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Qiu F, Gong J, Tong G, Han S, Zhuang X, Zhu X. Near-infrared Light-Induced Polymerizations: Mechanisms and Applications. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300782. [PMID: 38345544 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerizations have garnered significant attention in polymer science due to their low polymerization temperature, high production efficiency, environmental friendliness, and spatial controllability. Despite these merits, the poor penetration and severe chemical damage from ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) light resources pose significant barriers to their success in conventional photopolymerizations. A recent breakthrough involving the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) laser with long wavelength has been exploited for diverse applications. With the combination of a NIR photosensitizer (PS), NIR-induced photopolymerizations have been successfully developed to alleviate the challenges in conventional methods. The enhancement of penetration depth and safety of NIR-induced photopolymerizations can contribute significantly to improving the efficiency of polymerization for production of intricate structures across various scales. In this concept, the typical types of PSs and polymerization mechanisms (PMs) within the NIR-induced photopolymerization systems have been classified in detail. Additionally, the applications of various polymers achieved by NIR-induced photopolymerizations are summarized. Furthermore, research directions and future challenges of this field are also discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sheng Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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Li C, Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Topology Controlled All-(Meth)acrylic Thermoplastic Elastomers by Multi-Functional Lewis Pairs-Mediated Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401265. [PMID: 38390752 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
It remains challenging to synthesize all-(meth)acrylic triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), due to the drastically different reactivities between the acrylates and methacrylates and inevitable occurrence of side reactions during polymerization of acrylates. By taking advantage of the easy structural modulation features of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), we design and synthesize strong nucleophilic tetraphenylethylene-based NHOs varying in the number (i.e. mono-, dual- and tetra-) of initiating functional groups. Its combination with bulky organoaluminum [iBuAl(BHT)2] (BHT=bis(2,6-di-tBu-4-methylphenoxy)) constructs Lewis pair (LP) to realize the living polymerization of both acrylates and methacrylates, furnishing polyacrylates with ultrahigh molecular weight (Mn up to 2174 kg ⋅ mol-1) within 4 min. Moreover, these NHO-based LPs enable us to not only realize the control over the polymers' topology (i.e. linear and star), but also achieve triblock star copolymers in one-step manner. Mechanical studies reveal that the star triblock TPEs exhibit better mechanical properties (elongation at break up to 1863 % and tensile strength up to 19.1 MPa) in comparison with the linear analogs. Moreover, the presence of tetraphenylethylene group in the NHOs entitled the triblock TPEs with excellent AIE properties in both solution and solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, China, 100013
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
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Filippova OV, Maksimkin AV, Dayyoub T, Larionov DI, Telyshev DV. Sustainable Elastomers for Actuators: "Green" Synthetic Approaches and Material Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2755. [PMID: 37376401 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastomeric materials have great application potential in actuator design and soft robot development. The most common elastomers used for these purposes are polyurethanes, silicones, and acrylic elastomers due to their outstanding physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Currently, these types of polymers are produced by traditional synthetic methods, which may be harmful to the environment and hazardous to human health. The development of new synthetic routes using green chemistry principles is an important step to reduce the ecological footprint and create more sustainable biocompatible materials. Another promising trend is the synthesis of other types of elastomers from renewable bioresources, such as terpenes, lignin, chitin, various bio-oils, etc. The aim of this review is to address existing approaches to the synthesis of elastomers using "green" chemistry methods, compare the properties of sustainable elastomers with the properties of materials produced by traditional methods, and analyze the feasibility of said sustainable elastomers for the development of actuators. Finally, the advantages and challenges of existing "green" methods of elastomer synthesis will be summarized, along with an estimation of future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Filippova
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Maksimkin
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tarek Dayyoub
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Larionov
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Telyshev
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
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Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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5
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Sun Y, Carpentier A, Zhang Y, Weng B, Ling Y, Maron L, Hong M. Stereospecific Polymerization of Bulky Methacrylates Using Organocatalyst in Strong Donating Solvent via Self-Controlled Mechanism. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biwei Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaoyao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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6
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Zaky MS, Guichard G, Taton D. Block Copolymer Synthesis by a Sequential Addition Strategy from the Organocatalytic Group Transfer Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate to the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200395. [PMID: 35868609 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sequential block copolymerization involving comonomers belonging to different classes, e.g., a vinyl-type monomer and a heterocycle, is a challenging task in macromolecular chemistry, as corresponding propagating species do not interconvert easily from one to the other by crossover reactions. Here, it is first evidenced that 1-methoxy 2-methyl 1-trimethylsilyloxypropene (MTS), i.e., a silyl ketene acetal (SKA)-containing initiator, can be used in presence of the P4 -t-Bu phosphazene organic base to control the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of racemic lactide (rac-LA). The elementary reaction, which rapidly transforms SKA groups into propagating alkoxides, can be leveraged to directly synthesize well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-polylactide (PMMA-b-PLA) block copolymers. This is achieved using P4 -t-Bu as the single organic catalyst and MTS as the initiator for the group transfer polymerization (GTP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA), followed by the ROP of rac-LA. Both polymerization methods are implemented under selective and controlled/living conditions at room temperature in THF. This sequential addition strategy further expands the scope of organic catalysis of polymerizations for macromolecular engineering of block copolymers involving propagating species of disparate reactivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir Zaky
