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Lin Z, Assaraf YG, Kwok HF. Peptides for microbe-induced cancers: latest therapeutic strategies and their advanced technologies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4. [PMID: 39008152 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern associated with multiple distinct factors, including microbial and viral infections. Numerous studies have elucidated the role of microorganisms, such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), as well as viruses for example human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in the development of human malignancies. Substantial attention has been focused on the treatment of these microorganism- and virus-associated cancers, with promising outcomes observed in studies employing peptide-based therapies. The current paper provides an overview of microbe- and virus-induced cancers and their underlying molecular mechanisms. We discuss an assortment of peptide-based therapies which are currently being developed, including tumor-targeting peptides and microbial/viral peptide-based vaccines. We describe the major technological advancements that have been made in the design, screening, and delivery of peptides as anticancer agents. The primary focus of the current review is to provide insight into the latest research and development in this field and to provide a realistic glimpse into the future of peptide-based therapies for microbe- and virus-induced neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Lin
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Instituteof Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
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2
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Riether C. Regulation of hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells by regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049301. [PMID: 36405718 PMCID: PMC9666425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are maintained in a quiescent state and sustain the continuous production of all types of blood cells. HSCs reside in a specialized microenvironment the so-called HSC niche, which equally promotes HSC self-renewal and differentiation to ensure the integrity of the HSC pool throughout life and to replenish hematopoietic cells after acute injury, infection or anemia. The processes of HSC self-renewal and differentiation are tightly controlled and are in great part regulated through cellular interactions with classical (e.g. mesenchymal stromal cells) and non-classical niche cells (e.g. immune cells). In myeloid leukemia, some of these regulatory mechanisms that evolved to maintain HSCs, to protect them from exhaustion and immune destruction and to minimize the risk of malignant transformation are hijacked/disrupted by leukemia stem cells (LSCs), the malignant counterpart of HSCs, to promote disease progression as well as resistance to therapy and immune control. CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are substantially enriched in the BM compared to other secondary lymphoid organs and are crucially involved in the establishment of an immune privileged niche to maintain HSC quiescence and to protect HSC integrity. In leukemia, Tregs frequencies in the BM even increase. Studies in mice and humans identified the accumulation of Tregs as a major immune-regulatory mechanism. As cure of leukemia implies the elimination of LSCs, the understanding of these immune-regulatory processes may be of particular importance for the development of future treatments of leukemia as targeting major immune escape mechanisms which revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors such as the blockade of the inhibitory checkpoint receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) seems less efficacious in the treatment of leukemia. This review will summarize recent findings on the mechanisms by which Tregs regulate stem cells and adaptive immune cells in the BM during homeostasis and in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Carsten Riether,
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Velaga R, Koo KM, Mainwaring PN. Harnessing gene fusion-derived neoantigens for 'cold' breast and prostate tumor immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:1165-1179. [PMID: 36043380 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are generally considered immunologically 'cold' tumors due to multiple mechanisms rendering them unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. With little success in garnering positive outcomes in modern immunotherapeutic clinical trials, it is prudent to re-examine the role of immunogenic neoantigens in these cold tumors. Gene fusions are driver mutations in hormone-driven cancers that can result in alternative mutation-specific neoantigens to promote immunotherapy sensitivity. This review focuses on 1) gene fusion formation mechanisms in neoantigen generation; 2) gene fusion neoantigens in cancer immunotherapeutic strategies and associated clinical trials; and 3) challenges and opportunities in computational and liquid biopsy technologies. This review is anticipated to initiate further research into gene fusion neoantigens of cold tumors for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Velaga
- Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kevin M Koo
- XING Technologies Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD 4073, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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Identification of an Immunogenic Medulloblastoma-Specific Fusion Involving EPC2 and GULP1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225838. [PMID: 34830991 PMCID: PMC8616194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Immunotherapy is yet to demonstrate dramatic results in medulloblastoma, one reason being the low rate of mutations creating new antigens in this entity. In tumors with low mutational burden, gene fusions may represent a source of tumor-specific neoantigens. Here, we reviewed the landscape of fusions in medulloblastoma and analyzed their predicted immunogenicity. Furthermore, we described a new in-frame fusion protein identified by RNA-Seq. The fusion involved two genes on chromosome 2 coding for the enhancer of polycomb homolog 2 (EPC2) and GULP PTB domain containing engulfment adaptor 1 (GULP1) respectively. By qRT-PCR analysis, the fusion was detected in 3 out of 11 medulloblastoma samples, whereby 2 samples were from the same patients obtained at 2 different time points (initial diagnosis and relapse), but not in other pediatric brain tumor entities. Cloning of the full-length sequence indicated that the fusion protein contains the N-terminal enhancer of polycomb-like domain A (EPcA) of EPC2 and the coiled-coil domain of GULP1. In silico analyses predicted binding of the neoantigen-derived peptide to HLA-A*0201. A total of 50% of the fusions described in the literature were also predicted to produce an immunogenic peptide. The EPC2-GULP1 fusion peptide was able to induce a de novo T cell response characterized by interferon gamma release of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vitro. While the functional relevance of this fusion in medulloblastoma biology remains to be clarified, our data support an immunotherapeutic approach for pediatric medulloblastoma patients carrying the EPC2-GULP1 fusion and other immunogenic fusions.
