1
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Kropp DR, Hodes GE. Sex differences in depression: An immunological perspective. Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:34-45. [PMID: 36863664 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogenous disorder with symptoms that present differently across individuals. In a subset of people depression is associated with alterations of the immune system that may contribute to disorder onset and symptomology. Women are twice as likely to develop depression and on average have a more sensitive adaptive and innate immune system when compared to men. Sex differences in pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cell populations, and circulating cytokines play a critical role in inflammation onset. Sex differences in innate and adaptive immunity change the response of and repair to damage caused by dangerous pathogens or molecules in the body. This article reviews the evidence for sex specific immune responses that contribute to the sex differences in symptoms of depression that may account for the higher rate of depression in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson R Kropp
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Nelson LH, Saulsbery AI, Lenz KM. Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:103-119. [PMID: 30193820 PMCID: PMC8008579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela I Saulsbery
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Herz J, Filiano AJ, Wiltbank AT, Yogev N, Kipnis J. Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System. Immunity 2017; 46:943-956. [PMID: 28636961 PMCID: PMC5657250 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and its meningeal coverings accommodate a diverse myeloid compartment that includes parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, as well as choroid plexus and meningeal macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These myeloid populations enjoy an intimate relationship with the CNS, where they play an essential role in both health and disease. Although the importance of these cells is clearly recognized, their exact function in the CNS continues to be explored. Here, we review the subsets of myeloid cells that inhabit the parenchyma, meninges, and choroid plexus and discuss their roles in CNS homeostasis. We also discuss the role of these cells in various neurological pathologies, such as autoimmunity, mechanical injury, neurodegeneration, and infection. We highlight the neuroprotective nature of certain myeloid cells by emphasizing their therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anthony J Filiano
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Ashtyn T Wiltbank
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nir Yogev
- Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Georgin-Lavialle S, Gaillard R, Moura D, Hermine O. Mastocytosis in adulthood and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Res 2016; 174:77-85.e1. [PMID: 27063957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mastocytosis can display various disabling general and neuropsychological symptoms among one third of them, including general signs such as fatigue and musculoskeletal pain, which can have a major impact on quality of life. Neurological symptoms are less frequent and mainly consist of acute or chronic headache (35%), rarely syncopes (5%), acute onset back pain (4%), and in a few cases, clinical and radiological symptoms resembling or allowing the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (1.3%). Headaches are associated with symptoms related to mast cell activation syndrome (flushes, prurit, and so forth) and more frequently present as migraine (37.5%), with often aura (66%). Depression-anxiety like symptoms can occur in 40% to 60% of the patients and cognitive impairment is not rare (38.6%). The pathophysiology of these symptoms could be linked to tissular mast cell infiltration or to mast cell mediators release or both. The tryptophan metabolism could be involved in mast cell-induced neuroinflammation through indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activation. Treatments targeting mast cell may be useful to target neuropsychological features associated with mastocytosis, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Service de médecine Interne, Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, INSERM; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Moura
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France; INSERM U1163 and CNRS ERL 8254 and Laboratory of Physiopathology and Treatment of Hematological Disorders Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie adulte, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France.
