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Kuzan A, Kozak-Sykała A, Fiedorowicz A, Kałas W, Strządała L, Gamian A. Advanced Glycation End-Products in Blood Serum-Novel Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors? Implication for Diabetic Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38256577 PMCID: PMC10816329 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
New predictors of ischemic incidents are constantly sought since they raise the awareness of patients and their doctors of stroke occurrence. The goal was to verify whether Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), in particular AGE10, could be one of them. The AGE10 measurement was conducted using a non-commercial ELISA assay in the blood serum of neurological patients without cerebrovascular event (n = 24), those with transient brain attack (TIA) (n = 17), and severe ischemic stroke (n = 35). Twice as many of the people with TIA or severe stroke presented high AGE10 serum concentrations compared to the patients with other neurological conditions (χ2 = 8.2, p = 0.004; χ2 = 8.0, p = 0.005, respectively). The risk of ischemic incident was significantly risen in people with higher levels of AGE10 (OR = 6.5, CI95%: 1.7-24.8; OR = 4.7, CI95%: 1.5-14.5 for TIA and stroke subjects, respectively). We observed a positive correlation (r = 0.40) between high AGE10 levels and diabetes. Moreover, all the diabetic patients that had a high AGE10 content experienced either a severe ischemic stroke or TIA. The patients with high levels of AGE10 exhibited higher grades of disability assessed by the NIHSS scale (r = 0.35). AGE10 can be considered a new biomarker of ischemic stroke risk. Patients with diabetes presenting high AGE10 levels are particularly prone to the occurrence of cerebrovascular incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kozak-Sykała
- Neurology and Stroke Department, Independent Public Healthcare Centre, Jankowski Regional Hospital in Przeworsk, Szpitalna 16, 37-200 Przeworsk, Poland;
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland (W.K.); (L.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland (W.K.); (L.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Leon Strządała
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland (W.K.); (L.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland (W.K.); (L.S.); (A.G.)
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Czech M, Konopacka M, Rogoliński J, Maniakowski Z, Staniszewska M, Łaczmański Ł, Witkowska D, Gamian A. The Genotoxic and Pro-Apoptotic Activities of Advanced Glycation End-Products (MAGE) Measured with Micronuclei Assay Are Inhibited by Their Low Molecular Mass Counterparts. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050729. [PMID: 34068126 PMCID: PMC8152725 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between the cancer invasive activities of cells and their exposure to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) was described early in some reports. An incubation of cells with BSA-AGE (bovine serum albumin-AGE), BSA-carboxymethyllysine and BSA-methylglyoxal (BSA-MG) resulted in a significant increase in DNA damage. We examined the genotoxic activity of new products synthesized under nonaqueous conditions. These were high molecular mass MAGEs (HMW-MAGEs) formed from protein and melibiose and low molecular mass MAGEs (LMW-MAGEs) obtained from the melibiose and N-α-acetyllysine and N-α-acetylarginine. We have observed by measuring of micronuclei in human lymphocytes in vitro that the studied HMW-MAGEs expressed the genotoxicity. The number of micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes reached 40.22 ± 5.34 promille (MN/1000CBL), compared to 28.80 ± 6.50 MN/1000 CBL for the reference BSA-MG, whereas a control value was 20.66 ± 1.39 MN/1000CBL. However, the LMW-MAGE fractions did not induce micronuclei formation in the culture of lymphocytes and partially protected DNA against damage in the cells irradiated with X-ray. Human melanoma and all other studied cells, such as bronchial epithelial cells, lung cancer cells and colorectal cancer cells, are susceptible to the genotoxic effects of HMW-MAGEs. The LMW-MAGEs are not genotoxic, while they inhibit HMW-MAGE genotoxic activity. With regard to apoptosis, it is induced with the HMW-MAGE compounds, in the p53 independent way, whereas the low molecular mass product inhibits the apoptosis induction. Further investigations will potentially indicate beneficial apoptotic effect on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Czech
- Dr. Józef Rostek Regional Hospital, Gamowska 3, 47-400 Racibórz, Poland;
| | - Maria Konopacka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacek Rogoliński
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Zbigniew Maniakowski
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Staniszewska
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynow 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.Ł.); (D.W.)