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Webster JA, Robinson TM, Blackford AL, Warlick E, Ferguson A, Borrello I, Zahurak M, Jones RJ, Smith BD. A randomized, phase II trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with durable TKI-free survival in patients with chronic phase CML. Leuk Res 2021; 111:106737. [PMID: 34768161 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) patients can achieve undetectable minimal residual disease (UMRD) and discontinue tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Cellular immunity plays an important role in CML disease control. We conducted a randomized, non-blinded phase II trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with TKIs to facilitate TKI discontinuation. METHODS TKI-treated patients with CP-CML were randomized to receive the K562/GM-CSF vaccine (vaccine) OR Interferon-α + Sargramostim (IFN). If UMRD was achieved, then all treatment was stopped. Patients who did not achieve UMRD within one year, had a molecular relapse, or discontinued therapy for toxicity could crossover. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were randomized to IFN (n = 18) or vaccine (n = 16), and 21 patients crossed over (IFN⟶vaccine: n = 9, vaccine⟶IFN, n = 12). TKIs at enrollment included imatinib (n = 31), nilotinib (n = 2), and dasatinib (n = 1). No patients discontinued vaccine due to side effects, while 33 % of IFN-treated patients discontinued treatment. More patients randomized to IFN (47.4 %, 95 % CI: 16.7-66.7 %) versus vaccine (25.0 %, 95 % CI: 0.5-43.5 %) achieved UMRD within one year. Seven patients randomized to IFN discontinued treatment with 28.6 % (95 % CI: 8.9-92.2 %) sustaining treatment-free remission (TFR) at 1 year, while three patients randomized to vaccine discontinued treatment with none sustaining TFR. Including crossover, there was a cumulative discontinuation success rate of 36.4 % (95 % CI: 16.6 %-79.5 %) after adjuvant IFN. Patients who sustained TFR received a median of 29 months of imatinib prior to discontinuation. CONCLUSION Adjuvant IFN led to durable TFRs with limited prior TKI exposure with comparable success to prior discontinuation trials, but many patients stopped IFN early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Webster
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedIcine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | | | - Amanda L Blackford
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erica Warlick
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anna Ferguson
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedIcine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedIcine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marianna Zahurak
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard J Jones
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedIcine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedIcine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Matsushita M. Novel Treatment Strategies Utilizing Immune Reactions against Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215435. [PMID: 34771599 PMCID: PMC8582551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are known to be resistant to TKIs. As a result, the application of immunotherapies against LSCs may cure CML. Abstract Introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has improved the prognosis of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and treatment-free remission (TFR) is now a treatment goal. However, about half of the patients experience molecular relapse after cessation of TKIs, suggesting that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are resistant to TKIs. Eradication of the remaining LSCs using immunotherapies including interferon-alpha, vaccinations, CAR-T cells, and other drugs would be a key strategy to achieve TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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7
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Why chronic myeloid leukaemia cannot be cured by tyrosine kinase-inhibitors. Leukemia 2021; 35:2199-2204. [PMID: 34002028 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Mu H, Zhu X, Jia H, Zhou L, Liu H. Combination Therapies in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia for Potential Treatment-Free Remission: Focus on Leukemia Stem Cells and Immune Modulation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643382. [PMID: 34055612 PMCID: PMC8155539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), patients are not cured with the current therapy modalities. Also, the more recent goal of CML treatment is to induce successful treatment-free remission (TFR) among patients achieving durable deep molecular response (DMR). Together, it is necessary to develop novel, curative treatment strategies. With advancements in understanding the biology of CML, such as dormant Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) and impaired immune modulation, a number of agents are now under investigation. This review updates such agents that target LSCs, and together with TKIs, have the potential to eradicate CML. Moreover, we describe the developing immunotherapy for controlling CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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9
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Minati R, Perreault C, Thibault P. A Roadmap Toward the Definition of Actionable Tumor-Specific Antigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583287. [PMID: 33424836 PMCID: PMC7793940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has considerably accelerated during the past decade due to the improvement of proteogenomic detection methods. This provides new opportunities for the development of novel antitumoral immunotherapies to mount an efficient T cell response against one or multiple types of tumors. While the identification of mutated antigens originating from coding exons has provided relatively few TSA candidates, the possibility of enlarging the repertoire of targetable TSAs by looking at antigens arising from non-canonical open reading frames opens up interesting avenues for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we outline the potential sources of TSAs and the mechanisms responsible for their expression strictly in cancer cells. In line with the heterogeneity of cancer, we propose that discrete families of TSAs may be enriched in specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Minati
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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10
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Towards new horizons: characterization, classification and implications of the tumour antigenic repertoire. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:595-610. [PMID: 32572208 PMCID: PMC7306938 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibition provides an unmatched level of durable clinical efficacy in various malignancies. Such therapies promote the activation of antigen-specific T cells, although the precise targets of these T cells remain unknown. Exploiting these targets holds great potential to amplify responses to treatment, such as by combining immune-checkpoint inhibition with therapeutic vaccination or other antigen-directed treatments. In this scenario, the pivotal hurdle remains the definition of valid HLA-restricted tumour antigens, which requires several levels of evidence before targets can be established with sufficient confidence. Suitable antigens might include tumour-specific antigens with alternative or wild-type sequences, tumour-associated antigens and cryptic antigens that exceed exome boundaries. Comprehensive antigen classification is required to enable future clinical development and the definition of innovative treatment strategies. Furthermore, clinical development remains challenging with regard to drug manufacturing and regulation, as well as treatment feasibility. Despite these challenges, treatments based on diligently curated antigens combined with a suitable therapeutic platform have the potential to enable optimal antitumour efficacy in patients, either as monotherapies or in combination with other established immunotherapies. In this Review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art approaches for the identification of candidate tumour antigens and provide a structured terminology based on their underlying characteristics. Immune-checkpoint inhibition has transformed the treatment of patients with advanced-stage cancers. Nonetheless, the specific antigens targeted by T cells that are activated or reactivated by these agents remain largely unknown. In this Review, the authors describe the characterization and classification of tumour antigens including descriptions of the most appropriate detection methods, and discuss potential regulatory issues regarding the use of tumour antigen-based therapeutics. Immune-checkpoint inhibition has profoundly changed the paradigm for the care of several malignancies. Although these therapies activate antigen-specific T cells, the precise mechanisms of action and their specific targets remain largely unknown. Anticancer immunotherapies encompass two fundamentally different therapeutic principles based on knowledge of their therapeutic targets, that either have been characterized (antigen-aware) or have remained elusive (antigen-unaware). HLA-presented tumour antigens of potential therapeutic relevance can comprise alternative or wild-type amino acid sequences and can be subdivided into different categories based on their mechanisms of formation. The available methods for the detection of HLA-presented antigens come with intrinsic challenges and limitations and, therefore, warrant multiple lines of evidence of robust tumour specificity before being considered for clinical use. Knowledge obtained using various antigen-detection strategies can be combined with different therapeutic platforms to create individualized therapies that hold great promise, including when combined with already established immunotherapies. Tailoring immunotherapies while taking into account the substantial heterogeneity of malignancies as well as that of HLA loci not only requires innovative science, but also demands innovative approaches to trial design and drug regulation.
