1
|
Schwardmann LS, Benninghaus L, Lindner SN, Wendisch VF. Prospects of formamide as nitrogen source in biotechnological production processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:105. [PMID: 38204134 PMCID: PMC10781810 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review presents an analysis of formamide, focussing on its occurrence in nature, its functional roles, and its promising applications in the context of the bioeconomy. We discuss the utilization of formamide as an innovative nitrogen source achieved through metabolic engineering. These approaches underscore formamide's potential in supporting growth and production in biotechnological processes. Furthermore, our review illuminates formamide's role as a nitrogen source capable of safeguarding cultivation systems against contamination in non-sterile conditions. This attribute adds an extra layer of practicality to its application, rendering it an attractive candidate for sustainable and resilient industrial practices. Additionally, the article unveils the versatility of formamide as a potential carbon source that could be combined with formate or CO2 assimilation pathways. However, its attributes, i.e., enriched nitrogen content and comparatively limited energy content, led to conclude that formamide is more suitable as a co-substrate and that its use as a sole source of carbon for biomass and bio-production is limited. Through our exploration of formamide's properties and its applications, this review underscores the significance of formamide as valuable resource for a large spectrum of industrial applications. KEY POINTS: • Formidases enable access to formamide as source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy • The formamide/formamidase system supports non-sterile fermentation • The nitrogen source formamide supports production of nitrogenous compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S Schwardmann
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- , Aminoverse B.V., Daelderweg 9, 6361 HK, Nuth, Beekdaelen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Benninghaus
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Steffen N Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Müller H, Terholsen H, Godehard SP, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Recent Insights and Future Perspectives on Promiscuous Hydrolases/Acyltransferases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Kandeler E, Poll C, Frankenberger WT, Ali Tabatabai M. Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes. SSSA BOOK SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser9.c10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation; Soil Biology Section (310b), University of Hohenheim; Emil-Wolff-Str. 27 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christian Poll
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation; Soil Biology Section (310b), University of Hohenheim; Emil-Wolff-Str. 27 D-70593 Stuttgart Germany
| | - William T. Frankenberger
- 2326 Geology, Department of Environmental Sciences; University of California; Riverside CA 92521
| | - M. Ali Tabatabai
- Dep. of Agronomy; Iowa State Univ.; 2403 Agronomy Hall Ames IA 50011
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitrilase superfamily aryl acylamidase from the halotolerant mangrove Streptomyces sp. 211726. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8583-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Sosedov O, Stolz A. Random mutagenesis of the arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 and identification of variants, which form increased amounts of mandeloamide from mandelonitrile. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1595-607. [PMID: 23695777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 was modified by introducing random mutations via error-prone PCR techniques in order to obtain nitrilase variants, which form increased amounts of mandeloamide from racemic mandelonitrile. A screening system was established and experimentally optimized, which allowed the screening of nitrilase variants with the intended phenotype. This system was based on the simultaneous expression of nitrilase variants and the mandeloamide converting amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous MP50 in recombinant Escherichia coli cells. The formation of increased amounts of mandeloamide from mandelonitrile by the nitrilase variants was detected after the addition of hydroxylamine and ferric iron ions by taking advantage of the acyltransferase activity of the amidase, which resulted in the formation of coloured iron(III)-hydroxamate complexes from mandeloamide. The system was applied for the screening of libraries of nitrilase variants and 30 enzyme variants identified, which formed increased amounts of mandeloamide from racemic mandelonitrile. The increase in amide formation was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and the genes encoding the relevant nitrilase variants sequenced. Thus, different types of mutations were identified. One group of mutants carried different deletions at the carboxy-terminus. The other types of variants carried amino acid exchanges in positions that had not been related previously to an increased amide formation. Finally, a nitrilase variant was created by combining two independently obtained point mutations. This enzyme variant demonstrated a true nitrile hydratase activity as it formed mandeloamide and mandelic acid in a ratio of about 19:1 from racemic mandelonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sosedov