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.Ł.); (D.W.)
| | - Danuta Witkowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.Ł.); (D.W.)
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (Ł.Ł.); (D.W.)
- Wrocław Research Center EIT+, PORT, Stabłowicka 147/149, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Takino JI, Nagamine K, Hori T, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeuchi M. Contribution of the toxic advanced glycation end-products-receptor axis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2459-2469. [PMID: 26483867 PMCID: PMC4606201 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i23.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The main etiologies of HCC are hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and non-hepatitis B/non-hepatitis C HCC (NBNC-HCC) has also been identified as an etiological factor. Although the incidence of HCV-related HCC in Japan has decreased slightly in recent years, that of NBNC-HCC has increased. The onset mechanism of NBNC-HCC, which has various etiologies, remains unclear; however, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is known to be an important risk factor for NBNC-HCC. Among the different advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formed by the Maillard reaction, glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs, the predominant components of toxic AGEs (TAGE), have been associated with NASH and NBNC-HCC, including NASH-related HCC. Furthermore, the expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) has been correlated with the malignant progression of HCC. Therefore, TAGE induce oxidative stress by binding with RAGE may, in turn, lead to adverse effects, such as fibrosis and malignant transformation, in hepatic stellate cells and tumor cells during NASH or NASH-related HCC progression. The aim of this review was to examine the contribution of the TAGE-RAGE axis in NASH-related HCC.
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Takino JI, Nagamine K, Takeuchi M, Hori T. In vitro identification of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related protein hnRNPM. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1784-1793. [PMID: 25684943 PMCID: PMC4323454 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i6.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the formation of intracellular glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (Glycer-AGEs) in the presence of high concentrations of fructose.
METHODS: Cells of the human hepatocyte cell line Hep3B were incubated with or without fructose for five days, and the corresponding cell lysates were separated by two-dimensional gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycer-AGEs were detected with the anti-Glycer-AGEs antibody. Furthermore, the identification of the proteins that are modified by glyceraldehyde in the presence of high concentrations of fructose was conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The protein and mRNA levels were determined by Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription PCR, respectively.
RESULTS: The results of the two-dimensional gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a greater amount of Glycer-AGEs in the sample exposed to high concentrations of fructose than in the control. The detected Glycer-AGEs showed isoelectric points in the range of 8.0-9.0 and molecular weights in the range of 60-80 kDa. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNPM), which plays an important role in regulating gene expression by processing heterogeneous nuclear RNAs to form mature mRNAs, was identified as a modified protein using MALDI-TOF-MS. Increasing the concentration of fructose in the medium induced a concentration-dependent increase in the generated Glycer-AGEs. Furthermore, in an experiment using glyceraldehyde, which is a precursor of Glycer-AGEs, hnRNPM was found to be more easily glycated than the other proteins.
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that glyceraldehyde-modified hnRNPM alters gene expression. This change may cause adverse effects in hepatocytes and may serve as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Kan H, Yamagishi SI, Ojima A, Fukami K, Ueda S, Takeuchi M, Hyogo H, Aikata H, Chayama K. Elevation of Serum Levels of Advanced Glycation End Products in Patients With Non-B or Non-C Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:480-4. [PMID: 25252033 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-B or non-C hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC) has been increasing all over the world. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS We examined here whether serum levels of AGE were elevated in NBNC-HCC patients compared with NASH subjects without HCC and investigated which anthropometric and clinical variables were independent determinants of AGE. RESULTS Ninety NBNC-HCC, 56 NASH, and 27 control subjects underwent a complete history and physical examination, determination of blood chemistries, including AGE levels. Serum levels of AGE were significantly higher in NBNC-HCC patients compared with NASH and control subjects [9.1 ± 2.7, 5.2 ± 1.7, 3.5 ± 1.2 (U/ml), respectively, P < 0.05]. Univariate analysis showed that AGE levels were associated with male (P < 0.05), age (P < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (P < 0.01), HDL-cholesterol (inversely, P < 0.01), fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.01), and HbA1c (P < 0.05). By the use of multiple stepwise regression analysis, age, GGT, and HDL-cholesterol (inversely) remained significant and were independently related to AGE levels (R(2) = 0.406). CONCLUSION The present results suggest that AGE might be involved in the pathogenesis of NBNC-HCC, thereby being a biomarker that could discriminate NBNC-HCC from NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ayako Ojima
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Fukami
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Seiji Ueda
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Takino J, Yamagishi S, Takeuchi M. Glycer-AGEs-RAGE signaling enhances the angiogenic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma by upregulating VEGF expression. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1781-8. [PMID: 22553402 PMCID: PMC3332291 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products (Glycer-AGEs) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: Two HCC cell lines (Hep3B and HepG2 cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used. Cell viability was determined using the WST-8 assay. Western blotting, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used to detect protein and mRNA. Angiogenesis was evaluated by assessing the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVEC.