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, PESSAC cedex, 33607, France
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, F-33607, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, PESSAC cedex, 33607, France
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7
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Dong X, Robinson JR. The versatile roles of neutral donor ligands in tuning catalyst performance for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of neutral donor ligands is an effective strategy to modify catalyst structure and performance in the synthesis of sustainable polymers through the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jerome R. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Providence, RI 02912, USA
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9
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Zhang ZH, Wang X, Wang XJ, Li Y, Hong M. Tris(2,4-difluorophenyl)borane/Triisobutylphosphine Lewis Pair: A Thermostable and Air/Moisture-Tolerant Organic Catalyst for the Living Polymerization of Acrylates. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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The self-assembly and thermoresponsivity of poly(isoprene-b-methyl methacrylate) copolymers in non-polar solvents. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Zhao H, Li H, Tian C, Zhang L, Cheng Z. Facile Synthesis of Unimodal Polymethacrylates with Narrow Dispersity via NIR LED Light-Controlled Bromine-Iodine Transformation Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100211. [PMID: 34028909 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A facile and clean strategy for synthesizing unimodal polymethacrylates with narrow dispersity (Đ < 1.10) is successfully developed by a near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diode (LED) light (λmax = 740 nm)-controlled in situ bromine-iodine transformation reversible-deactivation radical polymerization system without the use of NIR dyes and expensive catalysts. In this system, alkyl iodide ethyl α-iodophenylacetate (EIPA) initiator is generated in situ by the nucleophilic substitution reaction between an alkyl bromide compound ethyl α-bromophenylacetate and sodium iodide (NaI). At the same time, excessive NaI is also acted as a highly active catalyst by forming halogen bonds with terminal iodine of the polymer chains in this system to make it capable of precisely synthesizing polymethacrylates with narrow dispersities (Đ = 1.03-1.10). In addition, the strong penetration ability of NIR LED light is illustrated by the successful polymerization even through 11 pieces of A4 paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haihui Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chun Tian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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12
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Ge F, Zhang Q, Wang X. Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate using tetrabutyl ammonium thioimidate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Qun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Chinese‐German Faculty for Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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13
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Yamauchi Y, Horimoto NN, Yamada K, Matsushita Y, Takeuchi M, Ishida Y. Two‐Step Divergent Synthesis of Monodisperse and Ultra‐Long Bottlebrush Polymers from an Easily Purifiable ROMP Monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamauchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba 305-0047 Japan
| | | | - Kuniyo Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba 305-0047 Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba 305-0047 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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14
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Yamauchi Y, Horimoto NN, Yamada K, Matsushita Y, Takeuchi M, Ishida Y. Two-Step Divergent Synthesis of Monodisperse and Ultra-Long Bottlebrush Polymers from an Easily Purifiable ROMP Monomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1528-1534. [PMID: 33058482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The longest bottlebrush polymers reported so far (up to 7 μm in length) were synthesized in two steps from a norbornene derivative bearing two 2-bromoisobutylate moieties (NB). The key to this achievement is the excellent reactivity of NB in ring opening metathesis polymerization, which proceeded in a well-controlled manner with quantitative conversion of NB for monomer-initiator ratios ranging up to 10,000. The resultant polymer derived from NB was readily converted to various bottlebrush polymers in a divergent synthetic route by grafting vinyl monomers from the 2-bromoisobutylate units in NB via atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure of the ultra-long bottlebrush polymer was directly observed using atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamauchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | | | - Kuniyo Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Lee PC, Wang CC, Chen CY. Synthesizing isoprene and methyl methacrylate triblock copolymers using peculiar living free radical polymerization with difunctional t-BuLi initiator. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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17
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Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Lewis pairs polymerization of polar vinyl monomers. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1830-1840. [PMID: 36659579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The globally increasing demands for polymer materials stimulate the significantly intense attention focused on the Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) of various polar vinyl monomers catalyzed by Lewis pairs (LPs) composed of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB). According to the degree of interaction between LA and LB, LPs could be divided into classical Lewis adduct (CLA), interacting Lewis pair (ILP) and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). Regulation of the Lewis basicity, Lewis acidity, and steric effects of these LPs has a significant impact on the polymer chain initiation, propagation and termination as well as chain transfer reaction during polymerization. Compared with other polymerization strategies, LPP has shown several unique advantages towards the polymerization of polar vinyl monomers such as high activity, control or livingness, mild conditions, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity. We will comprehensively review the recent advances achieved in the LPP of polar vinyl monomers according to the classification of the employed LPs based on different LAs, by highlighting the key polymerization results, polymerization mechanisms as well as the currently unmet challenges and the future research directions of LPP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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18