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5
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Rieanrakwong D, Laoharatchatathanin T, Terashima R, Yonezawa T, Kurusu S, Hasegawa Y, Kawaminami M. Prolactin Suppression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Initiation of Mammary Gland Involution in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2750-8. [PMID: 27175971 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that mammary gland involution after lactation is initiated by accumulation of milk in alveoli after weaning. Here, we report that involution is also dependent on mammary GnRH expression that is suppressed by PRL during lactation. Reduction of plasma prolactin (PRL) by the withdrawal of suckling stimuli increased GnRH and annexin A5 (ANXA5) expression in the mammary tissues after lactation with augmentation of epithelial apoptosis. Intramammary injection of a GnRH antagonist suppressed ANXA5 expression and apoptosis of epithelial cells after forcible weaning at midlactation, whereas local administration of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) caused apoptosis of epithelial cells with ANXA5 augmentation in lactating rats. The latter treatment also decreased mammary weight, milk production, and casein accumulation. Mammary mast cells were strongly immunopositive for GnRH and the number increased in the mammary tissues after weaning. GnRHa was shown to be a chemoattractant for mast cells by mammary local administration of GnRHa and Boyden chamber assay. PRL suppressed the mammary expression of both ANXA5 and GnRH mRNA. It also decreased mast cell numbers in the gland after lactation. These results are the first to demonstrate that GnRH, synthesized locally in the mammary tissues, is required for mammary involution after lactation. GnRH is also suggested to introduce mast cells into the regressing mammary gland and would be in favor of tissue remodeling. The suppression of these processes by PRL is a novel physiological function of PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangjai Rieanrakwong
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Titaree Laoharatchatathanin
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Ryota Terashima
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Shiro Kurusu
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Yoshihisa Hasegawa
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Mitsumori Kawaminami
- Laboratories of Veterinary Physiology (D.R., T.L., R.T., T.Y., S.K., M.K.) and Experimental Animal Science (Y.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (D.R., T.L.), Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
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6
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Brain feminization requires active repression of masculinization via DNA methylation. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:690-7. [PMID: 25821913 PMCID: PMC4519828 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing mammalian brain is destined for a female phenotype unless exposed to gonadal hormones during a perinatal sensitive period. It has been assumed that the undifferentiated brain is masculinized by direct induction of transcription by ligand-activated nuclear steroid receptors. We found that a primary effect of gonadal steroids in the highly sexually-dimorphic preoptic area (POA) is to reduce activity of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) enzymes, thereby decreasing DNA methylation and releasing masculinizing genes from epigenetic repression. Pharmacological inhibition of Dnmts mimicked gonadal steroids, resulting in masculinized neuronal markers and male sexual behavior in females. Conditional knockout of the de novo Dnmt isoform, Dnmt3a, also masculinized sexual behavior in female mice. RNA sequencing revealed gene and isoform variants modulated by methylation that may underlie the divergent reproductive behaviors of males versus females. Our data show that brain feminization is maintained by the active suppression of masculinization via DNA methylation.
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7
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Abstract
It has been determined that there is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in this communication. There is an emerging realization that glia and microglia, in particular, (which are the brain’s resident macrophages), are an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in CNS disorders. Microglia respond also to proinflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, principally those of immune origin, such as mast cells. Mast cells reside in the CNS and are capable of migrating across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in situations where the barrier is compromised as a result of CNS pathology. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in communication among nervous, vascular, and immune systems. In the brain, they reside on the brain side of the BBB, and interact with astrocytes, microglia, and blood vessels via their neuroactive stored and newly synthesized chemicals. They are first responders, acting as catalysts and recruiters to initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. Mast cells both promote deleterious outcomes in brain function and contribute to normative behavioral functioning, particularly cognition and emotion. Mast cells may play a key role in treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signaling pathways from the periphery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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8
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Silver R, Curley JP. Mast cells on the mind: new insights and opportunities. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:513-21. [PMID: 23845731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are both sensors and effectors in communication among nervous, vascular, and immune systems. In the brain, they reside on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and interact with neurons, glia, blood vessels, and other hematopoietic cells via their neuroactive prestored and newly synthesized chemicals. They are first responders, acting as catalysts and recruiters to initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. MCs both promote deleterious outcomes in brain function and contribute to normative behavioral functioning, particularly cognition and emotionality. New experimental tools enabling isolation of brain MCs, manipulation of MCs or their products, and measurement of MC products in very small brain volumes present unprecedented opportunities for examining these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Knolhoff AM, Nautiyal KM, Nemes P, Kalachikov S, Morozova I, Silver R, Sweedler JV. Combining small-volume metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches for assessing brain chemistry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3136-43. [PMID: 23409944 PMCID: PMC3605826 DOI: 10.1021/ac3032959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The integration of disparate data
types provides a more complete
picture of complex biological systems. Here we combine small-volume
metabolomic and transcriptomic platforms to determine subtle chemical
changes and to link metabolites and genes to biochemical pathways.
Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS)
and whole-genome gene expression arrays, aided by integrative pathway
analysis, were utilized to survey metabolomic/transcriptomic hippocampal
neurochemistry. We measured changes in individual hippocampi from
the mast cell mutant mouse strain, C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh. These mice have a
naturally occurring mutation in the white spotting locus that causes
reduced c-Kit receptor expression and an inability of mast cells to
differentiate from their hematopoietic progenitors. Compared with
their littermates, the mast cell-deficient mice have profound deficits
in spatial learning, memory, and neurogenesis. A total of 18 distinct
metabolites were identified in the hippocampus that discriminated
between the C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh and control mice. The combined analysis of metabolite and
gene expression changes revealed a number of altered pathways. Importantly,
results from both platforms indicated that multiple pathways are impacted,
including amino acid metabolism, increasing the confidence in each
approach. Because the CE–MS and expression profiling are both
amenable to small-volume analysis, this integrated analysis is applicable
to a range of volume-limited biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Knolhoff
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Moura DS, Sultan S, Georgin-Lavialle S, Barete S, Lortholary O, Gaillard R, Hermine O. Evidence for cognitive impairment in mastocytosis: prevalence, features and correlations to depression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39468. [PMID: 22745762 PMCID: PMC3379977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by mast cells accumulation in one or more organs. We have reported that depression is frequent in mastocytosis, but although it was already described, little is known about the prevalence and features of cognitive impairment. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and features of cognitive impairment in a large cohort of patients with this rare disease (n = 57; mean age = 45) and to explore the relations between memory impairment and depression. Objective memory impairment was evaluated using the 3(rd) edition of the Clinical Memory scale of Wechsler. Depression symptoms were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Age and education levels were controlled for all patients. Patients with mastocytosis presented high levels of cognitive impairment (memory and/or attention) (n = 22; 38.6%). Cognitive impairment was moderate in 59% of the cases, concerned immediate auditory (41%) and working memory (73%) and was not associated to depression (p≥0.717). In conclusion, immediate auditory memory and attention impairment in mastocytosis are frequent, even in young individuals, and are not consecutive to depression. In mastocytosis, cognitive complaints call for complex neuropsychological assessment. Mild-moderate cognitive impairment and depression constitute two specific but somewhat independent syndromes in mastocytosis. These results suggest differential effects of mast-cell activity in the brain, on systems involved in emotionality and in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silva Moura
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Fondation Imagine Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé EA 4057, IUPDP Institut de Psychologie, Paris, France
| | - Serge Sultan
- Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Fondation Imagine Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Barete
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Fondation Imagine Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
- Département de dermatologie, Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Fondation Imagine Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- INSERM; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Centre de référence des mastocytoses, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Fondation Imagine Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Service d’hématologie adulte, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
- Fondation Imagine, IHU Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
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11
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Wilhelm M. Neuro-immune interactions in the dove brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:173-80. [PMID: 21447334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are of hematopoetic origin. Connective tissue type MCs are able to function in IgE dependent and independent fashion, change their phenotype according to the tissue environment. They are able to enter the brain under normal physiological conditions, and move into this compact tissue made of neurons. In doves MCs are found only in the medial habenula (MH) and their number is changing according to the amount of sex steroids in the body. MCs are able to synthesize and store a great variety of biologically active compounds, like transmitters, neuromodulators and hormones. They are able to secrete GnRH. With the aid of electron microscopy we were able to describe MC-neuron interactions between GnRH-positive MCs and neurons. Piecemeal degranulation (secretory vesicles budding off swollen and active granules) seems to be a very efficient type of communication between MCs and surrounding neurons. Different types of granular and vesicular transports are seen between GnRH-immunoreactive MCs and neurons in the MH of doves. Sometimes whole granules are visible in the neuronal cytoplasm, in other cases exocytotic vesicles empty materials of MC origin. Thus MCs might modulate neuronal functions. Double staining experiments with IP3-receptor (IP3R), Ryanodine-receptor (RyR) and serotonin antibodies showed active MC population in the habenula. Light IP3R-labeling was present in 64-97% of the cells, few granules were labeled in 7-10% of MCs, while strong immunoreactivity was visible in 1-2% of TB stained cells. No immunoreactivity was visible in 28-73% of MCs. According to cell counts, light RyR-positivity appeared in 27-52%, few granules were immunoreactive in 4-19%, while strong immunopositivity was found only in one animal. In this case 22% of MCs were strongly RyR-positive. No staining was registered in 44-73% of MCs. Double staining with 5HT and these receptor markers proved that indeed only a part of MCs is actively secreting. Resting cells with only 5HT-immunopositivity are often visible. The activational state of MCs is changing at higher estrogen/testosterone level, thus with the secretion of neuromodulators they might alter sexual and parental behavior of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wilhelm
- University of Pécs, Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624, Hungary.