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11
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Penter L, Wu CJ. Personal tumor antigens in blood malignancies: genomics-directed identification and targeting. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1595-1607. [PMID: 31985488 PMCID: PMC7108890 DOI: 10.1172/jci129209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies have long been at the forefront of the development of novel immune-based treatment strategies. The earliest successful efforts originated from the extensive body of work in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These efforts laid the foundation for the recent exciting era of cancer immunotherapy, which includes immune checkpoint blockade, personal neoantigen vaccines, and adoptive T cell transfer. At the heart of the specificity of these novel strategies is the recognition of target antigens presented by malignant cells to T cells. Here, we review the advances in systematic identification of minor histocompatibility antigens and neoantigens arising from personal somatic alterations or recurrent driver mutations. These exciting efforts pave the path for the implementation of personalized combinatorial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Smith CC, Selitsky SR, Chai S, Armistead PM, Vincent BG, Serody JS. Alternative tumour-specific antigens. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:465-478. [PMID: 31278396 PMCID: PMC6874891 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of tumour-specific antigens (TSAs) as targets for antitumour therapies has accelerated within the past decade. The most commonly studied class of TSAs are those derived from non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), or SNV neoantigens. However, to increase the repertoire of available therapeutic TSA targets, 'alternative TSAs', defined here as high-specificity tumour antigens arising from non-SNV genomic sources, have recently been evaluated. Among these alternative TSAs are antigens derived from mutational frameshifts, splice variants, gene fusions, endogenous retroelements and other processes. Unlike the patient-specific nature of SNV neoantigens, some alternative TSAs may have the advantage of being widely shared by multiple tumours, allowing for universal, off-the-shelf therapies. In this Opinion article, we will outline the biology, available computational tools, preclinical and/or clinical studies and relevant cancers for each alternative TSA class, as well as discuss both current challenges preventing the therapeutic application of alternative TSAs and potential solutions to aid in their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sara R Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Bioinformatics Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shengjie Chai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Armistead
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Program in Computational Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Program in Computational Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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13
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Eickhoff CS, Terry FE, Peng L, Meza KA, Sakala IG, Van Aartsen D, Moise L, Martin WD, Schriewer J, Buller RM, De Groot AS, Hoft DF. Highly conserved influenza T cell epitopes induce broadly protective immunity. Vaccine 2019; 37:5371-5381. [PMID: 31331771 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza world-wide causes significant morbidity and mortality annually, and more severe pandemics when novel strains evolve to which humans are immunologically naïve. Because of the high viral mutation rate, new vaccines must be generated based on the prevalence of circulating strains every year. New approaches to induce more broadly protective immunity are urgently needed. Previous research has demonstrated that influenza-specific T cells can provide broadly heterotypic protective immunity in both mice and humans, supporting the rationale for developing a T cell-targeted universal influenza vaccine. We used state-of-the art immunoinformatic tools to identify putative pan-HLA-DR and HLA-A2 supertype-restricted T cell epitopes highly conserved among > 50 widely diverse influenza A strains (representing hemagglutinin types 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9). We found influenza peptides that are highly conserved across influenza subtypes that were also predicted to be class I epitopes restricted by HLA-A2. These peptides were found to be immunoreactive in HLA-A2 positive but not HLA-A2 negative individuals. Class II-restricted T cell epitopes that were highly conserved across influenza subtypes were identified. Human CD4+ T cells were reactive with these conserved CD4 epitopes, and epitope expanded T cells were responsive to both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Dendritic cell vaccines pulsed with conserved epitopes and DNA vaccines encoding these epitopes were developed and tested in HLA transgenic mice. These vaccines were highly immunogenic, and more importantly, vaccine-induced immunity was protective against both H1N1 and H3N2 influenza challenges. These results demonstrate proof-of-principle that conserved T cell epitopes expressed by widely diverse influenza strains can induce broadly protective, heterotypic influenza immunity, providing strong support for further development of universally relevant multi-epitope T cell-targeting influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Eickhoff
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Frances E Terry
- EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI 02909, United States
| | - Linda Peng
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Krystal A Meza
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Daniel Van Aartsen
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI 02909, United States; University of Rhode Island, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - William D Martin
- EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI 02909, United States
| | - Jill Schriewer
- Saint Louis University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - R Mark Buller
- Saint Louis University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI 02909, United States; University of Rhode Island, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States; Saint Louis University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., Edward A. Doisy Research Center - 8th Floor, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States.
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14
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Massimino M, Stella S, Tirrò E, Romano C, Pennisi MS, Puma A, Manzella L, Zanghì A, Stagno F, Di Raimondo F, Vigneri P. Non ABL-directed inhibitors as alternative treatment strategies for chronic myeloid leukemia. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:56. [PMID: 29455672 PMCID: PMC5817805 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) has significantly improved the outcome of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients that, in large part, achieve satisfactory hematological, cytogenetic and molecular remissions. However, approximately 15-20% fail to obtain optimal responses according to the current European Leukemia Network recommendation because of drug intolerance or resistance.Moreover, a plethora of evidence suggests that Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) show BCR-ABL1-independent survival. Hence, they are unresponsive to TKIs, leading to disease relapse if pharmacological treatment is discontinued.All together, these biological events generate a subpopulation of CML patients in need of alternative therapeutic strategies to overcome TKI resistance or to eradicate LSCs in order to allow cure of the disease.In this review we update the role of "non ABL-directed inhibitors" targeting signaling pathways downstream of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein and describe immunological approaches activating specific T cell responses against CML cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Massimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Tirrò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Romano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Pennisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Puma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Zanghì
- Department of Surgical Medical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, 95123, Italy.