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Cintora A, Takano H, Khurana M, Chandra A, Hayakawa T, Ober CK. Block copolymers containing stable radical and fluorinated blocks with long-range ordered morphologies prepared by anionic polymerization. Polym Chem 2019; 10:5094-5102. [PMID: 31853268 PMCID: PMC6919551 DOI: 10.1039/c9py00416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile synthetic approach to create stable radical block copolymers containing a secondary fluorinated block via anionic polymerization using a bulky, sterically hindered countercation composed of a sodium ion and di-benzo-18-crown-6 complex. The synthetic conditions described in this report allowed for controlled molecular weights and dispersity (<1.3) of both homopolymers: poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-methacrylate) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) as well as their block copolymers (PTMA-b-PTFEMA). The stable radical concentration of the polymers was determined by electron spin resonance (ESR) and showed radical content above 70%. An analysis of the microphase morphologies in PTMA-b-PTFEMA thin films via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) showed clear evidence of long-range ordering of lamellar and cylindrical morphologies with 32 and 36 nm spacing, respectively. The long-range ordering of the morphologies was developed with the aid of two separate neutral layers: PTMA-ran-PTFEMA-ran-poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA)-ran-PTFEMA-ran-PHEMA, which helped us corroborate, along with the Zisman method, the surface energy estimation of PTMA to be 30.1 mJ/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohit Khurana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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19
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Xiang Y, Mitchell S, Rheingold AL, Lambrecht DS, Pentzer E. Oligomerization of Silyl Ketene: Favoring Chain Extension over Backbiting. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sarah Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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20
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Recent advances in thermoplastic elastomers from living polymerizations: Macromolecular architectures and supramolecular chemistry. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Anionic Polymerization Using Flow Microreactors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24081532. [PMID: 31003462 PMCID: PMC6514773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow microreactors are expected to make a revolutionary change in chemical synthesis involving various fields of polymer synthesis. In fact, extensive flow microreactor studies have opened up new possibilities in polymer chemistry including cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization. This review provides an overview of flow microreactors in anionic polymerization and their various applications.
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22
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Yu J, Gao Y, Jiang S, Sun F. Naphthalimide Aryl Sulfide Derivative Norrish Type I Photoinitiators with Excellent Stability to Sunlight under Near-UV LED. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Chen Y, Jia Q, Ding Y, Sato SI, Xu L, Zang C, Shen X, Kakuchi T. B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Group Transfer Polymerization of Acrylates Using Hydrosilane: Polymerization Mechanism, Applicable Monomers, and Synthesis of Well-Defined Acrylate Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yougen Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Qun Jia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuansheng Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | | | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chunyu Zang
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiande Shen
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
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24
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine‐Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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25
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Bai Y, He J, Zhang Y. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine-Based Catalyst System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17230-17234. [PMID: 30380182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A strong organophosphorus superbase, N-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-imine (IAP3) was combined with a sterically encumbered but modestly acidic Lewis acid (LA), (4-Me-2,6-t Bu2 -C6 H2 O)Ali Bu2 ((BHT)Ali Bu2 ), to synergistically promote the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-catalyzed living polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), achieving ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with Mn up to 1927 kg mol-1 and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) at room temperature (RT). This FLP catalyst system exhibits exceptionally long lifetime polymerization performance even in the absence of free MMA, which could reinitiate the desired living polymerization after the resulting system was held at RT for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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26
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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27
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Zou G, Zheng A, Wei D, Li Z, Su L, Zhang T, Xu X, Guan Y. Synthesis of Block Copolymers of 2-Ethylhexyl Methacrylate, n
-Hexyl Methacrylate and Methyl Methacrylate via
Anionic Polymerization at Ambient Temperature. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guijin Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Anna Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Dafu Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ling Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Tongyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yong Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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28
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D’Ovidio TJ, Roberts RM, Gautam D, Marks ZD, Saraswathy M, Stansbury JW, Nair DP. Photopolymerization kinetics of methyl methacrylate with reactive and inert nanogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 85:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Chae CG, Bak IG, Lee JS. Fundamental Kinetics of Living Anionic Polymerization of Isocyanates Emerging by the Sodium Diphenylmethane-Mediated Initiation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geun Chae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Bak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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30