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12
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Baccari GC, Pinelli C, Santillo A, Minucci S, Rastogi RK. Mast Cells in Nonmammalian Vertebrates. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 290:1-53. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386037-8.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Monteforte R, Pinelli C, Santillo A, Rastogi RK, Polese G, Baccari GC. Mast cell population in the frog brain: distribution and influence of thyroid status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1762-70. [PMID: 20435827 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the developing frog brain, the majority of mast cells (MC) are distributed in the pia mater, and some immature MC are located adjacent to the blood capillaries in and around the neuropil. In the adult brain, MC are more numerous than in pre- and pro-metamorphic tadpoles; they are mainly located within the pia mater and are particularly numerous in the choroid plexuses. Many MC are found within the brain ventricles juxtaposed to the ependymal lining. MC are rarely observed in the brain parenchyma. In the adult brain, MC number is much higher than in the brain of post-metamorphic froglets. In the latter, MC number is nearly 2-fold over that found in the pre-metamorphic brain. Treatment of pre- and pro-metamorphic tadpoles with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) stimulates overall larval development but does not induce a significant change in MC population within the brain. By contrast, treatment with 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) delays larval development and leads to a significant numerical increase of brain MC. In the adult, PTU treatment also has a similar effect whereas hypophysectomy causes a drastic decrease of MC population. The negative effects of hypophysectomy are successfully counteracted by a two-week replacement therapy with homologous pars distalis homogenate. In the adult frog, MC population seems to be refractory to thyroid hormone treatment. The present study on frog brain suggests that pituitary-thyroid axis may be involved in the regulation of MC frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Monteforte
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Lindsberg PJ, Strbian D, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML. Mast cells as early responders in the regulation of acute blood-brain barrier changes after cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:689-702. [PMID: 20087366 PMCID: PMC2949160 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response triggered by stroke has been viewed as harmful, focusing on the influx and migration of blood-borne leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. This review hypothesizes that the brain and meninges have their own resident cells that are capable of fast host response, which are well known to mediate immediate reactions such as anaphylaxis, known as mast cells (MCs). We discuss novel research suggesting that by acting rapidly on the cerebral vessels, this cell type has a potentially deleterious role in the very early phase of acute cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. Mast cells should be recognized as a potent inflammatory cell that, already at the outset of ischemia, is resident within the cerebral microvasculature. By releasing their cytoplasmic granules, which contain a host of vasoactive mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, histamine, heparin, and proteases, MCs act on the basal membrane, thus promoting blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, brain edema, prolonged extravasation, and hemorrhage. This makes them a candidate for a new pharmacological target in attempts to even out the inflammatory responses of the neurovascular unit, and to stabilize the BBB after acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perttu Johannes Lindsberg
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Frye CA. Hormonal influences on seizures: basic neurobiology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 83:27-77. [PMID: 18929075 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences and effects of steroid hormones, such as androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, that influence seizures. Androgens exert early organizational and later activational effects that can amplify sex/gender differences in the expression of some seizure disorders. Female-typical sex steroids, such as estrogen (E2) and progestins, can exert acute activational effects to reduce convulsive seizures and these effects are mediated in part by the actions of steroids in the hippocampus. Some of these anticonvulsive effects of sex steroids are related to their formation of ligands which have agonist-like actions at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors or antagonist actions at glutamatergic receptors. Differences in stress, developmental phase, reproductive status, endocrine status, and treatments, such as anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), may alter levels of these ligands and/or the function of target sites, which may mitigate differences in sensitivity to, and/or tolerance of, steroids among some individuals. The evidence implicating sex steroids in differences associated with hormonal, reproductive, developmental, stress, seizure type, and/or therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-State University of New York, New York 12222, USA