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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15
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Kalina JL, Neilson DS, Lin YY, Hamilton PT, Comber AP, Loy EMH, Sahinalp SC, Collins CC, Hach F, Lum JJ. Mutational Analysis of Gene Fusions Predicts Novel MHC Class I-Restricted T-Cell Epitopes and Immune Signatures in a Subset of Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7596-7607. [PMID: 28954787 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Gene fusions are frequently found in prostate cancer and may result in the formation of unique chimeric amino acid sequences (CASQ) that span the breakpoint of two fused gene products. This study evaluated the potential for fusion-derived CASQs to be a source of tumor neoepitopes, and determined their relationship to patterns of immune signatures in prostate cancer patients.Experimental Design: A computational strategy was used to identify CASQs and their corresponding predicted MHC class I epitopes using RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas of prostate tumors. In vitro peptide-specific T-cell expansion was performed to identify CASQ-reactive T cells. A multivariate analysis was used to relate patterns of in silico-predicted tumor-infiltrating immune cells with prostate tumors harboring these mutational events.Results: Eighty-seven percent of tumors contained gene fusions with a mean of 12 per tumor. In total, 41% of fusion-positive tumors were found to encode CASQs. Within these tumors, 87% gave rise to predicted MHC class I-binding epitopes. This observation was more prominent when patients were stratified into low- and intermediate/high-risk categories. One of the identified CASQ from the recurrent TMPRSS2:ERG type VI fusion contained several high-affinity HLA-restricted epitopes. These peptides bound HLA-A*02:01 in vitro and were recognized by CD8+ T cells. Finally, the presence of fusions and CASQs were associated with expression of immune cell infiltration.Conclusions: Mutanome analysis of gene fusion-derived CASQs can give rise to patient-specific predicted neoepitopes. Moreover, these fusions predicted patterns of immune cell infiltration within a subgroup of prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7596-607. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kalina
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - David S Neilson
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Yen-Yi Lin
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Phineas T Hamilton
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Alexandra P Comber
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Emma M H Loy
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - S Cenk Sahinalp
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Informatics & Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Faraz Hach
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. .,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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16
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Liu X, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Chen M, Zhao J, Wang M. Harness the synergy between targeted therapy and immunotherapy: what have we learned and where are we headed? Oncotarget 2017; 8:86969-86984. [PMID: 29156850 PMCID: PMC5689740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of imatinib for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, several oncogenic mutations have been identified in various malignancies that can serve as targets for therapy. More recently, a deeper insight into the mechanism of antitumor immunity and tumor immunoevasion have facilitated the development of novel immunotherapy agents. Certain targeted agents have the ability of inhibiting tumor growth without causing severe lymphocytopenia and amplifying antitumor immune response by increasing tumor antigenicity, enhancing intratumoral T cell infiltration, and altering the tumor immune microenvironment, which provides a rationale for combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy. Targeted therapy can elicit dramatic responses in selected patients by interfering with the tumor-intrinsic driver mutations. But in most cases, resistance will occur over a relatively short period of time. In contrast, immunotherapy can yield durable, albeit generally mild, responses in several tumor types via unleashing host antitumor immunity. Thus, combination approaches might be able to induce a rapid tumor regression and a prolonged duration of response. We examine the available evidence regarding immune effects of targeted therapy, and review preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, we discuss challenges of the combined therapy and highlight the need for continued translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Galati D, Zanotta S. Hematologic neoplasms: Dendritic cells vaccines in motion. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:181-190. [PMID: 28870867 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone-marrow-derived immune cells accounted for a key role in cancer vaccination as potent antigen-presenting cells within the immune system. Cancer microenvironment can modulate DCs maturation resulting in their accumulation into functional states associated with a reduced antitumor immune response. In this regard, a successful cancer vaccine needs to mount a potent antitumor immune response able to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. As a consequence, DCs-based approaches are a safe and promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy in hematological malignancies, particularly in combinations with additional treatments. This review summarizes the most significant evidence about the immunotherapeutic strategies performed to target hematologic neoplasms including the tumoral associated antigens (TAA) pulsed on DCs, whole tumor cell vaccines or leukemia-derived DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem-Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione 'G. Pascale', IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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18
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Patel AB, O'Hare T, Deininger MW. Mechanisms of Resistance to ABL Kinase Inhibition in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and the Development of Next Generation ABL Kinase Inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:589-612. [PMID: 28673390 PMCID: PMC5505321 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is increasingly viewed as a chronic illness; most patients have a life expectancy close to that of the general population. Despite progress made using BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), drug resistance via BCR-ABL1-dependent and BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms continues to be an issue. BCR-ABL1-dependent resistance is primarily mediated through oncoprotein kinase domain mutations and usually results in overt resistance to TKIs. However, BCR-ABL1-independent resistance in the setting of effective BCR-ABL1 inhibition is recognized as a major contributor to minimal residual disease. Efforts to eradicate persistent leukemic stem cells have focused on combination therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biological Availability
- Biomarkers
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Discovery
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami B Patel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Thomas O'Hare
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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19
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Pfirrmann M, Evtimova D, Saussele S, Castagnetti F, Cervantes F, Janssen J, Hoffmann VS, Gugliotta G, Hehlmann R, Hochhaus A, Hasford J, Baccarani M. No influence of BCR-ABL1 transcript types e13a2 and e14a2 on long-term survival: results in 1494 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:843-850. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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BCR-ABL-specific T-cell therapy in Ph+ ALL patients on tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Blood 2016; 129:582-586. [PMID: 27927646 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-731091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the emergence of bone marrow (BM)-resident p190BCR-ABL-specific T lymphocytes has been correlated with hematologic and cytogenetic remissions in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) undergoing maintenance tyrosine-kinase inhibitor treatment, little is known about the possibility of culturing these cells ex vivo and using them in T-cell therapy strategies. We investigated the feasibility of expanding/priming p190BCR-ABL-specific T cells in vitro by stimulation with dendritic cells pulsed with p190BCR-ABL peptides derived from the BCR-ABL junctional region and alternative splicing, and of adoptively administering them to patients with relapsed disease. We report on the feasibility of producing clinical-grade BCR-ABL-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), endowed with antileukemia activity, from Ph+ ALL patients and healthy donors. We treated 3 patients with Ph+ ALL with autologous or allogeneic p190BCR-ABL-specific CTLs. No postinfusion toxicity was observed, except for a grade II skin graft-versus-host disease in the patient treated for hematologic relapse. All patients achieved a molecular or hematologic complete remission (CR) after T-cell therapy, upon emergence of p190BCR-ABL-specific T cells in the BM. Our results show that p190BCR-ABL-specific CTLs are capable of controlling treatment-refractory Ph+ ALL in vivo, and support the development of adoptive immunotherapeutic approaches with BCR-ABL CTLs in Ph+ ALL.