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thanyacharoen U, Tani A, Charoenpanich J. Isolation and characterization of Kluyvera georgiana strain with the potential for acrylamide biodegradation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1491-1499. [PMID: 22702807 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.680312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide contamination by acrylamide, a neurotoxicant and carcinogen in animals, is becoming a significant problem. We isolated three novel acrylamide-degrading bacteria from domestic wastewater in Chonburi, Thailand. Using biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the strains were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera georgiana and Enterococcus faecalis. K. georgiana strain No. 2 was selected for further characterization due to its degradation potential of high concentrations of acrylamide at the mesophilic temperatures. The strain grew well in the presence of acrylamide at concentrations to 0.5 % (w/v), pH 5.0 to 7.0 and 37°C. Degradation of acrylamide to acrylic acid began after 30 min of cultivation as a biomass-dependent manner. Mass balance analysis revealed 92.3 % conversion of acrylamide to acrylic acid and two lower polarity compounds. Strain No. 2 degraded many aliphatic amides but not iodoacetamide and thioacetamide. High degradation level (>80 %) was found with propionamide, cyanoacetamide and acetamide. Moderate degradation was obtained in the order of formamide > butyramide > lactamide > urea while sodium azide provided 34 % degradation. These findings render this novel bacterium attractive for biodegradation of acrylamide and other aliphatic amides in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uthumporn Thanyacharoen
- Biological Science Program and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen W, Chen H, Jia K, Ni J, Yan X, Li S. Cloning and characterization of a novel amidase from Paracoccus sp. M-1, showing aryl acylamidase and acyl transferase activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:1007-18. [PMID: 22101784 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel amidase gene, designated pamh, was cloned from Paracoccus sp. M-1. Site-directed mutagenesis and bioinformatic analysis showed that the PamH protein belonged to the amidase signature enzyme family. PamH was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. The molecular mass of PamH was determined to be 52 kDa with an isoelectric point of 5.13. PamH displayed its highest enzymatic activity at 45°C and at pH 8.0 and was stable within a pH range of 5.0-10.0. The PamH enzyme exhibited amidase activity, aryl acylamidase activity, and acyl transferase activity, allowing it to function across a very broad substrate spectrum. PamH was highly active on aromatic and short-chain aliphatic amides (benzamide and propionamide), moderately active on amino acid amides, and possessed weak urease activity. Of the anilides examined, only propanil was a good substrate for PamH. For propanil, the k (cat) and K (m) were 2.8 s(-1) and 158 μM, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency value (k (cat)/K (m)) was 0.018 μM(-1) s(-1). In addition, PamH was able to catalyze the acyl transfer reaction to hydroxylamine for both amide and anilide substrates, including acetamide, propanil, and 4-nitroacetanilide; the highest reaction rate was shown with isobutyramide. These characteristics make PamH an excellent candidate for environmental remediation and an important enzyme for the biosynthesis of novel amides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gabriel J. Development of soil microbiology methods: from respirometry to molecular approaches. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Makhongela HS, Glowacka AE, Agarkar VB, Sewell BT, Weber B, Cameron RA, Cowan DA, Burton SG. A novel thermostable nitrilase superfamily amidase from Geobacillus pallidus showing acyl transfer activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:801-11. [PMID: 17347819 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) in branch 2 of the nitrilase superfamily, from the thermophilic strain Geobacillus pallidus RAPc8, was produced at high expression levels (20 U/mg) in small-scale fermentations of Escherichia coli. The enzyme was purified to 90% homogeneity with specific activity of 1,800 U/mg in just two steps, namely, heat-treatment and gel permeation chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electron microscopic (EM) analysis of the homogenous enzyme showed the native enzyme to be a homohexamer of 38 kDa subunits. Analysis of the biochemical properties