RESULTS: The receptor for AGEs (RAGE) protein was detected in Hep3B and HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were not affected by the addition of Glycer-AGEs. Glycer-AGEs markedly increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein expression, which is one of the most potent angiogenic factors. Compared with the control unglycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) treatment, VEGF mRNA expression levels induced by the Glycer-AGEs treatment were 1.00 ± 0.10 vs 1.92 ± 0.09 (P < 0.01). Similarly, protein expression levels induced by the Glycer-AGEs treatment were 1.63 ± 0.04 ng/mL vs 2.28 ± 0.17 ng/mL for the 24 h treatment and 3.36 ± 0.10 ng/mL vs 4.79 ± 0.31 ng/mL for the 48 h treatment, respectively (P < 0.01). Furthermore, compared with the effect of the control unglycated BSA-treated conditioned medium, the Glycer-AGEs-treated conditioned medium significantly increased the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVEC, with values of 122.4% ± 9.0% vs 144.5% ± 11.3% for cell viability, 4.29 ± 1.53 vs 6.78 ± 1.84 for migration indices, and 71.0 ± 7.5 vs 112.4 ± 8.0 for the number of branching points, respectively (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Glycer-AGEs-RAGE signaling enhances the angiogenic potential of HCC cells by upregulating VEGF expression.
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Takeuchi M, Iwaki M, Takino JI, Shirai H, Kawakami M, Bucala R, Yamagishi SI. Immunological detection of fructose-derived advanced glycation end-products. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1117-27. [PMID: 20212455 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The advanced stage of non-enzymatic glycation (also called the Maillard reaction) that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) has an important function in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients. So far, most studies have been focused on the Maillard reaction by glucose. Although an elevated level of glucose had been thought to have a primary function in the Maillard reaction, on a molecular basis, glucose is among the least reactive sugars within biological systems. In addition to the extracellular formation of AGEs, rapid intracellular AGEs formation by various intracellular precursors (fructose, trioses, and dicarbonyl compounds) has recently attached attention. In this study, we considered the Maillard reaction with particular attention to the potential function of fructose. Fructose AGE-modified serum albumins were prepared by incubation of rabbit or bovine serum albumin (RSA or BSA) with D-fructose. After immunization of rabbits, fructose-derived AGEs (Fru-AGE) antiserum was subjected to affinity chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column coupled with Fru-AGE-BSA. Characterization of the novel anti-Fru-AGE antibody was performed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. The assay of Fru-AGE was established using the immunoaffinity-purified-specific antibody, and the presence of Fru-AGE in healthy and diabetic serum was shown (7.04+/-4.47 vs 29.13+/-18.08 U/ml). We also investigated whether high glucose treatment could stimulate intracellular Fru-AGE production in cultured pericytes, and we analyzed the amount of Fru-AGE contained in some common commercial beverages and condiments. It is possible that Fru-AGE formation by these endogenous and exogenous routes contributes importantly to the tissue pathology of diabetes and aging. This paper provides novel and clinically relevant information on the detection of Fru-AGE between fructose and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Pathophysiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Cancer malignancy is enhanced by glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:739852. [PMID: 20631911 PMCID: PMC2902753 DOI: 10.1155/2010/739852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGEs) is associated with the malignancy of cancer. A recent study has suggested that glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGEs) enhanced the malignancy of melanoma cells, but glucose-derived AGEs did not. However, the effects of Glycer-AGEs on other cancer cells remain poorly understood, and the molecular mechanisms behind the above-mentioned effect have not been clarified. The present paper aimed to examine the effect of Glycer-AGEs on cultured lung cancer A549 cells. RAGE was expressed in A549 cells. Glycer-AGEs significantly attenuated cell proliferation. Furthermore, Glycer-AGEs enhanced the migration capacity of the cells by activating Rac1 via ROS and also increased their invasion capacity. We demonstrated that Glycer-AGEs enhanced the migration and invasion of A549 cells rather than their proliferation. These results suggest that Glycer-AGEs play a critical role in the malignancy of cancer rather than its proliferation and are potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Takino JI, Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi M. The formation of intracellular glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products and cytotoxicity. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:646-55. [PMID: 20084527 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a feature of metabolic syndrome. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are formed by the Maillard reaction, which contributes to aging and to certain pathological complications of diabetes. A recent study has suggested that glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGEs) are elevated in the sera of patients with NASH. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of Glycer-AGEs showed intense staining in the livers of patients with NASH. The present study aimed to examine the effect of intracellular Glycer-AGEs on hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B) cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined by the WST-1 assay. The slot blot and Western blot were used to detect intracellular Glycer-AGEs, and their localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the mRNA for the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Glyceraldehyde (GA), which is the precursor of Glycer-AGEs, induced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in cell death, which was associated with an increase in intracellular Glycer-AGEs formation. Aminoguanidine (AG), which prevents AGEs formation, inhibited the formation of intracellular Glycer-AGEs and prevented cell death. Among the intracellular Glycer-AGEs that were formed, heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) was identified as a GA-modified protein, and its modification reduced the activity of Hsc70. Furthermore, intracellular Glycer-AGEs increased the CRP mRNA concentration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intracellular Glycer-AGEs play important roles in promoting inflammation and hepatocellular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Takino
- Department of Pathophysiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, 920-1181, Japan
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Golegaonkar SB, Bhonsle HS, Boppana R, Kulkarni MJ. Discovery of rifampicin as a new anti-glycating compound by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based insulin glycation assay. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:221-226. [PMID: 20212331 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro insulin glycation assay was developed for screening glycation inhibitors. The assay involves the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for monitoring the formation of glycated insulin. The assay is simple, rapid and amenable for high throughput screening. Using this assay we have discovered a strong anti-glycation activity for the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin. These results were compared with bovine serum albumin glucose fluorescence assay. In addition, the IC(50) of rifampicin was lower than that of aminoguanidine, a known anti-glycating agent, suggesting that rifampicin is a more potent glycation inhibitor.
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Kagami K, Onda K, Oka K, Hirano T. Suppression of blood lipid concentrations by volatile Maillard reaction products. Nutrition 2008; 24:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rubio-Ruiz ME, Díaz-Díaz E, Cárdenas-León M, Argüelles-Medina R, Sánchez-Canales P, Larrea-Gallo F, Soria-Castro E, Guarner-Lans V. Glycation does not modify bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced reduction of rat aortic relaxation: the response to glycated and nonglycated BSA is lost in metabolic syndrome. Glycobiology 2008; 18:517-25. [PMID: 18458031 PMCID: PMC2430009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nonglycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and advanced glycosylation end products of BSA (AGE-BSA) on vascular responses of control and metabolic syndrome (MS) rats characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance were studied. Albumin and in vitro prepared AGE-BSA have vascular effects; however, recent studies indicate that some effects of in vitro prepared AGEs are due to the conditions in which they were generated. We produced AGEs by incubating glucose with BSA for 60 days under sterile conditions in darkness and at 37 degrees C. To develop MS rats, male Wistar animals were given 30% sucrose in drinking water since weanling. Six month old animals were used. Blood pressure, insulin, triglycerides, and serum albumin were increased in MS rats. Contraction of aortic rings elicited with norepinephrine was stronger. There were no effects of nonglycated BSA or AGE-BSA on contractions in control or MS rats; however, both groups responded to L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Arterial relaxation induced using acetylcholine was smaller in MS rats. Nonglycated BSA and AGE-BSA significantly diminished relaxation in a 35% in the control group but the decrease was similar when using nonglycated BSA and AGE-BSA. This decrease was not present in the MS rats and was not due to increased RAGEs or altered biochemical characteristics of BSA. In conclusion, both BSA and AGE-BSA inhibit vascular relaxation in control artic rings. In MS rats the effect is lost possibly due to alterations in endothelial cells that are a consequence of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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The effect of peptide glycation on local secondary structure. J Struct Biol 2008; 161:151-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
With an increasing number of studies describing the negative correlation of coffee consumption and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, we were compelled to elucidate the nutrients which bring pharmacological effects on risk reduction for diabetes. In this review, the author's interest is focused on chlorogenic and caffeic acids derived from lightly roasted coffee beans, as well as nicotinic acid, volatile Maillard reaction products (vMRPs), and another structurally unknown compound contained in heavily roasted beans. Caffeine is a common compound in both lightly and heavily roasted beans and its anti-inflammatory effects on degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus has been reevaluated recently. The prophylactic effects of coffee on diabetes involve pleiotropy of plural components in accordance to the degree of the roasting. A new concept of nutritional blended coffee may be important to optimize the prophylactic effects of coffee on lowering the risk factors of diabetes and delaying the progress of diabetes complications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitaro Oka
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachiohji City, Japan.