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Mantei KE, Ramakrishnan S, Sharp PJ, Buntin JD. Courtship interactions stimulate rapid changes in GnRH synthesis in male ring doves. Horm Behav 2008; 54:669-75. [PMID: 18706906 PMCID: PMC2604911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many birds and mammals show changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in response to social or sexual interactions between breeding partners. While alterations in GnRH neuronal activity play an important role in stimulating these changes, it remains unclear if acute behaviorally-induced alterations in GnRH release are accompanied by parallel changes in GnRH synthesis. To investigate this relationship, we examined changes in the activity of GnRH neurons in the brains of male ring doves following brief periods of courtship interactions with females. Such interactions have been previously shown to increase plasma LH in courting male doves at 24 h, but not at 1 h, after pairing with females. In the first study, males allowed to court females for 2 h had 60% more cells that showed immunocytochemical labeling for GnRH-I in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus than did control males that remained isolated from females. To determine whether an increase in GnRH gene expression preceded this increase in GnRH immunoreactivity in the POA, changes in the number of cells with detectable GnRH-I mRNA in the POA were measured by in situ hybridization following a 1 h period of courtship interactions with females. In this second study, courting males exhibited 40% more cells with GnRH-I in this region than did isolated control males. GnRH-immunoreactive neurons in two other diencephalic regions failed to show these courtship-induced changes. Plasma LH was not elevated after 1 or 2 h of courtship. These results demonstrate that the release of GnRH-I in the POA that is presumably responsible for courtship-induced pituitary and gonadal activation is accompanied by a rapid increase in GnRH synthesis that occurs before plasma LH levels increase. We suggest that this increase in GnRH synthesis is necessary to support the extended period of HPG axis activation that is seen in this species during the 5-10 day period of courtship and nest building activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Mantei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - Selvakumar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - Peter J. Sharp
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK
| | - John D. Buntin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. John D. Buntin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, Telephone: 414.229.5012, FAX: 414.229.3926,
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Wilhelm M, Silver R, Silverman AJ. Central nervous system neurons acquire mast cell products via transgranulation. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:2238-48. [PMID: 16262662 PMCID: PMC3281766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resting and actively degranulating mast cells are found on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. In the periphery, exocytosis of mast cell granules results in the release of soluble mediators and insoluble granule remnants. These mast cell constituents are found in a variety of nearby cell types, acquired by fusion of granule and cellular membranes or by cellular capture of mast cell granule remnants. These phenomena have not been studied in the brain. In the current work, light and electron microscopic studies of the medial habenula of the dove brain revealed that mast cell-derived material can enter neurons in three ways: by direct fusion of the granule and plasma membranes (mast cell and neuron); by capture of insoluble granule remnants and, potentially, via receptor-mediated endocytosis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a soluble mediator derived from the mast cell. These processes result in differential subcellular localization of mast cell material in neurons, including free in the neuronal cytoplasm, membrane-bound in granule-like compartments or in association with small vesicles and the trans-Golgi network. Capture of granule remnants is the most frequently observed form of neuronal acquisition of mast cell products and correlates quantitatively with mast cells undergoing piecemeal degranulation. The present study indicates that mast cell-derived products can enter neurons, a process termed transgranulation, indicating a novel form of brain-immune system communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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