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Mul JD, Spruijt BM, Brakkee JH, Adan RAH. Melanocortin MC(4) receptor-mediated feeding and grooming in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:192-201. [PMID: 23872405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Decades ago it was recognized that the pharmacological profile of melanocortin ligands that stimulated grooming behavior in rats was strikingly similar to that of Xenopus laevis melanophore pigment dispersion. After cloning of the melanocortin MC1 receptor, expressed in melanocytes, and the melanocortin MC4 receptor, expressed mainly in brain, the pharmacological profiles of these receptors appeared to be very similar and it was demonstrated that these receptors mediate melanocortin-induced pigmentation and grooming respectively. Grooming is a low priority behavior that is concerned with care of body surface. Activation of central melanocortin MC4 receptors is also associated with meal termination, and continued postprandial stimulation of melanocortin MC4 receptors may stimulate natural postprandial grooming behavior as part of the behavioral satiety sequence. Indeed, melanocortins fail to suppress food intake or induce grooming behavior in melanocortin MC4 receptor-deficient rats. This review will focus on how melanocortins affect grooming behavior through the melanocortin MC4 receptor, and how melanocortin MC4 receptors mediate feeding behavior. This review also illustrates how melanocortins were the most likely candidates to mediate grooming and feeding based on the natural behaviors they induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, 45237 Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Berry M Spruijt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Beta Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Brakkee
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Suárez M, Molina S, Rivarola MA, Perassi NI. Effects of maternal deprivation on adrenal and behavioural responses in rats with anterodorsal thalami nuclei lesions. Life Sci 2002; 71:1125-37. [PMID: 12095534 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that repeated maternal isolation of neonatal rats may influence both emotional behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) activity. On the other hand the Anterodorsal Thalami Nuclei (ADTN) exerts an inhibitory influence on the hypophyso-adrenal system under basal and stressful conditions. In the present work we investigated whether neonatal maternal deprivation produces long term effects on the ADTN regulation of behavioral patterns (open field test) and on HPA axis activity. Specifically, we sought to determine whether adult female rats with ADTN lesions, previously isolated for 4.5 hours daily during the first 3 weeks of life, react in endocrinologically and behaviourally distinct manner as compared to controls. The examined groups were: non maternally deprived (NMD)/sham lesioned, NMD/lesioned, maternally deprived (MD)/sham lesioned, MD/lesioned with and without the open field test. At 3 months MD/sham lesioned animals showed a marked decrease in ambulation (P < 0.01), and with ADTN lesion, the rearing values were lower (P < 0.01) and grooming higher (P < 0.05) than NMD. This last data would indicate a high emotional index. Regarding the activity of the HPA axis, maternal deprivation induced a significant decrease in plasma ACTH concentration both in sham and lesioned animals (P < 0.001), and plasma Corticosterone (C) increased in sham animals (P < 0.001). This data would indicate a higher sensitivity of the adrenal glands. After the open field test ACTH and C were different between deprived and non-deprived animals depending on the ADTN lesion. Taking into consideration the increase of ACTH levels in sham lesioned MD animals exposed to the test, we could conclude that this new situation was a stressful situation. Finally in the present work, it was very difficult to relate the behavioral parameters with the endocrine data. It is known that depending on the context, corticosteroids may produce opposite effects on emotional behavior via different receptors in the brain.In summary, neonatal maternal deprivation induced alterations of behavioral patterns and affected the ADTN inhibitory influence on ACTH and C secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suárez
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Santa Rosa 1085 (5000), Córdoba, Argentina.
