease-sensitive reduction of K2TeO3 in vitro. Two fractions which showed the ability to reduce potassium tellurite (H1 and H2) were obtained. Fraction H1 behaved as a macroaggregate exhibiting a very high molecular mass that could not be estimated accurately. Upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of SDS, however, it was resolved into three distinct bands of 60, 41 and 37.5 kDa. On the other hand, an M(r) of 121 was determined for fraction H2 by means of gel filtration and high-pressure liquid chromatography. In SDS-PAGE a unique protein band of 60 kDa was observed, suggesting that it is actually a dimer. Both fractions showed pH and temperature optima of 7.5 and 57 degrees C, respectively. Concentrations of 2.5 M NaCl or 0.35 mM SDS inhibited fraction H2 almost completely, while fraction H1 retained 20% of its activity under the same conditions. Concentrations of 5 mM EDTA caused the activity of both fractions to increase 2-fold. In addition to reducing tellurite, they were also able to reduce Na2SeO3 and Na2SO3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moscoso
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Bauer MW, Halio SB, Kelly RM. Proteases and glycosyl hydrolases from hyperthermophilic microorganisms. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1996; 48:271-310. [PMID: 8791627 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M W Bauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7905, USA
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15
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Canganella F, Trovatelli LD. Ecological and physiological studies on thermophilic bacilli from sulfataric hot springs of central Italy. J Basic Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620350105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Isolation of Thermophilic Bacteria from a Venezuelan Oil Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7361(09)70075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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18
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Wedler FC, McLean MA. Intermediates in guanidine-HC1 unfolding of glutamine synthetase from the extreme thermophile, Bacillus caldolyticus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1076:161-3. [PMID: 1670923 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90235-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase is expressed in Bacillus caldolyticus as two isoforms that differ in physico-chemical and regulatory properties. Biphasic kinetics of thermal denaturation of E-I and E-II (Merkler, D.J., et al (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7805), suggested the formation of intermediates. CD spectral changes of E-II induced by guanidine-HC1 clearly indicate a three-state pathway for unfolding (N----I----D). Refolding of E-II from 6 M GuHCl led to only 15% recovery of activity, compared to greater than or equal to 90% with E-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Wedler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Althouse Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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19
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Han BD, Nolan WG, Hopkins HP, Jones RT, Ingraham JL, Abdelal AT. Effect of growth temperature on folding of carbamoylphosphate synthetases of Salmonella typhimurium and a cold-sensitive derivative. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:5089-96. [PMID: 2203740 PMCID: PMC213166 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.9.5089-5096.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of homogeneous preparations of carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase) from wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and a cold-sensitive derivative grown at different growth temperatures were examined. For the cold-sensitive mutant, the affinity for glutamine of the form of CPSase synthesized at 20 degrees C was lower than that of the form of the enzyme synthesized at 37 degrees C, regardless of the assay temperature. Thus, the cold sensitivity of the mutant reflects an effect of temperature on the synthesis of the enzyme rather than the activity of the folded enzyme. The two forms also differed in sensitivities to polyclonal antibodies as well as denaturational enthalpies. The combined results support the hypothesis that carAB mutations conferring cold sensitivity identify amino acid residues that are critical in the folding of CPSase. Quite unexpectedly, certain kinetic properties of cloned parent CPSase were also dependent on the growth temperature, although to a much lesser extent than those of the cold-sensitive mutant. The specific activity of wild-type CPSase synthesized at 15 degrees C was 60% of that synthesized at 37 degrees C. Further, CPSase synthesized at 15 degrees C was less thermostable than the enzyme synthesized at 37 degrees C; the difference in stability (delta G) is estimated to be 4,500 cal mol-1. Thus, variation of temperature within the physiological range for growth influences the folding and consequently the properties of CPSase from wild-type S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Han
- Laboratory for Microbial and Biochemical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302-4010
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20