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Diagnostic utility of serum or cerebrospinal fluid levels of toxic advanced glycation end-products (TAGE) in early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:1358-66. [PMID: 17888585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in developed countries. AD is characterized pathologically by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the major constituents of which are amyloid beta protein (A beta) and tau protein, respectively. Based on the disease pathology, numerous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests have been proposed for early detection of AD. However, there is no definite clinical method to determine in which patients with mild cognitive impairment will progress to AD with dementia. Therefore, to develop a novel promising biomarker for early diagnosis of AD is urgently needed. Several epidemiological studies have reported moderately increased risks for AD in diabetic patients compared with general population. In diabetes mellitus, the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), senescent macroprotein derivatives, progress more rapidly. In addition, recent understanding of this process has confirmed that AGEs-their receptor (RAGE) interactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including AD. In human AD brains, AGEs are distributed in the cytosol of neurons in the hippocampus and para-hippocampal gyrus. In this paper, we discuss the pathophysiological role for toxic AGEs (TAGE) in AD. We further review here the possibility that serum or cerebrospinal fluid levels of TAGE could become a promising biomarker for early detection of AD.
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Yamamoto Y, Yonekura H, Watanabe T, Sakurai S, Li H, Harashima A, Myint KM, Osawa M, Takeuchi A, Takeuchi M, Yamamoto H. Short-chain aldehyde-derived ligands for RAGE and their actions on endothelial cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 Suppl 1:S30-40. [PMID: 17462779 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) have been implicated in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Their biological responses are known to be mediated by the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Recently, AGE have been proposed to be derived not only from the classical Maillard reaction but also from other pathways of sugar autoxidation and metabolism. Here, we report the identification of glyceraldehydes (Gcer)- and glycolaldehyde (Gcol)-derived AGE as RAGE ligands and their presence in vivo. The apparent dissociation constants assessed by surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis with purified human RAGE proteins were 360 nM for Gcer-AGE and 1.35 microM for Gcol-AGE. The radiolabeled-ligand binding assay with RAGE-expressing COS-7 cells revealed similar association kinetics. Competitive SPR assay with antibodies specific to the respective AGE fractions demonstrated abundant existence of both Gcer- and Gcol-AGE in RAGE affinity-purified proteins from human sera. The serum contents of Gcer- and Gcol-AGE in a diabetic patient were about twice as high as those in a healthy control. Functionally, Gcer- and Gcol-AGE upregulated the endothelial cell levels of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the secretion of its protein product into the culture media and DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Further, these endothelial responses were augmented by RAGE overexpression. The results suggest that RAGE engagement of Gcer- and Gcol-AGE may elicit angiogenesis through the induction of autocrine VEGF, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diabetic angiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Leszek J, Malyszczak K, Bartys A, Staniszewska M, Gamian A. Analysis of serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease for the level of advanced glycation end products. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:360-5. [PMID: 17062556 PMCID: PMC10832636 DOI: 10.1177/1533317506291075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data on the serum level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are scarce, although a specific biochemical marker easy to detect in body fluids is desired for an early diagnosis of disease and to monitor the effects of therapeutic treatment. In the current study, the content of AGEs was examined with an immunochemical assay in the sera of AD patients, in the frame of a search for a biochemical marker of disease. Subjects with AD and vascular dementia (VaD) were included in the study (n = 30; age range, 68-70 years). The results were compared to the healthy control groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test for the determination of AGEs is based on a rabbit anti-AGE, affinity-purified antibody and a model AGE-myoglobin antigen, in which a serum sample treated with proteinase K is used as an inhibitor. For the measurement of immune complexes and anti-AGE antibodies, the corresponding ELISA tests have been applied. The AGE level in the VaD group (49.5 U(AGE)) was higher than in AD patients (46.1 U(AGE)). The level of total AGEs in the sera of AD patients was significantly lower than in the control group (50/51.6 U(AGE)). These relations were not observed with regard to the immune complexes and anti-AGE antibody levels in AD (70.2 U(IC)/0.027 U(IgG)) and VaD (83 U(IC)/0.034 U(IgG)) patients because the levels of these parameters were similar to the controls (76.2 U(IC)/0.042 U(IgG)). The work revealed the lower level of circulating serum AGEs in patients with AD in relation to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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18
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Sato T, Shimogaito N, Wu X, Kikuchi S, Yamagishi SI, Takeuchi M. Toxic advanced glycation end products (TAGE) theory in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:197-208. [PMID: 16869341 PMCID: PMC10833335 DOI: 10.1177/1533317506289277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have reported moderately increased risks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in diabetic patients compared with general population. In diabetes mellitus, the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) progress more rapidly. Recent understanding of this process has confirmed that interactions between AGEs and their receptor (RAGE) may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and AD. The authors have recently found that glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (AGE-2), which is predominantly the structure of toxic AGEs (TAGE), show significant toxicity on cortical neuronal cells and that the neurotoxic effect of diabetic serum is completely blocked by neutralizing antibody against the AGE-2 epitope. Moreover, in human AD brains, AGE-2 is distributed in the cytosol of neurons in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. These results suggest that TAGE is involved in the pathogenesis of AD as well as other age-related diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the molecular mechanisms of AD, especially focusing on TAGE-RAGE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department of Pathophysiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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19
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Vasan S, Foiles P, Founds H. Therapeutic potential of breakers of advanced glycation end product-protein crosslinks. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 419:89-96. [PMID: 14568012 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived structural proteins, collagen and elastin, undergo continual non-enzymatic crosslinking during aging and in diabetic individuals. This abnormal protein crosslinking is mediated by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generated by non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins by glucose. The AGE-derived protein crosslinking of structural proteins contributes to the complications of long-term diabetes such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. AGE-crosslinks have also been implicated in age-related cardiovascular diseases. Potential treatment strategies for these AGE-derived complications include prevention of AGE-formation and breaking of the existing AGE-crosslinks. The therapeutic potential of the AGE-inhibitor, pimagedine (aminoguanidine), has been extensively investigated in animal models and in Phase 3 clinical trials. This review presents the pre-clinical and clinical studies using ALT-711, a highly potent AGE-crosslink breaker that has the ability to reverse already-formed AGE-crosslinks. Oral administration of ALT-711 has resulted in a rapid improvement in the elasticity of stiffened myocardium in experimental animals. Topical administration of ALT-711 was effective in improving the skin hydration of aged rats. The therapeutic potential of crosslink breakers for cardiovascular complications and dermatological alterations associated with aging and diabetes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vasan
- Alteon Inc., 170 Williams Drive, Ramsey, NJ 07446, USA.