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Cationic ruthenium complex of the formula [RuCl(2,6-diacetylpyridine)(PPh3)2]BArF and its catalytic activity in the formation of enol esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Kennemur JG, Bates FS, Hillmyer MA. Revisiting the Anionic Polymerization of Methyl Ethacrylate. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455-0431 USA
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32
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Enhanced glass transition temperature of low molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) by initiator fragments located at chain ends. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Usuki N, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Synthesis of Syndiotactic Macrocyclic Poly(methyl methacrylate) via Transformation of the Growing Terminal in Stereospecific Anionic Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Usuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University Furo-cho; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University Furo-cho; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University Furo-cho; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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34
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Zheng A, Su L, Li Z, Zou G, Xu X, Guan Y. Synthesis of poly(n-hexyl methacrylate)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) via anionic polymerization with t-BuOK as the initiator at ambient temperature. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10978d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation mechanism of t-BuOK on anionic polymerization of n-HMA in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Su
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Guijin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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35
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Naumann S, Mundsinger K, Cavallo L, Falivene L. N-Heterocyclic olefins as initiators for the polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers: a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and mechanism of N-heterocyclic olefin-initiated polymerizations of acrylic monomers is investigated, including deactivation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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36
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Li Z, Chen J, Su L, Zou B, Zhan P, Guan Y, Zheng A. A controlled synthesis method of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer via anionic polymerization with trace amounts of THF having potential of a commercial scale. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-defined PS-b-PI-b-PMMA copolymer with rather narrow MWD was synthesized via anionic copolymerization with trace amounts of tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Jianding Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Su
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Anna Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of the Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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37
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Lu W, Wang Y, Wang W, Cheng S, Zhu J, Xu Y, Hong K, Kang NG, Mays J. All acrylic-based thermoplastic elastomers with high upper service temperature and superior mechanical properties. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All acrylic-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) offer potential alternatives to the widely-used styrenic TPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Yuewen Xu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Jimmy Mays
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
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38
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Feng H, Changez M, Hong K, Mays JW, Kang NG. 2-Isopropenyl-2-oxazoline: Well-Defined Homopolymers and Block Copolymers via Living Anionic Polymerization. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Mohammad Changez
- Department
of Basic Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman
| | | | - Jimmy W. Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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39
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Lu W, Huang C, Hong K, Kang NG, Mays JW. Poly(1-adamantyl acrylate): Living Anionic Polymerization, Block Copolymerization, and Thermal Properties. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Caili Huang
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jimmy W. Mays
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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40
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Nagaki A, Nakahara Y, Furusawa M, Sawaki T, Yamamoto T, Toukairin H, Tadokoro S, Shimazaki T, Ito T, Otake M, Arai H, Toda N, Ohtsuka K, Takahashi Y, Moriwaki Y, Tsuchihashi Y, Hirose K, Yoshida JI. Feasibility Study on Continuous Flow Controlled/Living Anionic Polymerization Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakahara
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Process Engineering
Group, Fundamental Technology Laboratories, Institute
of Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Mai Furusawa
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Oppama
Research Laboratory, Toho Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931, Urago-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-0062, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sawaki
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Iwata
Factory, Takasago International Corporation, Ebitsuka, Iwata City, Shizuoka 438-0812, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Iwata
Factory, Takasago International Corporation, Ebitsuka, Iwata City, Shizuoka 438-0812, Japan
| | - Hideaki Toukairin
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Iwata
Factory, Takasago International Corporation, Ebitsuka, Iwata City, Shizuoka 438-0812, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tadokoro
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Chemical
Research Laboratory, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 2-10-1, Tsuboi-nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiya Shimazaki
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ito
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Masakazu Otake
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Naoya Toda
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Tacmina Co. 2-2-14 Awajimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0047, Japan
| | - Keita Ohtsuka
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Sankoh Seiki Kougyou Co., Ltd., 2-7-2, Keihinjima, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-0003, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuya Moriwaki
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hirose
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Micro
Chemical Production Study Consortium in Kyoto University, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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41