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Lovell CR, Przybyla A, Ljungdahl LG. Primary structure of the thermostable formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. Biochemistry 1990; 29:5687-94. [PMID: 2200509 DOI: 10.1021/bi00476a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the Clostridium thermoaceticum formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) was determined and the primary structure of the protein predicted. The gene was 1680 nucleotides long, encoding a protein of 559 amino acid residues with a calculated subunit molecular weight of 59,983. The initiation codon was UUG, with a probable ribosome binding site 11 bases upstream. A putative ATP binding domain was identified. Two Cys residues likely to be involved in subunit aggregation were tentatively identified. No characterization of the tetrahydrofolate (THF) binding domain was possible on the basis of the sequence. A high level of amino acid sequence conservation between the C. thermoaceticum FTHFS and the published sequences of C. acidiurici FTHFS and the FTHFS domains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae C1-THF synthases was found. Of the 556 residues shared between the two clostridial sequences, 66.4% are identical. If conservative substitutions are allowed, this percentage rises to 75%. Over 47% of the residues shared between the C. thermoaceticum FTHFS and the yeast C1-THF synthases are identical, 57.4% if conservative substitutions are allowed. Hydrophobicity profiles of the C. acidiurici and C. thermoaceticum enzymes were very similar and did not support the idea that large hydrophobic domains play an important role in thermostabilizing the C. thermoaceticum FTHFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Lovell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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21
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22
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Chapter 3 The Potential for in-situ Microbial Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7361(09)70091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Roberts DL, James-Hagstrom JE, Garvin DK, Gorst CM, Runquist JA, Baur JR, Haase FC, Ragsdale SW. Cloning and expression of the gene cluster encoding key proteins involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis in Clostridium thermoaceticum: CO dehydrogenase, the corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and methyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:32-6. [PMID: 2911576 PMCID: PMC286397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria fix CO or CO2 by a pathway of autotrophic growth called the acetyl-CoA (or Wood) pathway. Key enzymes in the pathway are a methyltransferase, a corrinoid/Fe-S protein, a disulfide reductase, and a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. This manuscript describes the isolation of the genes that code for the methyltransferase, the two subunits of the corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and the two subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. These five genes were found to be clustered within an approximately 10-kilobase segment on the Clostridium thermoaceticum genome. The proteins were expressed at up to 5-10% of Escherichia coli cell protein, and isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside had no effect on the levels of expression, implying that the C. thermoaceticum inserts contained transcriptional and translational signals that were recognized by E. coli. The methyltransferase is expressed in E. coli in a fully active dimeric form with a specific activity and heat stability similar to the enzyme expressed in C. thermoaceticum. However, both the corrinoid/Fe-S protein and carbon dioxide dehydrogenase, although expressed in high amounts and with identical subunit molecular weights in E. coli, are inactive and less heat stable than are the native enzymes from C. thermoaceticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201
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24
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Characteization of bacterial spores from high-temperature growth transformants ofBacillus subtilis. Curr Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Webster JJ, Walker BG, Leach FR. ATP content and adenylate energy charge ofBacillus stearothermophilus during growth. Curr Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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De Vrij W, Bulthuis RA, Konings WN. Comparative study of energy-transducing properties of cytoplasmic membranes from mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus species. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:2359-66. [PMID: 2834342 PMCID: PMC211130 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.5.2359-2366.