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20
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Takeuchi M, Watai T, Sasaki N, Choei H, Iwaki M, Ashizawa T, Inagaki Y, Yamagishi SI, Kikuchi S, Riederer P, Saito T, Bucala R, Kameda Y. Neurotoxicity of acetaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products for cultured cortical neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62:486-96. [PMID: 12769188 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/62.5.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maillard reaction that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients, in aging, and in neurodegenerative processes. We hypothesize that acetaldehyde (AA), one of the main metabolites of alcohol, may be involved in alcohol-induced neurotoxicity in vivo by formation of AA-derived AGEs (AA-AGEs) with brain proteins. Incubation of cortical neurons with AA-AGE produced a dose-dependent increase in neuronal cell-death, and the neurotoxicity of AA-AGE was neutralized by the addition of an anti-AA-AGE-specific antibody, but not by anti-N-ethyllysine (NEL) antibody. The AA-AGE epitope was detected in human brain of alcoholism. We propose that the structural epitope AA-AGE is an important toxic moiety for neuronal cells in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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21
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Röcken C, Kientsch-Engel R, Mansfeld S, Stix B, Stubenrauch K, Weigle B, Bühling F, Schwan M, Saeger W. Advanced glycation end products and receptor for advanced glycation end products in AA amyloidosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1213-20. [PMID: 12651613 PMCID: PMC1851237 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be involved in either amyloidogenesis or complications related to amyloid. We hypothesized that AGEs may influence the pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis, and investigated the spatial and temporal relationship between AGEs, carboxy methyl lysine (CML), the AGE receptor (RAGE), and AA amyloid in humans and mice. Specimens from patients with AL and ATTR amyloidosis served as a control. Using immunohistochemistry, AGEs, CML, and RAGE were found within amyloid deposits, more commonly in AA amyloid than in AL amyloid and not in ATTR amyloid. Western blotting showed that multiple proteins (between 12 and >60 kd) are modified, but not the AA amyloid fibril protein itself. In the murine model of AA amyloidosis, we found a marked interindividual variability with respect to local and systemic CML levels, as well as to splenic RAGE transcription. Serum levels of CML correlated with the duration of the inflammatory response but not with amounts of splenic RAGE mRNA. Other as yet unidentified variables, especially of the heterogeneous group of AGEs, probably modulate transcription of RAGE and influence amyloidogenesis. CML serum levels, in turn, may prove useful in predicting patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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22
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Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. A previously undescribed chemical link between smoking and metabolic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15084-8. [PMID: 12403823 PMCID: PMC137547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.222561699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, protein glycation has been implicated in a variety of pathological states. Although smoking also can contribute to many of these diseases, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not known. Previously, we have demonstrated that nornicotine, a constituent of tobacco and metabolite of nicotine, can catalyze aldol reactions under aqueous conditions. This finding has caused us to question whether this reaction has physiological consequences. We now report that nornicotine causes aberrant protein glycation and catalyzes the covalent modification of certain prescription drugs such as the commonly used steroid, prednisone. Furthermore, we show that the plasma of smokers as compared with nonsmokers contains higher concentrations of nornicotine-modified proteins, suggesting an unrecognized pathway for the development of the pathology of tobacco abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin J Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Takeuchi M, Yanase Y, Matsuura N, Yamagishi SI, Kameda Y, Bucala R, Makita Z. Immunological Detection of a Novel Advanced Glycation End-Product. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Vasan S, Foiles PG, Founds HW. Therapeutic potential of AGE inhibitors and breakers of AGE protein cross-links. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1977-87. [PMID: 11772301 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.11.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and other reducing sugars react non-enzymatically with proteins leading to the formation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and AGE-derived protein cross-linking. Formation of AGEs is a normal physiological process, which is accelerated under the hyperglycaemic condition in diabetes. Under normal conditions, AGEs build up slowly and accumulate as one ages. Numerous studies have indicated that AGEs contribute to the pathological events leading to diabetic complications, such as age-related diseases, including nephropathy, retinopathy, vasculopathy and neuropathy. Potential therapeutic approaches to prevent these complications include pharmacological inhibition of AGE formation and disruption of pre-formed AGE-protein cross-links. Studies using animal models and preliminary clinical trials have shown the ability of the AGE-inhibitor, pimagedine and the cross-link breaker, ALT-711, to reduce the severity of pathologies of advanced glycosylation. These agents offer potential treatments for glucose-derived complications of diabetes and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasan
- Alteon, Inc., 170 Williams Drive, Ramsey, NJ 07446, USA.