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Hennessy MB, Becker LA, O'Neil DR. Peripherally administered CRH suppresses the vocalizations of isolated guinea pig pups. Physiol Behav 1991; 50:17-22. [PMID: 1658830 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Experiment 1, an SC injection of 14 micrograms CRH greatly suppressed the vocalizing of isolated guinea pig pups 1 h later and produced highly elevated plasma cortisol levels. In Experiment 2, SC injection of 18 international units of ACTH produced similar cortisol elevations, but had a negligible effect on vocalizations. In Experiment 3, the minimum effective dose of CRH for suppressing vocalizations was found to be about 7 micrograms. This dose also suppressed locomotor activity and produced cortisol elevations that were as great as those produced by the 14 micrograms dose. In Experiment 4, suppression of vocalizations by CRH was not reversed by 1 or 5 mg/kg body weight of naloxone. Rectal temperature was unaffected by CRH or naloxone. Thus, peripheral administration of CRH has a suppressive effect on the vocalizations of isolated guinea pig pups. The effect is accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity and does not appear to be mediated by ACTH, cortisol, beta-endorphin, or an altered body temperature response to the isolation procedure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased secretion of CRH contributes to the waning of the vocalizations of guinea pig pups during prolonged isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Hennessy
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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Abstract
The behavioral and neurotrophic effects of ACTH-(7-16)NH2 were assessed in a number of tests in which other ACTH fragments are active. Subcutaneous injection of ACTH-(7-16)NH2 increased motor activity of group-housed rats tested under low light intensity and induced hypokinesia in rats subjected to the mild stress of a nonfunctional "hot" plate. In rats with 6-OHDA lesions in the nucleus accumbens daily subcutaneous treatment with ACTH-(7-16)NH2 during the first week following the lesions reversed the lesion-induced motor hypoactivity. The ED50's for the effects of ACTH-(7-16)NH2 on the environmentally induced changes in motor activity, the stress-induced hypokinesia and the impaired motor activity of 6-OHDA lesioned rats were approximately 8 micrograms/kg. 6.3 micrograms/kg and 0.45 micrograms/kg respectively. It is concluded that ACTH-(7-16)NH2 may mimic the effect of an ACTH-like peptide in the brain involved in brain processes triggered by changes in the environment and by brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolterink
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
Subcutaneous treatment with the neuropeptide ACTH-(4-10) induced hypokinesia in rats subjected to a mild stress induced by placing the animals on a non-functional "hot" plate (21 degrees C) for 30 sec, but not in control animals not exposed to this stress-inducing environment. The lowest effective dose of ACTH-(4-10) was 5 micrograms/kg, administered 50 min before testing. The combination of peptide treatment and the mild stress-inducing procedure mimicked the effect of a short intense stress induced by placing the rats on a hot plate (57 degrees C) for 30 sec, suggesting that this stress-induced hypokinesia is mediated by ACTH neuropeptides. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the active core for the ACTH-(4-10)-induced hypokinesia is located in the C-terminal tetrapeptide Phe-Arg-Try-Gly (ACTH-(7-10)). Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naltrexone did not influence the effect of ACTH-(4-10) indicating that activation of opioid systems is not implicated in this behavioral effect of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolterink
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gispen WH, Colbern DL, Spruijt BM. Molecular transduction mechanisms in ACTH-induced grooming. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY SERIES 1988; 4:215-31. [PMID: 2839822 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-73223-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intraventricular administration of ACTH1-24 induces excessive grooming in the rat. Ethogram analysis shows that the peptide does not alter grooming behavior seen in a novel box, but that it prolongs the duration of the grooming bout. Extensive structure-activity studies have been performed which suggest that the active site lies in a region (5-13) of the ACTH molecule. Interestingly, the (1-24) sequence is fully active, whereas (1-10) and (11-24) alone or in combination are inactive, pointing to a specific stereoconformation necessary to induce grooming. However, despite the fact that there are ACTH-and/or alpha-MSH-containing peptidergic neurons, no conclusive evidence is available demonstrating stereospecific, saturable binding sites for these peptides in brain. The analysis of the neural substrate underlying ACTH-induced excessive grooming has been performed by means of electrolytic lesions of specific brain regions and by neuropharmacological manipulations. The data suggest that the periaqueductal gray is the primary target for ACTH and that the activity of neostriatum and accumbens, via a nigro-colliculus-periaqueductal gray pathway, modulates the display of excessive grooming. An important feature of the neural substrate is that it displays single-dose tolerance to the peptide during the first hours after the first peptide injection. It is suggested that the tolerance is a feature of an opioid receptor-containing component of the neural substrate. The molecular mechanism of action of ACTH is complex and may involve different transmembrane signal transduction systems. The peptide decreases the degree of phosphorylation of a neuron-specific, synaptic phosphoprotein B-50 by inhibition of protein kinase C. It is concluded that changes in the degree of phosphorylation of B-50 regulate the activity of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase. Therefore, the B-50 protein seems to be part of a negative feedback loop in the receptor-activated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate (PIP2). There is increasing evidence that the molecular mechanism by which ACTH brings about the grooming response involves a change in phosphorylation of B-50. Firstly, the structure-activity relationship of ACTH-induced excessive grooming is nearly identical to that obtained for ACTH-induced inhibition of protein kinase C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Gispen
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Rats receiving (D-Phe-7) ACTH4-10 exhibited excessive grooming during the first half of the hour-long observation period. This resulted in total grooming scores of about one-half of those produced by the longer ACTH fragments, ACTH1-24 or ACTH1-16 NH2. The excessive grooming induced by (D-Phe-7) ACTH4-10 was due to an enhancement of duration of grooming bouts and not to an increase in the frequency of occurrence. Furthermore, the neuropeptide-induced excessive grooming was eliminated by prior treatment with naloxone.