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21
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Qazilbash MH, Wieder E, Thall PF, Wang X, Rios R, Lu S, Kanodia S, Ruisaard KE, Giralt SA, Estey EH, Cortes J, Komanduri KV, Clise-Dwyer K, Alatrash G, Ma Q, Champlin RE, Molldrem JJ. PR1 peptide vaccine induces specific immunity with clinical responses in myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 2016; 31:697-704. [PMID: 27654852 PMCID: PMC5332281 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PR1, an HLA-A2-restricted peptide derived from both proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase, is recognized on myeloid leukemia cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that preferentially kill leukemia and contribute to cytogenetic remission. To evaluate safety, immunogenicity and clinical activity of PR1 vaccination, a phase I/II trial was conducted. Sixty-six HLA-A2+ patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML: 42), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML: 13) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS: 11) received three to six PR1 peptide vaccinations, administered subcutaneously every 3 weeks at dose levels of 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg. Patients were randomized to the 3 dose levels after establishing the safety of the highest dose level. Primary endpoints were safety and immune response, assessed by doubling of PR1/HLA-A2 tetramer-specific CTL, and the secondary endpoint was clinical response. Immune responses were noted in 35 of 66 (53%) patients. Of the 53 evaluable patients with active disease, 12 (24%) had objective clinical responses (complete: 8, partial: 1 and hematological improvement: 3). PR1-specific immune response was seen in 9 of 25 clinical responders vs. 3 of 28 clinical non-responders (p=0.03). In conclusion, PR1 peptide vaccine induces specific immunity that correlates with clinical responses, including molecular remission, in AML, CML and MDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Wieder
- Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program and Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P F Thall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Rios
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Kanodia
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K E Ruisaard
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S A Giralt
- Department of Medicine, Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E H Estey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Cortes
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K V Komanduri
- Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program and Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Q Ma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J J Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Flörcken A, Kopp J, Kölsch U, Meisel C, Dörken B, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. DC generation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: Influence of interferons on DC yield and functional properties. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1117-23. [PMID: 26864050 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1132965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), standard treatment consists of modern tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI). Nevertheless, there is evidence that immune responses against leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) may play an important role in disease control. Dendritic cell (DC)- based immunotherapy is able to induce T cell responses against LAA and might therefore pose an interesting therapeutic option in CML, especially in the setting of minimal residual disease (MRD). GMP production of DC for clinical vaccination remains a time- and cost- intensive procedure and standardized DC generation is warranted. We asked whether maturation-induction with IFN-γ and IFN-α has an influence on functional properties of DC derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in CML patients. Monocyte-derived DC from healthy donors and from patients with CML were analyzed after maturation-induction with our TNF-α-containing standard cytokine cocktail with or without addition of IFN-α and/or IFN-γ. Our results confirm that the addition of IFN-γ leads to enhanced IL-12 secretion in healthy donors. In contrast, in CML patients, IFN-γ was not able to increase IL-12 secretion, possibly due to a higher degree of cell adherence and lower cell yield during the cell culture. Our data suggest, that- in contrast to healthy donors-, additional interferons are not beneficial for maturation induction during large-scale DC production in patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Flörcken
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Joachim Kopp
- c Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité- University Medicine, Campus Berlin-Buch , Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany.,d Institute of Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Antonio Pezzutto
- e Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jörg Westermann
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
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23
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24
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Induction of WT1-specific human CD8+ T cells from human HSCs in HLA class I Tg NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO mice. Blood 2015; 127:722-34. [PMID: 26702062 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-604777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of specific immune response against therapy-resistant tumor cells can potentially improve clinical outcomes in malignancies. To optimize immunotherapy in the clinic, we aimed to create an in vivo model enabling us to analyze human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against human malignancies. To this end, we developed NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO (NSG) mice expressing the HLA class I molecules HLA-A*0201 and A*2402. In the bone marrow (BM) and spleen of HLA class I transgenic (Tg) NSG mice transplanted with cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we found human memory CD8(+) T cells and antigen-presenting cells. To evaluate antigen-specific human CTL responses, we immunized HLA class I Tg NSG mice using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid mixed Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) peptides, with or without WT1 peptide-loaded autologous dendritic cells. After immunization, the frequencies of HLA-restricted WT1-specific CTLs increased significantly in the spleen. Next, we transplanted the WT1-specific T-cell receptor (WT1-TCR) gene-transduced human HSCs into HLA class I Tg NSG newborn mice. WT1 tetramer-positive CD8(+) T cells differentiated from WT1-TCR-transduced HSCs in the recipients' BM, spleen, and thymus. Upon stimulation with WT1 peptide in vitro, these CTLs produced interferon-γ and showed lytic activity against leukemia cells in an antigen-specific, HLA-restricted manner. HLA class I Tg NSG xenografts may serve as a preclinical model to develop effective immunotherapy against human malignancies.
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25
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Desrichard A, Snyder A, Chan TA. Cancer Neoantigens and Applications for Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:807-12. [PMID: 26515495 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapy have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Tumor-specific antigens that are generated by somatic mutation, neoantigens, can influence patient response to immunotherapy and contribute to tumor shrinkage. Recent evidence demonstrating the success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in boosting T-cell reactivity against patient-specific neoantigens constitutes a strong rationale for the development of personalized vaccines against these nonself peptides. With the decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing, peptide manufacturing, and improvement of in silico prediction of peptide immunogenicity, it is increasingly important to evaluate the potential use of neoantigens in both diagnosis and treatment. Specifically, these neoantigens could be useful both as predictors of immune checkpoint blockade therapy response and/or incorporated in therapeutic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Desrichard
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Bachireddy P, Burkhardt UE, Rajasagi M, Wu CJ. Haematological malignancies: at the forefront of immunotherapeutic innovation. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:201-15. [PMID: 25786696 PMCID: PMC4511812 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent successes of cancer immunotherapies have stimulated interest in the potential widespread application of these approaches; haematological malignancies have provided both initial proofs of concept and an informative testing ground for various immune-based therapeutics. The immune-cell origin of many of the blood malignancies provides a unique opportunity both to understand the mechanisms of cancer immune responsiveness and immune evasion, and to exploit these mechanisms for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bachireddy
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ute E. Burkhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohini Rajasagi
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Brusic A, Hainz U, Wadleigh M, Neuberg D, Su M, Canning CM, Deangelo DJ, Stone RM, Lee JS, Mulligan RC, Ritz J, Dranoff G, Sasada T, Wu CJ. Detecting T-cell reactivity to whole cell vaccines: Proof of concept analysis of T-cell response to K562 cell antigens in CML patients. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1095-1103. [PMID: 23170257 PMCID: PMC3494623 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL+ K562 cells hold clinical promise as a component of cancer vaccines, either as bystander cells genetically modified to express immunostimulatory molecules, or as a source of leukemia antigens. To develop a method for detecting T-cell reactivity against K562 cell-derived antigens in patients, we exploited the dendritic cell (DC)-mediated cross-presentation of proteins generated from apoptotic cells. We used UVB irradiation to consistently induce apoptosis of K562 cells, which were then fed to autologous DCs. These DCs were used to both stimulate and detect antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell reactivity. As proof-of-concept, we used cross-presented apoptotic influenza matrix protein-expressing K562 cells to elicit reactivity from matrix protein-reactive T cells. Likewise, we used this assay to detect increased anti-CML antigen T-cell reactivity in CML patients that attained long-lasting clinical remissions following immunotherapy (donor lymphocyte infusion), as well as in 2 of 3 CML patients vaccinated with lethally irradiated K562 cells that were modified to secrete high levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This methodology can be readily adapted to examine the effects of other whole tumor cell-based vaccines, a scenario in which the precise tumor antigens that stimulate immune responses are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Brusic
- Cancer Vaccine Center; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA USA ; Monash University; Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal bone marrow stem cell neoplasia known to be responsive to immunotherapy. Despite the success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the BCR-ABL1 oncokinase, patients are not considered to be cured with the current therapy modalities. However, there have been recent advancements in understanding the immunobiology of the disease (such as tumor specific antigens and immunostimulatory agents), and this may lead to the development of novel, curative treatment strategies. Already there are promising results showing that a small proportion of CML patients are able to discontinue the therapy although they have a minimal amount of residual leukemia cells left. This implies that the immune system is able to restrain the tumor cell expansion. In this review, we aim to give a brief update of the novel aspects of the immune system in CML patients and of the developing strategies for controlling CML by the means of immunotherapy.