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of enzymes involved in energy transduction from a mesophilic (Bacillus subtilis) and a thermophilic (B. stearothermophilus) bacterium were compared. Membrane preparations of the two organisms contained dehydrogenases for NADH, succinate, L-alpha-glycerophosphate, and L-lactate. Maximum NADH and cytochrome c oxidation rates were obtained at the respective growth temperatures of the two bacteria. The enzymes involved in the oxidation reactions in membranes of the thermophilic species were more thermostable than those of the mesophilic species. The apparent microviscosities of the two membrane preparations were studied at different temperatures. At the respective optimal growth temperatures, the apparent microviscosities of the membranes of the two organisms were remarkably similar. The transition from the gel to the liquid-crystalline state occurred at different temperatures in the two species. In the two species, the oxidation of physiological (NADH) and nonphysiological (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine or phenazine methosulfate) electron donors led to generation of a proton motive force which varied strongly with temperature. At increasing temperatures, the efficiency of energy transduction declined because of increasing H+ permeability. At the growth temperature, the efficiency of energy transduction was lower in B. stearothermophilus than in the mesophilic species. Extremely high respiratory activities enabled B. stearothermophilus to maintain a high proton motive force at elevated temperatures. The pH dependence of proton motive force generation appeared to be similar in the two membrane preparations. The highest proton motive forces were generated at low external pH, mainly because of a high pH gradient. At increasing external pH, the proton motive force declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W De Vrij
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Lovell CR, Przybyla A, Ljungdahl LG. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Clostridium thermoaceticum gene encoding thermostable formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Arch Microbiol 1988; 149:280-5. [PMID: 2833195 DOI: 10.1007/bf00411642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) (EC 6.3.4.3), a thermostable protein of four identical subunits from Clostridium thermoaceticum was cloned into Escherichia coli SK1592. The clone (CRL47) contained a 9.5 kb EcoRI fragment of C. thermoaceticum DNA ligated into pBR322. It produced catalytically active, thermostable FTHFS, that was not found in E. coli SK1592 containing native pBR322. The identity of the expressed enzyme was confirmed by specific binding of rabbit polyclonal anti-FTHFS serum produced against C. thermoaceticum FTHFS. The specific activities (mumol.min-1.mg-1) of FTHFS in cell free extracts of CRL47 were 28-89 when assayed at 50 degrees C and pH 8. This was from 3-10-fold higher than in C. thermoaceticum extracts. FTHFS was purified to homogeneity from CRL47. The purified enzyme behaved during electrophoresis and gel chromatography and it had similar specific activity and thermostability as the enzyme purified from C. thermoaceticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Lovell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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28
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Abstract
In general, enzyme thermostability is an intrinsic property, determined by the primary structure of the protein. However, external environmental factors including cations, substrates, co-enzymes, modulators, polyols and proteins often increase enzyme thermostability. With some exceptions, enzymes present in thermophiles are more stable than their mesophilic counterparts. Some organisms produce enzymes with different thermal stability properties when grown at lower and higher temperatures. There are commercial advantages in carrying out enzymic reactions at higher temperatures. Some industrial enzymes exhibit high thermostability. More stable forms of other industrial enzymes are eagerly being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Ward
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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30
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Edwards C, Ball A. Respiratory chain composition and activity in some thermotolerant streptomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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31
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Dunn RM, Munster MJ, Sharp RJ, Dancer BN. A novel method for regenerating the protoplasts of thermophilic bacilli. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Verhoeven JA, Schenck KM, Meyer RR, Trela JM. Purification and characterization of an inorganic pyrophosphatase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. J Bacteriol 1986; 168:318-21. [PMID: 3020000 PMCID: PMC213453 DOI: 10.1128/jb.168.1.318-321.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An inorganic pyrophosphatase was purified over 600-fold to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme is a tetramer of Mr = 84,000, has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S, a Stokes radius of 3.5 nm, and an isoelectric point of 5.7. Like the enzyme of Escherichia coli, the pyrophosphatase appears to be made constitutively. The pH and temperature optima are 8.3 and 80 degrees C, respectively. The Km for PPi is 0.6 mM. A divalent cation is essential, with Mg2+ preferred. The enzyme uses only PPi as a substrate.
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Abstract
Guanidination and amidination of bovine serum albumin, yeast enolase and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase were accompanied by increases in thermal stability at lower extents of modification. Decreases in thermal stability result from greater modification. These results support suggestions that surface guanidino groups (arginyl groups) are an important factor in thermal stability of proteins.