of the amidase showed that the optimal temperature and pH for activity were 50 and 7.0 degrees C, respectively. The amidase exhibited high thermal stability at 50 and 60 degrees C, with half-lives greater than 5 h at both temperatures. At 70 and 80 degrees C, the half-life values were 43 and 10 min, respectively. The amidase catalyzed the hydrolysis of low molecular weight aliphatic amides, with D: -selectivity towards lactamide. Inhibition studies showed activation/inhibition data consistent with the presence of a catalytically active thiol group. Acyl transfer reactions were demonstrated with acetamide, propionamide, isobutyramide, and acrylamide as substrates and hydroxylamine as the acyl acceptor; the highest reaction rate being with isobutyramide. Immobilization by entrapment in polyacrylamide gels, covalent binding on Eupergit C beads at 4 degrees C and on Amberlite-XAD57 resulted in low protein binding and low activity, but immobilization on Eupergit C beads at 25 degrees C with cross-linking resulted in high protein binding yield and high immobilized specific activity (80% of non-immobilized activity). Characterization of Eupergit C-immobilized preparations showed that the optimum reaction temperature was unchanged, the pH range was somewhat broadened, and stability was enhanced giving half-lives of 52 min at 70 degrees C and 30 min at 80 degrees C. The amidase has potential for application under high temperature conditions as a biocatalyst for D: -selective amide hydrolysis producing enantiomerically pure carboxylic acids and for production of novel amides by acyl transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Makhongela
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maestracci M, Bui K, Thiéry A, Arnaud A, Galzy P. The amidases from a Brevibacterium strain: study and applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 36:67-115. [PMID: 3142225 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0047945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
12
|
Peyrottes S, Coussot G, Lefebvre I, Imbach JL, Gosselin G, Aubertin AM, Périgaud C. S-acyl-2-thioethyl aryl phosphotriester derivatives of AZT: synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability study. J Med Chem 2003; 46:782-93. [PMID: 12593658 DOI: 10.1021/jm021016y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability study of phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing modified l-tyrosinyl residues are reported. These compounds were obtained via phosphoramidite (P(III)) chemistry from the appropriate aryl precursors. All the derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro anti-HIV activity, and they appeared to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in various cell culture experiments, with EC(50) values between the micro- and nanomolar range, especially in thymidine kinase deficient (TK(-)) cells, showing their ability to act as mononucleotide prodrugs. The proposed decomposition process of these mixed mononucleoside aryl phosphotriesters successively involves an esterase and a phosphodiesterase hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Peyrottes
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UMII, Université Montpellier II, Case Courrier 008, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
A novel and quick plate assay for acetamidase producers and process optimization for its production by Aspergillus candidus. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Skouloubris S, Labigne A, De Reuse H. The AmiE aliphatic amidase and AmiF formamidase of Helicobacter pylori: natural evolution of two enzyme paralogues. Mol Microbiol 2001; 40:596-609. [PMID: 11359566 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic amidases (EC 3.5.1.4) are enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of short-chain amides to produce ammonia and the corresponding organic acid. Such an amidase, AmiE, has been detected previously in Helicobacter pylori. Analysis of the complete H. pylori genome sequence revealed the existence of a duplicated amidase gene that we named amiF. The corresponding AmiF protein is 34% identical to its AmiE paralogue. Because gene duplication is widely considered to be a fundamental process in the acquisition of novel enzymatic functions, we decided to study and compare the functions of the paralogous amidases of H. pylori. AmiE and AmiF proteins were overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified by a two-step chromatographic procedure. The two H. pylori amidases could be distinguished by different biochemical characteristics such as optimum pH or temperature. AmiE hydrolysed propionamide, acetamide and acrylamide and had no activity with formamide. AmiF presented an unexpected substrate specificity: it only hydrolysed formamide. AmiF is thus the first formamidase (EC 3.5.1.49) related to aliphatic amidases to be described. Cys-165 in AmiE and Cys-166 in AmiF were identified as residues essential for catalysis of the corresponding enzymes. H. pylori strains carrying single and double mutations of amiE and amiF were constructed. The substrate specificities of these enzymes were confirmed in H. pylori. Production of AmiE and AmiF proteins is dependent on the activity of other enzymes involved in the nitrogen metabolism of H. pylori (urease and arginase respectively). Our results strongly suggest that (i) the H. pylori paralogous amidases have evolved to achieve enzymatic specialization after ancestral gene duplication; and (ii) the production of these enzymes is regulated to maintain intracellular nitrogen balance in H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Skouloubris