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Garber HR, Mirza A, Mittendorf EA, Alatrash G. Adoptive T-cell therapy for Leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 26056592 PMCID: PMC4452065 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the most robust form of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and has been tremendously effective in the treatment of leukemia. It is one of the original forms of cancer immunotherapy and illustrates that lymphocytes can specifically recognize and eliminate aberrant, malignant cells. However, because of the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with alloSCT including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), refining the anti-leukemia immunity of alloSCT to target distinct antigens that mediate the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect could transform our approach to treating leukemia, and possibly other hematologic malignancies. Over the past few decades, many leukemia antigens have been discovered that can separate malignant cells from normal host cells and render them vulnerable targets. In concert, the field of T-cell engineering has matured to enable transfer of ectopic high-affinity antigen receptors into host or donor cells with greater efficiency and potency. Many preclinical studies have demonstrated that engineered and conventional T-cells can mediate lysis and eradication of leukemia via one or more leukemia antigen targets. This evidence now serves as a foundation for clinical trials that aim to cure leukemia using T-cells. The recent clinical success of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia displays the potential of this new therapeutic modality. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising leukemia antigens and the novel strategies that have been implemented for adoptive cellular immunotherapy of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. It is important to summarize the data for ACT of leukemia for physicians in-training and in practice and for investigators who work in this and related fields as there are recent discoveries already being translated to the patient setting and numerous accruing clinical trials. We primarily focus on ACT that has been used in the clinical setting or that is currently undergoing preclinical testing with a foreseeable clinical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven R Garber
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Asma Mirza
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Department Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
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Dong W, Zhang J, Shao N, Tian T, Li L, Jian J, Zang S, Ma D, Ji C. Development and immunological evaluation of HLA-specific chronic myeloid leukemia polyepitope vaccine in Chinese population. Vaccine 2014; 32:3501-8. [PMID: 24793940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCR/ABL and Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) are an ideal tumor associated antigens which can be used to develop a potential chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) dentritic cell (DC) vaccine. Here, we constructed a novel polyepitope vaccine which used recombinant lentiviral vector carrying BCR/ABL and WT1 genes, and determined the immunological effects of this vaccine in vitro. METHODS The DC vaccine was constructed using lentiviral vector transduced DCs. T lymphocytes were stimulated with DC vaccine and then co-cultured in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CML or ALL patients, respectively. The cytotoxicity of proliferous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was determined by the LDH assay. The IFN-γ production of CTLs was detected using ELISPOT assay. RESULTS We constructed an lentiviral vector encoding 50 different epitopes from BCR/ABL and WT1 antigens, and transferred it into DCs to prepare the DC vaccine successfully. The in vivo stimulation of CTLs with this DC vaccine were proved to show strong cytotoxicity and produce high level of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS The novel recombinant lentiviral polyepitope DC vaccine is a promising candidate for clinical trials and may be an effective approach for CML immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dong
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Shao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jimo Jian
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaolei Zang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Casalegno-Garduño R, Schmitt A, Schmitt M. Clinical peptide vaccination trials for leukemia patients. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:785-99. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bocchia M, Defina M, Aprile L, Sicuranza A. Peptide vaccines for hematological malignancies: a missed promise? Int J Hematol 2014; 99:107-16. [PMID: 24399190 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial aid that newly developed target therapies are providing to chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, the cure for many hematological malignancies is still an unmet need. Although available therapies are able to induce an effective debulking of the tumor, most of the time, an insidious minimal residual disease survives current treatments and it is responsible for an immediate or delayed relapse. Peptide-derived antitumor vaccines have been developed with the idea that an artificially "educated" immune system may exert an active specific antitumor response able to control and ultimately eradicate underlying post-treatment residual disease. This review will summarize current knowledge of peptide vaccines for hematological malignancies, trying to analyze promises and pitfalls of a safe and intelligent tool that after many years from its first appearance has not yet established its potential role as alternative immune mediated therapeutic approach for hematopoietic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bocchia
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy,
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Valencia-Serna J, Gul-Uludağ H, Mahdipoor P, Jiang X, Uludağ H. Investigating siRNA delivery to chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells with lipophilic polymers for therapeutic BCR-ABL down-regulation. J Control Release 2013; 172:495-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors impair B-cell immune responses in CML through off-target inhibition of kinases important for cell signaling. Blood 2013; 122:227-38. [PMID: 23719297 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-465039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have significant off-target multikinase inhibitory effects. We aimed to study the impact of TKIs on the in vivo B-cell response to vaccination. Cellular and humoral responses to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines were evaluated in 51 chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on imatinib, or second-line dasatinib and nilotinib, and 24 controls. Following vaccination, CML patients on TKI had significant impairment of IgM humoral response to pneumococcus compared with controls (IgM titer 79.0 vs 200 U/mL, P = .0006), associated with significantly lower frequencies of peripheral blood IgM memory B cells. To elucidate whether CML itself or treatment with TKI was responsible for the impaired humoral response, we assessed memory B-cell subsets in paired samples collected before and after imatinib therapy. Treatment with imatinib was associated with significant reductions in IgM memory B cells. In vitro coincubation of B cells with plasma from CML patients on TKI or with imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and indirectly its downstream substrate, phospholipase-C-γ2, both important in B-cell signaling and survival. These data indicate that TKIs, through off-target inhibition of kinases important in B-cell signaling, reduce memory B-cell frequencies and induce significant impairment of B-cell responses in CML.