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34
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Deming JW. The biotechnological future for newly described, extremely thermophilic bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1986; 12:111-119. [PMID: 24212461 DOI: 10.1007/bf02153226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent explorations of aquatic volcanic environments have led to the isolation of novel microorganisms with optimal growth temperatures of 80°C or higher. Expectations of equally novel, highly thermostable biocatalysts and specialty chemicals from such organisms remain high but must be tempered with the laboratory realities of manipulating unusual bacteria whose growth characteristics are as yet poorly defined. Advancing the biotechnological future of "super-thermophiles" will require new cultivation methods, including the use of highly thermostable gels and pressurized bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Deming
- Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, 4800 Atwell Road, 20764, Shady Side, Maryland, USA
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35
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Hyun HH, Shen GJ, Zeikus JG. Differential amylosaccharide metabolism of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. J Bacteriol 1985; 164:1153-61. [PMID: 3934139 PMCID: PMC219310 DOI: 10.1128/jb.164.3.1153-1161.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermosulfurogenes displayed faster growth on either glucose, maltose, or starch than Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. Both species grew faster on glucose than on starch or maltose. The fermentation end product ratios were altered based on higher ethanol and lactate yields on starch than on glucose. In C. thermohydrosulfuricum, glucoamylase, pullulanase, and maltase were mainly responsible for conversion of starch and maltose into glucose, which was accumulated by a putative glucose permease. In C. thermosulfurogenes, beta-amylase was primarily responsible for degradation of starch to maltose, which was accumulated by a putative maltose permease and then hydrolyzed by glucoamylase. Regardless of the growth substrate, the rates of glucose, maltose, and starch transformation were higher in C. thermosulfurogenes than in C. thermohydrosulfuricum. Both species had a functional Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway and displayed the following catabolic activities: ferredoxin-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, NAD(P)-ethanol dehydrogenase, NAD(P)-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, hydrogenase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphate-activated lactate dehydrogenase. Ferredoxin-NAD reductase activity was higher in C. thermohydrosulfuricum than NADH-ferredoxin oxidase activity, but the former activity was not detectable in C. thermosulfurogenes. Both NAD- and NADP-linked ethanol dehydrogenases were unidirectional in C. thermosulfurogenes but reversible in C. thermohydrosulfuricum. The ratio of hydrogen-producing hydrogenase to hydrogen-consuming hydrogenase was higher in C. thermosulfurogenes. Two biochemical models are proposed to explain the differential saccharide metabolism on the basis of species enzyme differences in relation to specific growth substrates.
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36
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Jones MV, Spencer WN. Thermostability of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of Bacillus coagulans. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1985; 51:193-201. [PMID: 4037783 DOI: 10.1007/bf02310012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermostability of four enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle has been studied in the facultative thermophile, Bacillus coagulans. Although isocitrate dehydrogenase appeared to be more temperature-sensitive in whole-cell extracts of cultures grown at 30 degrees C compared with that in cultures grown at 55 degrees C, this difference could be largely eliminated by the removal of cell-wall material. The specific activity of each of the enzymes examined was approximately threefold higher in cultures grown at 55 degrees C than in those grown at 30 degrees C. The maximum temperature, Arrhenius plot and effect of stabilizing agents for each enzyme were examined and found to be independent of growth temperature. Sodium chloride (10% w/v) was an effective protective agent for fumarase, aconitase and malate dehydrogenase. Protection from thermal denaturation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, aconitase and fumarase but not malate dehydrogenase was also given when the enzymes were heated in the presence of their substrates. These results are discussed in light of the generalized theories of facultative thermophily which have been proposed.