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Miller LH, Turnbull BA. The effect of MSH/ACTH 4-10 on delayed response performance and post-test locomotor activity in rats. Peptides 1986; 7:201-5. [PMID: 3016679 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(86)90213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Delayed response performance was measured in male, Long-Evans rats 1 hr after IP administration of various doses of MSH/ACTH 4-10 or control in a Hunter delayed reaction apparatus. Additional treatments consisting of naloxone 500 micrograms/kg (IP) and naloxone 500 micrograms/kg in conjunction with MSH/ACTH 4-10 95 micrograms/kg were also administered. Directly after delayed response performance was assessed, gross locomotor activity was determined. MSH/ACTH 4-10, at a dose of 95 micrograms/kg, significantly enhanced retention of a visual stimulus, while MSH/ACTH 4-10, at doses of 195 and 285 micrograms/kg, significantly impaired delayed response performance. Naloxone treatment resulted in significantly impaired delayed response performance when compared to control. However, naloxone plus MSH/ACTH 4-10 treatment failed to produce a significant difference from control in the delayed response performance paradigm. In post-test locomotor activity determination, an apparent dose-response existed for MSH/ACTH 4-10 with the two highest doses (190 and 285 micrograms/kg) resulting in significantly increased locomotor activity. The observed delayed response performance data support theories implicating MSH/ACTH peptides in attentional processes involving visual stimuli. The fact that large doses of MSH/ACTH 4-10 disrupt delayed response performance while increasing post-test activity suggest that an optimum level of effect caused by the MSH/ACTH peptide exists in this paradigm.
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Abstract
In order to elucidate the involvement of the 41 amino-acid residue corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the modulation of brain functioning, the behavioral profile of the releasing hormone was determined using tests for spontaneous behavior, grooming, active and passive avoidance behavior. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CRF in a dose that does not stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis, resulted in an activation of open-field behavior, as measured by ambulation and rearing activities. Also grooming activity was significantly enhanced after central application of CRF. In hypophysectomized rats, which show an impaired shuttle-box avoidance acquisition, CRF restored acquisition for the duration of the treatment. Paradoxically, extinction of pole-jumping active avoidance behavior of intact rats was facilitated by the releasing factor, even in adrenalectomized animals. Passive avoidance behavior was affected bidirectional: higher doses of CRF (300 ng), given subcutaneously (SC), attenuated passive avoidance retention, probably via activation of the pituitary-adrenal system resulting in high corticosterone levels. Lower doses (30 ng), however, which were also given SC did not stimulate pituitary-adrenal activity, and facilitated retention of passive avoidance behavior. Central administration of CRF in very low doses (30 pg) had the same effect as higher doses of CRF given SC, i.e., inhibition of passive avoidance retention. Taken together, the data indicate that CRF can affect behavior via a direct action on the central nervous system. The question remains whether this activity is an intrinsic property of CRF, or mediated by the release of hormones or neuropeptides.