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Houghton MJ, Biok NA, Huck CJ, Algera RF, Keresztes I, Wright SW, Collum DB. Lithium Enolates Derived from Pyroglutaminol: Aggregation, Solvation, and Atropisomerism. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4149-57. [PMID: 27035057 PMCID: PMC5245164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium enolates derived from protected pyroglutaminols were characterized by using (6)Li, (13)C, and (19)F NMR spectroscopies in conjunction with the method of continuous variations. Mixtures of tetrasolvated dimers and tetrasolvated tetramers in different proportions depend on the steric demands of the hemiaminal protecting group, tetrahydrofuran concentration, and the presence or absence of an α-fluoro moiety. The high steric demands of the substituted bicyclo[3.3.0] ring system promote dimers to an unusual extent and allow solvents and atropisomers in cubic tetramers to be observed in the slow-exchange limit. Pyridine used as a (6)Li chemical shift reagent proved useful in assigning solvation numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Houghton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Naomi A. Biok
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Christopher J. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Russell F. Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Stephen W. Wright
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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42
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Wingate AJ, Boudouris BW. Recent advances in the syntheses of radical-containing macromolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wingate
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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43
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Tallmadge EH, Jermaks J, Collum DB. Structure-Reactivity Relationships in Lithiated Evans Enolates: Influence of Aggregation and Solvation on the Stereochemistry and Mechanism of Aldol Additions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:345-55. [PMID: 26639525 PMCID: PMC4762877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldol additions to isobutyraldehyde and cyclohexanone with lithium enolates derived from acylated oxazolidinones (Evans enolates) are described. Previously characterized trisolvated dimeric enolates undergo rapid addition to isobutyraldehyde to give a 12:1 syn:syn selectivity in high yield along with small amounts of one anti isomer. The efficacy of the addition depends critically on aging effects and the reaction quench. Unsolvated tetrameric enolates that form on warming the solutions are unreactive toward isobutyraldehyde and undergo retroaldol reaction under forcing conditions. Additions to cyclohexanone are relatively slow but form a single isomeric adduct in >80% yield. The ketone-derived aldolates are robust. All attempts to control stereoselectivity by controlling aggregation failed. Rate studies of addition to cyclohexanone trace the lack of aggregation-dependent selectivities to a monomer-based mechanism. The synthetic implications and possible utility of lithium enolates in Evans aldol additions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan H. Tallmadge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Janis Jermaks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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44
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Massoumi B, Abbasi F, Jaymand M. Chemical and electrochemical grafting of polythiophene onto polystyrene synthesized via ‘living’ anionic polymerization. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for chemical and electrochemical grafting of polythiophene onto a polystyrene backbone synthesized via ‘living’ anionic polymerization is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhshali Massoumi
- Department of Chemistry
- Payame Noor University
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials
- Sahand University of Technology
- Tabriz
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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45
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Jin KJ, Collum DB. Solid-State and Solution Structures of Glycinimine-Derived Lithium Enolates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14446-55. [PMID: 26554898 PMCID: PMC4762874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A combination of crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational studies was applied to study the structures of lithium enolates derived from glycinimines of benzophenone and (+)-camphor. The solvents examined included toluene and toluene containing various concentrations of tetrahydrofuran, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), (R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine [(R,R)-TMCDA], and (S,S)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine [(S,S)-TMCDA]. Crystal structures show chelated monomers, symmetric disolvated dimers, S4-symmetric tetramers, and both S6- and D3d-symmetric hexamers. (6)Li NMR spectroscopic studies in conjunction with the method of continuous variations show how these species distribute in solution. Density functional theory computations offer insights into experimentally elusive details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Joo Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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46
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Tallmadge EH, Collum DB. Evans Enolates: Solution Structures of Lithiated Oxazolidinone-Derived Enolates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13087-95. [PMID: 26437278 PMCID: PMC4765922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The results of a combination of (6)Li and (13)C NMR spectroscopic and computational studies of oxazolidinone-based lithium enolates-Evans enolates-in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution revealed a mixture of dimers, tetramers, and oligomers (possibly ladders). The distribution depended on the structure of the oxazolidinone auxiliary, substituent on the enolate, and THF concentration (in THF/toluene mixtures). The unsolvated tetrameric form contained a D(2d)-symmetric core structure, whereas the dimers were determined experimentally and computationally to be trisolvates with several isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan H Tallmadge
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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47
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Vlček P, Čadová E, Horský J, Janata M. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the self-termination products in the anionic methyl methacrylate/tert-butyl acrylate block copolymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Jaymand M, Hatamzadeh M, Omidi Y. Modification of polythiophene by the incorporation of processable polymeric chains: Recent progress in synthesis and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Kosaka Y, Kawauchi S, Goseki R, Ishizone T. High Anionic Polymerizability of Benzofulvene: New Exo-Methylene Hydrocarbon Monomer. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kosaka
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishizone
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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50
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