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37
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Ehrlich M, Gama-Sosa MA, Carreira LH, Ljungdahl LG, Kuo KC, Gehrke CW. DNA methylation in thermophilic bacteria: N4-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N6-methyladenine. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1399-412. [PMID: 4000939 PMCID: PMC341080 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While determining the minor and major base composition of the DNA from 17 types of thermophilic bacteria by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of enzymatic digests, we have discovered a novel base, N4-methylcytosine (m4C). Its structure was proven by comparison of the DNA-derived nucleoside to the analogous authentic compound by HPLC, UV spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Eight of the bacterial DNAs contained m4C. Only two contained the common minor base, 5-methylcytosine (m5C), and neither of these was from an extreme thermophile. The other prevalent modified base of bacterial DNA, N6-methyladenine (m6A), was found in nine of the DNAs. Restriction analysis revealed that four of the DNAs had dam-type (Gm6ATC) methylation patterns. Due to the propensity of m5C residues to be deaminated by heat to thymine residues and to inefficient repair of the resulting mismatched base pairs, thermophiles with optimal growth temperatures of greater than or equal to 60 degrees C generally may avoid having m5C in their genomes. Instead, some of them have deamination-resistant m4C residues.
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38
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Wedler FC, Merkler DJ. Thermostabilization of Bacillus caldolyticus glutamine synthetase by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1985; 26:263-80. [PMID: 2866936 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152826-3.50027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Varel VH. Characteristics of some fermentative bacteria from a thermophilic methane-producing fermenter. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1984; 10:15-24. [PMID: 24221046 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria from a 55‡C methane-producing beef waste fermenter were enumerated, isolated, and characterized. Direct microscopic bacterial counts were 5.2-6.8×10(10) per g fermenter effluent. Using a nonselective roll-tube medium which contained 40% fermenter effluent, 8.5-14.1% of the microscopic count was culturable. Deletion of fermenter effluent significantly reduced the viable count. Sixty-four randomly picked strains were characterized. All were pleomorphic, gram-negative, anaerobic rods, many of which were difficult to grow in liquid media. The strains were divided into 5 major groups based on glucose fermentation, hydrogen sulfide production, starch hydrolysis, fermentation products, and morphology. Glucose was fermented by 75% of the isolates, 76% utilized starch, 25% produced hydrogen sulfide, 76% produced hydrogen, 37% produced indole, 21% hydrolyzed gelatin, and 13% were sporeformers. Ethanol, lactate, formate, acetate, and hydrogen were common fermentation products. Twenty-four representative strains had 1-12 flagella. Growth was observed between 35 and 73‡C. These studies indicate that species diversity among the isolated organisms was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Varel
- Clay Center, USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, 68933, Nebraska, USA
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40
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Yoshida T, Lorence RM, Choc MG, Tarr GE, Findling KL, Fee JA. Respiratory proteins from the extremely thermophilic aerobic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus. Purification procedures for cytochromes c552, c555,549, and c1aa3 and chemical evidence for a single subunit cytochrome aa3. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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42
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Oelze J, Fuller RC. Temperature dependence of growth and membrane-bound activities of Chloroflexus aurantiacus energy metabolism. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:90-6. [PMID: 6863222 PMCID: PMC217656 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.1.90-96.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependence of various activities related to the energy metabolism of isolated membranes and whole cells of the thermophilic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus was determined after phototrophic growth at either 40, 50, or 60 degrees C. The data obtained were expressed by use of Arrhenius plots. Maximum activities were determined at about 65 degrees C for succinate 2,4-dichlorophenol-indophenol reductase as well as NADH oxidase and at about 70 degrees C for Mg-ATPase and for light-induced proton extrusion by cells. Activation energies for Mg-ATPase and light-induced proton extrusion were about 40 kJ mol-1 from 30 degrees C to about 50 degrees C and they increased significantly at higher temperatures. Essentially the same dependency was detectable with NADH oxidase, except for an increase in activation energy below 41 degrees C. All of these responses were independent of growth temperature. Succinate-2,4-dichlorophenol-indophenol reductase showed a change in activation energy around 41 degrees C only with cells grown at 60 degrees C. Differences in the responses of cells grown at different temperatures were identified on the basis of changes from sigmoidal to hyperbolic kinetics for light saturation of proton extrusion. Moreover, the thermostability of proton extrusion was maximal when assayed at the corresponding growth temperatures. In any case, thermostability was lowest at the 65 and 68 degrees C assay temperatures. Differential scanning calorimetry with membranes revealed irreversible heat uptake from about 60 to 72 degrees C. The results are discussed in light of the activation energy for the specific growth rate, which is lowest at temperatures from 40 degrees C to the optimum at 60 degrees C.