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Hirsch MD, O'Donohue TL, Wilson R, Sawyer TK, Hruby VJ, Hadley ME, Cody WL, Knittel JJ, Crawley JN. Structural and conformational modifications of alpha-MSH/ACTH4-10 provide melanotropin analogues with highly potent behavioral activities. Peptides 1984; 5:1197-201. [PMID: 6099564 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the (4-10) heptapeptide sequence as the central core of alpha-MSH/ACTH peptides required for mediation of important biological activities. In the present study, the structure-activity relationships of Nle4-substituted and Cys4,Cys10-bridged cyclic alpha-MSH analogues, which were previously shown to exhibit a wide range of melanotropic potencies from weak agonism to super potency, were examined for grooming behavioral activity in the rat following intracerebroventricular injections. The results showed that stepwise C-terminal elongation of the linear Nle4-substituted Ac-alpha-MSH4-10-NH2 increased grooming potencies of the peptides in a manner similar to their actions on melanocytes. The most interesting finding was the observation that cyclization of the inactive linear "central (4-10) core" of alpha-MSH (Ac-alpha-MSH4-10) to form Ac-[Cys4,Cys10]-alpha-MSH4-10-NH2 resulted in a super potent agonist in the grooming assay. However, while cyclization of the (4-10) heptapeptide produced potent agonists on grooming behavior, the structure-activity relationships were different than the frog skin bioassay. These findings support the hypothesis that appropriate structural and confirmational modifications of alpha-MSH-related peptides can produce profound effects on the bioactivities of the peptides, and suggest that different structural-conformational requirements exist for alpha-MSH interactions with its various receptors.
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12
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13
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Bijlsma WA, Jennekens FG, Schotman P, Gispen WH. Effects of corticotrophin (ACTH) on recovery of sensorimotor function in the rat: structure-activity study. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 76:73-9. [PMID: 6274673 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of sensorimotor function in rats was studied using a foot-flick response test after crushing the sciatic nerve. Every other day, the animals received a subcutaneous injection of ACTH1-24 or vehicle, immediately after the 'foot-flick' test. Rats treated with ACTH1-24 showed a faster recovery of sensorimotor function as compared to vehicle-treated rats. This beneficial effect was dose-dependent. In contrast, no effect on toe-spreading could be detected. To investigate what part of the peptide molecule would contain the active site and to exclude steroid mediation, smaller sequences of ACTH1-24 devoid of corticotrophic activity were tested. Treatment with ACTH1-16NH2, ACTH4-10 or [Met(O2)4,D-Lys8,Phe9]ACTH4-9 (Org. 2766) mimicked the effect of ACTH1-24, whereas treatment with ACTH11-24 did not effect the return of sensorimotor function. The stimulatory effects of corticotrophin1-24 and congeners on recovery of sensorimotor function are discussed in terms of a direct effect of these peptides on nervous tissue, probably through enhanced brain and spinal cord protein synthesis.
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Hannigan JH, Isaacson RL. Conditioned excessive grooming in the rat after footshock: effect of naloxone and situational cues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(81)92045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Crawley JN, Hays SE, O'Donohue TL, Paul SM, Goodwin FK. Neuropeptide modulation of social and exploratory behaviors in laboratory rodents. Peptides 1981; 2 Suppl 1:123-9. [PMID: 7267400 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(81)90066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide influences on exploratory and social behaviors were investigated, using a video-monitored computer-assisted automated animal behavior analysis system. Cholecystokinin decreased exploratory tendencies in the dose range 0.1-5.0 microgram/kg IP and 0.5-5.0 microgram/IVT, indicating a peripheral mechanism in the CCK reduction of spontaneous behaviors. Neither arginine vasopressin nor alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone changed parameters of exploratory and social behaviors, strengthening the possibility that their roles in increasing acquisition and retention of operant tasks are specific to neural mechanisms involved in memory and learning. Analysis of spontaneous exploratory and social behavior patterns appears to be a sensitive and effective tool for detecting changes in arousal and attention to environmental stimuli which may underlie more specific behavioral effects of brain neuropeptides.