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25
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Wagner Z, Wittmann I, Mazák I, Schinzel R, Heidland A, Kientsch-Engel R, Nagy J. N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:785-91. [PMID: 11576882 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) have been implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of the present study is to investigate AGE levels in patients with type 2 diabetes with special regard to the role of renal impairment. Serum and urine CML levels (using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), as well as serum AGE-fluorescence, were measured in 109 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients were divided into groups with normal and impaired renal function. We found elevated serum fluorescent AGE and CML levels, as well as decreased urinary CML excretion rates, in patients with diabetes with renal impairment, but not those with normal renal function. In the presence of impaired renal function, serum CML and fluorescent AGE levels showed a significant inverse relation with creatinine clearance and a significant direct correlation with each other. No relationship could be found between serum AGE levels and parameters of blood glucose control or the presence of the following clinical complications: ischemic heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, and neuropathy. We conclude that the decline in renal function leads to increased serum AGE levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wagner
- Second Department of Medicine and Nephrological Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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26
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Takeuchi M, Bucala R, Suzuki T, Ohkubo T, Yamazaki M, Koike T, Kameda Y, Makita Z. Neurotoxicity of advanced glycation end-products for cultured cortical neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:1094-105. [PMID: 11138929 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.12.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maillard reaction that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients and in aging. AGEs are believed also to contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative processes. Incubation of cortical neurons with 5 immunochemically distinct AGEs, designated AGEs-1 to -5, produced a dose-dependent increase in neuronal cell-death, as assessed by MTT assay, Trypan blue and Hoechst 33258 staining. The structural epitope designated AGE-2 was found to have the greatest cytopathic effect and the neurotoxicity of AGE-2 was neutralized by the addition of an anti-AGE-2-specific antibody, but not by other types of anti-AGE antibodies. Distinct classes of AGE structures also have been established to circulate in the blood of individuals with diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis (DM-HD). We fractionated serum from normal control and DM-HD patients by gel filtration and identified 2 fractions that contained AGE epitopes-1 to -5 and as well as the defined AGE structure carboxymethyllysine (CML). The addition of these 2 fractions led to the death of cultured neuronal cells and this cytotoxic effect was completely prevented by the addition of the anti-AGE-2-specific antibody. We propose that the structural epitope AGE-2 is an important toxic moiety for neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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27
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Rahbar S, Natarajan R, Yerneni K, Scott S, Gonzales N, Nadler JL. Evidence that pioglitazone, metformin and pentoxifylline are inhibitors of glycation. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 301:65-77. [PMID: 11020463 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)00327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and atherosclerosis, leading to the development of a range of diabetic complications including nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Several potential drug candidates as AGE inhibitors have been reported recently. Aminoguanidine is the first drug extensively studied. However, there are no currently available medications known to block AGE formation. We have previously reported a number of novel and structurally diverse compounds as potent inhibitors of glycation and AGE formation. We have now studied several of the existing drugs, which are in therapeutic practice for lowering blood sugar or the treatment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients, for possible inhibitory effects on glycation. We show that that three compounds; pioglitazone, metformin and pentoxifylline are also inhibitors of glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahbar
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Diabetes and Genetic Research Building, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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28
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Rahbar S, Yerneni KK, Scott S, Gonzales N, Lalezari I. Novel inhibitors of advanced glycation endproducts (part II). MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 3:360-6. [PMID: 11032758 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced formation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), have been implicated as a major pathogenesis process leading to diabetic complications, normal aging, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's Disease. Several potential drug candidates as AGE inhibitors have been reported recently. The aim of this study was to develop classes of novel inhibitors of glycation, AGE formation, and AGE-crosslinking and to investigate their effects through in vitro chemical and immunochemical assays. A total of 92 compounds were designed and synthesized. The first 63 compounds were reported before. Nearly half of the 29 novel inhibitors reported here are benzoic acid derivatives and related molecules, and found to be potent inhibitors of multistage glycation, AGE formation, and AGE-protein crosslinking. All 29 compounds show some degrees of inhibitory activities as detected by the four assay methods, 9 compounds demonstrated high percent inhibition (PI) in all tests, 30 to 40 times stronger than aminoguanidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahbar
- Department of Diabetes, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, 91010, USA.
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