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Linn YC, Yong HX, Niam M, Lim TJ, Chu S, Choong A, Chuah C, Goh YT, Hwang W, Loh Y, Ng HJ, Suck G, Chan M, Koh M. A phase I/II clinical trial of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells as adjuvant immunotherapy for acute and chronic myeloid leukemia in clinical remission. Cytotherapy 2013; 14:851-9. [PMID: 22799277 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.694419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have shown remarkable cytotoxicity against various tumors in vitro and in animal studies. We report on the clinical outcome of autologous CIK cells for patients with acute (AML) and chronic (CML) myeloid leukemia in remission. METHODS Eleven of the 13 recruited AML patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant (autoPBSCT) were given autologous CIK cell infusion upon engraftment post-transplant and followed-up for disease relapse. Eleven CML patients on Imatinib with residual disease detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were given infusion and monitored by quantitation of the bcr-abl transcript. RESULTS Despite the presence of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T cells against various AML- and CML-associated peptides at sporadic time-points and demonstration of in vitro cytotoxicity of CIK cells against autologous and allogeneic AML targets, there was no survival benefit in AML patients post-autoPBSCT given CIK cells compared with historical controls. For CML patients, all continued to have a detectable bcr-abl transcript fluctuating within a range comparable to their pre-treatment baseline, although two had a transient but non-sustainable disappearance of bcr-abl transcript. There were no adverse reactions except for fever within the first day of infusion. CONCLUSIONS Our small series, while confirming safety, failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit of autologous CIK cells given in its current form for AML and CML. Further manipulation of CIK cells to improve anti-leukemic potency and specificity, together with the preparation of patients to create a more conducive milieu for in vivo expansion and persistence of infused CIK cells, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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Lin C, Li Y. The role of peptide and DNA vaccines in myeloid leukemia immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23394714 PMCID: PMC3571936 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy and targeted therapy are successful in inducing the remission of myeloid leukemia as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the disease remains largely incurable. This observation is likely due to the drug resistance of leukemic cells, which are responsible for disease relapse. Myeloid leukemia vaccines may most likely be beneficial for eradicating minimal residual disease after treatment with chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Several targeted immunotherapies using leukemia vaccines have been heavily investigated in clinical and preclinical trials. This review will focus on peptides and DNA vaccines in the context of myeloid leukemias, and optimal strategies for enhancing the efficacy of vaccines based on myeloid leukemia immunization are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Identification of a novel p190-derived breakpoint Peptide suitable for Peptide vaccine therapeutic approach in ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012. [PMID: 23198152 PMCID: PMC3505930 DOI: 10.1155/2012/150651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is a high-risk acute leukemia with poor prognosis, in which the specific t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation results in a chimeric bcr-abl (e1a2 breakpoint) and in a 190 KD protein (p190) with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. The advent of first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) improved the short-term outcome of Ph+ ALL patients not eligible for allo-SCT; yet disease recurrence is almost inevitable. Peptides derived from p190-breakpoint area are leukemia-specific antigens that may mediate an antitumor response toward p190+ leukemia cells. We identified one peptide named p190-13 able to induce in vitro peptide-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in Ph+ ALL patients in complete remission during TKIs. Thus this peptide appears a good candidate for developing an immune target vaccine strategy possibly synergizing with TKIs for remission maintenance.
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Zhang M, Sukhumalchandra P, Enyenihi AA, St John LS, Hunsucker SA, Mittendorf EA, Sergeeva A, Ruisaard K, Al-Atrache Z, Ropp PA, Jakher H, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Lizee G, Clise-Dwyer K, Lu S, Molldrem JJ, Glish GL, Armistead PM, Alatrash G. A novel HLA-A*0201 restricted peptide derived from cathepsin G is an effective immunotherapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:247-57. [PMID: 23147993 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy targeting aberrantly expressed leukemia-associated antigens has shown promise in the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, because of the heterogeneity and clonal evolution that is a feature of myeloid leukemia, targeting single peptide epitopes has had limited success, highlighting the need for novel antigen discovery. In this study, we characterize the role of the myeloid azurophil granule protease cathepsin G (CG) as a novel target for AML immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used Immune Epitope Database and in vitro binding assays to identify immunogenic epitopes derived from CG. Flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and confocal microscopy were used to characterize the expression and processing of CG in AML patient samples, leukemia stem cells, and normal neutrophils. Cytotoxicity assays determined the susceptibility of AML to CG-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Dextramer staining and cytokine flow cytometry were conducted to characterize the immune response to CG in patients. RESULTS CG was highly expressed and ubiquitinated in AML blasts, and was localized outside granules in compartments that facilitate antigen presentation. We identified five HLA-A*0201 binding nonameric peptides (CG1-CG5) derived from CG, and showed immunogenicity of the highest HLA-A*0201 binding peptide, CG1. We showed killing of primary AML by CG1-CTL, but not normal bone marrow. Blocking HLA-A*0201 abrogated CG1-CTL-mediated cytotoxicity, further confirming HLA-A*0201-dependent killing. Finally, we showed functional CG1-CTLs in peripheral blood from AML patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSION CG is aberrantly expressed and processed in AML and is a novel immunotherapeutic target that warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Zhang
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Surgical Oncology, and Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Cai A, Keskin DB, DeLuca DS, Alonso A, Zhang W, Zhang GL, Hammond NN, Nardi V, Stone RM, Neuberg D, Sidney J, Brusic V, Wu CJ. Mutated BCR-ABL generates immunogenic T-cell epitopes in CML patients. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5761-72. [PMID: 22912393 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterization of an approach to identify leukemia neoantigens arising in the context of drug resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We assessed whether leukemia neoantigens could be generated from drug-resistant mutations in BCR-ABL after imatinib relapse in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). RESULTS We computationally predicted that approximately 70 peptides derived from 26 BCR-ABL mutations would bind eight common alleles of MHC class I (IC(50) < 1,000 nmol/L). Seven of nine imatinib-resistant CML patients were predicted to generate at least 1 peptide that binds autologous HLA alleles. We predicted and confirmed that an E255K mutation-derived peptide would bind HLA-A3 with high affinity (IC(50) = 28 nmol/L), and showed that this peptide is endogenously processed and presented. Polyfunctional E255K-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in two imatinib-resistant HLA-A3+ CML patients concurrent with an effective anti-CML response to further therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro studies support the hypothesis that leukemia-driven genetic alterations are targeted by the immune system in association with a clinical response, and suggest the possibility of immunizing relapsed patients with CML against newly acquired tumor neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Cai