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O'Donohue TL, Handelmann GE, Chaconas T, Miller RL, Jacobowitz DM. Evidence that N-acetylation regulates the behavioral activity of alpha-MSH in the rat and human central nervous system. Peptides 1981; 2:333-44. [PMID: 7301640 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(81)80126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
alpha-MSH immunoreactive peptides were fractionated and characterized in rat and human brain and rat pituitary by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. alpha-MSH and deacetylated alpha-MSH were two major naturally existing peptides in both brain and pituitary gland. Subsequent experiments examined the roles of these two peptides in neuronal function. The alpha-MSH was clearly more effective than deacetylated alpha-MSH in improving performance on a visual discrimination task after intraperitoneal administration and in inducing excessive grooming after intraventricular administration. The difference in behavioral potency may be explained by the fact that alpha-MSH was much more resistant to peptidase degradation than was deacetylated alpha-MSH. N-acetylation of alpha-MSH may be an effective regulatory process for modulating the behavioral potency of the secretory product of alpha-MSH-containing pituitary cells and neurons.
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Jolles J, Rompa-Barendregt J, Gispen WH. ACTH-induced excessive grooming in the rat: the influence of environmental and motivational factors. Horm Behav 1979; 12:60-72. [PMID: 225257 DOI: 10.1016/0018-506x(79)90027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Abstract
1 Fragments of the N terminal part of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) inhibited the electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens. This inhibition could be antagonized by naloxone. 2 The same fragments displaced radiolabelled morphine from morphine antiserum. 3 Structure-activity relationship studies showed that in both assay systems the active core is located within the sequence ACTH 7--10. 4 It is postulated that the Trp9 residue and the peptide bond between Trp9 and Gly10 are particularly important for interaction of ACTH fragments with morphine receptors.
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22
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Isaacson RL, Green EJ. The effect of ACTH1-24 on locomotion, exploration, rearing, and grooming. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1978; 24:118-22. [PMID: 216343 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(78)93016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Reduced behavioral effectiveness of ACTH1−24 after a second administration: Interaction with opiates. Neurosci Lett 1978; 9:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(78)90083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1978] [Revised: 04/18/1978] [Accepted: 05/18/1978] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Zwiers H, Wiegant VM, Schotman P, Gispen WH. ACTH-induced inhibition of endogenous rat brain protein phosphorylation in vitro: structure activity. Neurochem Res 1978; 3:455-63. [PMID: 218128 DOI: 10.1007/bf00966327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ACTH1--24 inhibits the endogenous phosphorylation in vitro of distinct SPM protein bands. Using N-terminal fragments of ACTH, the structure-activity requirements for this effect were studied. A rather complex interaction of the ACTH fragments with endogenous SPM phosphorylation was observed. The effects were not only dependent on the primary structure of the peptide used, but also on the protein band studied and the ATP/SPM ratio used in the incubation system. ACTH1--24 did not interfere with the ATP-hydrolyzing activity of the SPM preparation, nor did it influence the endogenous phosphatase activity. Therefore, a direct interaction of ACTH with SPM protein kinase(s) is likely to be responsible for its effect on phosphorylation.
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Wiegant VM, Colbern D, van Wimersma Greidanus TJ, Gispen WH. Differential behavioral effects of ACTH 4-10 and [D-Phe7] ACTH 4-10. Brain Res Bull 1978; 3:167-70. [PMID: 206319 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(78)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular administration of an access of ACTH 4-10 does not interfere with the excessive grooming behavior of rats, elicited by intraventricular administration of [D-Phe7] ACTH 4-10. In an avoidance extinction paradigm, the two ACTH analogs have opposite effects. ACTH 4-10 counteracts the facilitation of extinction seen after [D-Phe7] ACTH 4-10, only under conditions that treatment with ACTH 4-10 alone results in retardation of that extinction. The data are discussed in terms of a multiple interaction of these peptides with brain function.
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Colbern D, Isaacson RL, Bohus B, Gispen WH. Limbic-midbrain lesions and ACTH-induced excessive grooming. Life Sci 1977; 21:393-401. [PMID: 197362 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Wiegant VM, Gispen WH, Terenius L, de Wied D. ACTH-like peptides and morphine: interaction at the level of the CNS. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1977; 2:63-70. [PMID: 198834 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(77)90033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Gispen WH, van Ree JM, de Wied D. Lipotropin and the central nervous system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1977; 20:209-50. [PMID: 22510 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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