- Unité de Pathogénie Bactérienne des Muqueuses, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fournand D, Arnaud A. Aliphatic and enantioselective amidases: from hydrolysis to acyl transfer activity. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:381-93. [PMID: 11556902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Fournand
- GER de Chimie Biologique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hirrlinger B, Stolz A. Formation of a Chiral Hydroxamic Acid with an Amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP50 and Subsequent Chemical Lossen Rearrangement to a Chiral Amine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3390-3. [PMID: 16535682 PMCID: PMC1389238 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.9.3390-3393.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP50 demonstrated, in the presence of hydroxylamine, acyltransferase activity and catalyzed the formation of hydroxamates from amides and hydroxylamine. The rates of acyltransferase activity of the purified amidase for the substrates acetamide, phenylacetamide, and 2-phenylpropionamide were higher than the corresponding rates for the hydrolysis reactions. With the substrate 2-phenylpropionamide the hydrolysis reaction and the acyltransferase activity were highly enantioselective. The optically active 2-phenylpropionhydroxamate was converted by a chemical Lossen rearrangement in an aqueous medium into the enantiopure S-1-phenylethylamine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hirrlinger B, Stolz A, Knackmuss HJ. Purification and properties of an amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP50 which enantioselectively hydrolyzes 2-arylpropionamides. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:3501-7. [PMID: 8655547 PMCID: PMC178119 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.12.3501-3507.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP50 was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 480,000 and is composed of identical subunits with molecular weights of about 61,000. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was significantly different from previously published sequences of bacterial amidases. The purified amidase hydrolyzed a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic amides, The highest enzyme activities were found with amides carrying hydrophobic residues, such as pentyl or naphthoyl. The purified enzyme converted racemic 2-phenylpropionamide, naproxen amide [2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) propionamide], and ketoprofen amide [2-(3'-benzoylphenyl)propionamide] to the corresponding S-acids with an enantiomeric excess of >99% and an almost 50% conversion of the racemic amides. The enzyme also hydrolyzed different alpha-amino amides but without significant enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hirrlinger
- Institüt fur Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Silman NJ, Carver MA, Jones CW. Directed evolution of amidase in Methylophilus methylotrophus; purification and properties of amidases from wild-type and mutant strains. Microbiology (Reading) 1991. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-137-1-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligately methylotrophic bacterium Methylophilusmethylotrophus hydrolyses acetamide and acrylamide using a cytoplasmic amidase. In previous work, continuous culture was used to isolate spontaneous mutants which overexpressed either the wild-type amidase (strain MM6) or a mutant amidase with an apparently higher K
cat (strain MM8). We now report that NTG mutagenesis of strain MM8 followed by acrylamide-limited growth at low dilution rate (D 0·025 h-1; 37 °C) led to the selection of a strain which continued to overexpress the amidase, but which exhibited an unexpectedly low amidase activity and a greatly decreased K
m for acrylamide (strain MM15). Amidases from the wild-type and mutant strains were purified and shown to be homotetramers (subunit M
r 38000, pI 4·1). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the wild-type enzyme was 90% homologous with the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Southern blotting using an oligonucleotide probe for this region showed that overexpression of the enzyme in the mutant strains was not due to gene amplification. Compared with the wild-type and MM6 enzymes, the MM8 enzyme exhibited a threefold higher K
m and a slightly lower K
m for acrylamide, whereas the MM15 enzyme exhibited a similar K
cat and an eightfold lower K