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Brannan DK, Caldwell DE. Growth Kinetics and Yield Coefficients of the Extreme Thermophile
Thermothrix thiopara
in Continuous Culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:169-73. [PMID: 16346163 PMCID: PMC242248 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.1.169-173.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermothrix thiopara
did not appear to be stressed at high temperature (72°C). Both the actual and theoretical yields were higher than those of analogous mesophilic sulfur bacteria, and the specific growth rate (μ
max
) was more rapid than that of most autotrophs. The specific growth rate (0.58 h
−1
), specific maintenance rate (0.11 h
−1
), actual molar growth yield at μ
max
(
Y
max
= 16 g mol
−1
), and theoretical molar growth yield (
Y
G
= 24 g mol
−1
) were all higher for
T. thiopara
(72°C) than for mesophilic (25 to 30°C)
Thiobacillus
spp. The growth efficiencies for
T. thiopara
at 70 and 75°C (0.84 and 0.78) were significantly higher than at 65°C (0.47). Corresponding specific maintenance rates were highest at 65°C (0.41 h
−1
) and lowest at 70 and 75°C (0.11 and 0.15 h
−1
, respectively). Growth efficiencies of metabolically similar mesophiles were generally higher than for
T. thiopara.
However, the actual yields at μ
max
were higher for
T. thiopara
because its theoretical yield was higher. Thus, at 70°C,
T. thiopara
was capable of deriving more metabolically useful energy from thiosulfate than were mesophilic sulfur bacteria at 25 and 30°C. The low growth efficiency of
T. thiopara
reflected higher maintenance expenditures.
T. thiopara
had higher maintenance rates than
Thiobacillus ferroxidans
or
Thiobacillus denitrificans
, but also attained higher molar growth yields. It is concluded that sulfur metabolism may be more efficient overall at extremely high temperatures due to increased theoretical yields despite increased maintenance requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Brannan
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Sonnleitner B, Cometta S, Fiechter A. Growth kinetics of Thermus thermophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Thermophilic Saccharide Fermentations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040305-9.50011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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46
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Langworthy TA. Lipids of Bacteria Living in Extreme Environments. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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47
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Cometta S, Sonnleitner B, Fiechter A. The growth behaviour of Thermus aquaticus in continuous cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus gen. nov., spec. nov., a new, extreme thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00405910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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50
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Ljungdahl LG, Bryant F, Carreira L, Saiki T, Wiegel J. Some aspects of thermophilic and extreme thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1981; 18:397-419. [PMID: 7271714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3980-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this presentation, we have discussed that the acetogenic thermophilic bacterium, Clostridium thermoaceticum, ferments glucose almost quantitatively to acetate. That part of the acetate is formed from CO2, which functions as the electron sink. We have demonstrated that enzymes in the acetate formation contain trace elements such as iron, cobalt, nickel, selenium and tungsten. Furthermore, we have indicated that this bacterium must have an electron transport system, which is not yet completely understood. With Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum we have obtained results which indicate that this thermophile may selectively produce proteins dependent on the environmental temperature. We have presented a new bacterium, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, which ferments several sugars including starch, cellobiose, and xylose to ethanol. We have demonstrated the existence in a thermal environment of anaerobic bacteria that grow at temperatures of around 90 degrees C and which are capable of fermenting diverse substrates such as lactate, glucose, and cellulose.
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