m for acrylamide. The MM15 enzyme also reacted more extensively with the thiol group reagent DTNB, had a significantly lower sedimentation coefficient and exhibited a more relaxed substrate specificity, all of which were compatible with a looser tetrameric structure. It was also much more susceptible than the other three enzymes to inactivation by high temperature or by freezing and thawing (MM15»MM8>MM6/wild-type), both of which variably dissociated the enzyme into inactive dimers and monomers. The amidase activity of strain MM15 was almost 15-fold higher following growth at 25 °C than at 37 °C, since at this lower temperature the enzyme exhibited a similar K
cat to the MM8 enzyme and was not significantly dissociated. However, as strain MM15 readily outgrew the organism from which it was derived (strain MM8) during acrylamide-limited continuous culture at 37 °C, it is clear that under these conditions a low K
m was a greater selective advantage than a high K
cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J. Silman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mark A. Carver
- ICI Biological Products, Billingham, Cleveland TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Colin W. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Thiéry A, Maestracci M, Arnaud A, Galzy P. Nitriles as growth substrates for Brevibacterium sp. R 312 and its mutant M2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(86)80065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
Thiery A, Maestracci M, Arnaud A, Galzy P, Nicolas M. Purification and properties of an acylamide amidohydrolase (E. C. 3.5.1.4) with a wide activity spectrum fromBrevibacterium sp. R 312. J Basic Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620260512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Activity and regulation of an amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) with a wide substrate spectrum from a Brevibacterium sp. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Woods MJ, Findlater JD, Orsi BA. Kinetic mechanism of the aliphatic amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 567:225-37. [PMID: 110350 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic constants for hydrolysis and transfer (with hydroxylamine as the alternate acceptor) of the aliphatic amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined for a variety of acetyl and propionyl derivatives. The results obtained were consistent with a ping-pong or substitution mechanism. Product inhibition, which was pH dependent, implicated an acyl-enzyme compound as a compulsory intermediate and indicated that ammonia combined additionally with the free enzyme in a dead-end manner. The uncompetitive activation of acetamide hydrolysis by hydroxylamine and the observation that the partitioning of products between acetic acid and acetohydroxamate was linearly dependent on the hydroxylamine concentration substantiated these conclusions and indicated that deacylation was at least partially rate limiting. With propionamide as the acyl donor apparently anomalous results, which included inequalities in certain kinetic constants and a hyperbolic dependence of the partition ratio on the hydroxylamine concentration, could be explained by postulating a compulsory isomerisation of the acyl-enzyme intermediate prior to the transfer reaction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gondo S, Venkatasubramanian K, Vieth WR, Constantinides A. Modeling the role of cyclic AMP in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme biosynthesis in microbial cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1978; 20:1797-815. [PMID: 213139 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260201109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modeling the role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in catabolite repression of inducible enzyme production in microbial cells was studied. A catabolite repression index, F, was defined based on the postulation that complex formation occurs between RNA polymerase (RNAP) and DNA, and shifting from the inert form to the open form of this complex (the latter form is required for transcription) is accelerated by the cAMP.CRP complex. The catabolite repression index, F, was incorporated into model equations of mRNA production. Empirical relationships between intracellular cAMP level and medium glucose concentration were established based on experimental data and introduced into the model. Computer simulation results were obtained for a number of interesting cases. The practical utility of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the experimental results on glucose isomerase biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The amidase activity of bacteria possessing a high nitrilase activity was found to display the same spectrum although the bacteria may belong to different taxonomic groups, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacteriun. The spectrum of amidase activity, although very broad, is more restricted than that of nitrilase activity. Internal amides as well as vinyl-bound amides are not hydrolyzed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Haas D, Holloway BW. R factor variants with enhanced sex factor activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 144:243-51. [PMID: 818504 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The R factor R68 readily promotes chromosome transfer in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAT, but shows little such sex factor activity in strain PAO. A variant of this plasmid, R68.45, has been isolated which produces recombinants in PAO plate matings at frequencies of 10(-3)--10(-5) per donor cell for markers in the 0-60 min region of the chromosome. Little or nor chromosome transfer was shown in liquid media. The kinetics of chromosome transfer were studied by interrupting matings on solid media with nalidixic acid. Five chromosomal markers, mapping in widely spaced regions of the chromosome all entered 3-5 min after initiation of mating. These results, combined with linkage studies, indicated that R68.45, unlike the Pseudomonas sex factors FP2 and FP39, promotes chromosome transfer from a range of origin sites and can thus be used for mapping the region of the P. aeruginosa chromosome later than 40 min. R68.45 and other similar variants were isolated from rare chromosomal recombinants appearing in crosses between PAO(R68) donors and PAO recipients in which selection for ARGB+ was made. Selection for other chromosomal markers did not result in such variants suggesting that plasmides of the R68.45 type arise by recombination of genetic material between the R68 plasmid and certain regions of the bacterial chromosome.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chapman PJ, Ribbons DW. Metabolism of resorcinylic compounds by bacteria: alternative pathways for resorcinol catabolism in Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol 1976; 125:985-98. [PMID: 942589 PMCID: PMC236175 DOI: 10.1128/jb.125.3.985-998.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Pseudomonas putida isolated by enrichment cultures with orcinol as the sole source of carbon were both found to grow with resorcinol. Data are presented which show that one strain (ORC) catabolizes resorcinol by a metabolic pathway, genetically and mechanistically distinct from the orcinol pathway, via hydroxyquinol and ortho oxygenative cleavage to give maleylacetate, but that the other strain (O1) yields mutants that utilize resorcinol. One mutant strain, designated O1OC, was shown to be constitutive for the enzymes of the orcinol pathway. After growth of this strain on resorcinol, two enzymes of the resorcinol pathway are also induced, namely hydroxyquinol 1,2-oxygenase and maleylacetate reductase. Thus hydroxyquniol, formed from resorcinol, undergoes both ortho and meta diol cleavage reactions with the subsequent formation of both pyruvate and maleylacetate. Evidence was not obtained for the expression of resorcinol hydroxylase in strain O1OC; the activity of orcinol hydroxylase appears to be recruited for this hydroxylation reaction. P. putida ORC, on the other hand, possesses individual hydroxylases for orcinol and resorcinol, which are specifically induced by growth on their respective substrates. The spectral changes associated with the enzymic and nonenzymic oxidation of hydroxyquinol are described. Maleylacetate was identified as the product of hydroxyquinol oxidation by partially purified extracts obtained from P. putida ORC grown with resorcinol. Its further metabolism was reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Betz JL, Brown JE, Clarke PH, Day M. Genetic analysis of amidase mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genet Res (Camb) 1974; 23:335-59. [PMID: 4215693 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230001497x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYMutants ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, which differed in amide growth phenotype from the wild-type strain, were subjected to genetic analysis using the generalized transducing phage F116. The map order of some mutational sites was determined by 3-factor crosses in which a mutation in the linked regulator geneamiRwas used as the outside marker to determine the relative order of mutations in the amidase structural geneamiE. Acetamide-positive transductants were recovered in crosses between amidase-negative strains and strains PhB3(PAC377), V2(PAC353) and V5(PAC356) producing mutant amidases which hydrolyse phenylacetamide and valeramide but not acetamide. Some recombinants carried the mutationamiE16 determining the properties of the mutant B amidase produced by strain B6(PAC351) from which both PhB and V class mutants were derived, while other recombinants produced A amidase determined by the wild-typeamiEgene.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Pardee AB, Benz EJ, St. Peter DA, Krieger JN, Meuth M, Trieshmann HW. Hyperproduction and Purification of Nicotinamide Deamidase, a Microconstitutive Enzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
32
|
Chapter V Methods for Studying Enzyme Regulation. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|