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kawaguchi S, Tsukahara T, Ida K, Kimura S, Murase M, Kano M, Emori M, Nagoya S, Kaya M, Torigoe T, Ueda E, Takahashi A, Ishii T, Tatezaki SI, Toguchida J, Tsuchiya H, Osanai T, Sugita T, Sugiura H, Ieguchi M, Ihara K, Hamada KI, Kakizaki H, Morii T, Yasuda T, Tanizawa T, Ogose A, Yabe H, Yamashita T, Sato N, Wada T. SYT-SSX breakpoint peptide vaccines in patients with synovial sarcoma: a study from the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1625-30. [PMID: 22726592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the safety and effectiveness of SYT-SSX-derived peptide vaccines in patients with advanced synovial sarcoma. A 9-mer peptide spanning the SYT-SSX fusion region (B peptide) and its HLA-A*2402 anchor substitute (K9I) were synthesized. In Protocols A1 and A2, vaccines with peptide alone were administered subcutaneously six times at 14-day intervals. The B peptide was used in Protocol A1, whereas the K9I peptide was used in Protocol A2. In Protocols B1 and B2, the peptide was mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant and then administered subcutaneously six times at 14-day intervals. In addition, interferon-α was injected subcutaneously on the same day and again 3 days after the vaccination. The B peptide and K9I peptide were used in Protocols B1 and B2, respectively. In total, 21 patients (12 men, nine women; mean age 43.6 years) were enrolled in the present study. Each patient had multiple metastatic lesions of the lung. Thirteen patients completed the six-injection vaccination schedule. One patient developed intracerebral hemorrhage after the second vaccination. Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests were negative in all patients. Nine patients showed a greater than twofold increase in the frequency of CTLs in tetramer analysis. Recognized disease progression occurred in all but one of the nine patients in Protocols A1 and A2. In contrast, half the 12 patients had stable disease during the vaccination period in Protocols B1 and B2. Of note, one patient showed transient shrinkage of a metastatic lesion. The response of the patients to the B protocols is encouraging and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawaguchi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
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O'Hare T, Zabriskie MS, Eiring AM, Deininger MW. Pushing the limits of targeted therapy in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:513-26. [PMID: 22825216 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy targeting the BCR-ABL1 kinase is effective against chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), but is not curative for most patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is thought to reside in TKI-insensitive leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) that are not fully addicted to BCR-ABL1. Recent conceptual advances in both CML biology and therapeutic intervention have increased the potential for the elimination of CML cells, including LSCs, through simultaneous inhibition of BCR-ABL1 and other newly identified, crucial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O'Hare
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Abstract
Targeted small-molecule drugs have revolutionized treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the last decade. These agents interrupt a constitutively active BCR-ABL, the causative agent for CML, by interfering with adenosine 5' triphosphate-dependent ABL tyrosine kinase. Although the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has resulted in overall survival of greater than 90%, TKIs are not curative. Moreover, no currently approved TKIs are effective against the T315I BCR-ABL variant. However, a new generation of TKIs with activity against T315I is on the horizon. We will highlight the clinical utility of historical CML therapeutics, those used today (first- and second-generation TKIs), and discuss treatment modalities that are under development. Recent advances have illuminated the complexity of CML, especially within the marrow microenvironment. We contend that the key to curing CML will involve strategies beyond targeting BCR-ABL because primitive human CML stem cells are not dependent on BCR-ABL. Ultimately, drug combinations or exploiting synthetic lethality may transform responses into definitive cures for CML.
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43
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Rohon P. Biological therapy and the immune system in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:1-9. [PMID: 22661045 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of hematopoietic stem cells that has been recognized as a disease responsive to immunotherapy. Despite the huge success of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), CML remains for the most part incurable, probably due to treatment resistance of leukemic stem cells, which are responsible for rapid disease relapse after discontinuation of therapy. Only allogeneic stem cell transplantation enables disease eradication. In addition to the Bcr-Abl1 oncoprotein, TKIs also inhibit off-target kinases (e.g. c-kit, Src, Tec), some of them having physiological functions in immune responses. In vitro studies have implied immunomodulatory effects of TKIs and interferon-alpha (IFN-α), but comprehensive information from in vivo analyses is missing. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of immunology of CML, including basic information about leukemia-associated antigens and peptide vaccines, that could lead to the incorporation of TKIs and IFN-α in future therapeutic, potentially curative, interventions for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rohon
- University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Breccia M, Alimena G. How to treat CML patients in the tyrosine kinase inhibitors era? From imatinib standard dose to second generation drugs front-line: unmet needs, pitfalls and advantages. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:127-32. [PMID: 22450750 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib has revolutionized treatment strategies for chronic myeloid leukemia patients: long-term overall survival was reported to be up to 80% at 8 years of follow-up in respondent patients. Despite the straightforward results obtained, it has been estimated a failure rate per year of 2-4%. Several attempts to improve response have been made with high-dose of imatinib and with combination of standard dose with interferon, but both failed to ameliorate cytogenetic and molecular responses and long-term event-free and overall survival and no advantages were reported in high-risk patients. The introduction of second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical practice allowed to rescue more than 50% of patients resistant or intolerant to imatinib. Both dasatinib and nilotinib were tested as single agent in first-line and then tested against imatinib standard dose: the results of phases II and III trials showed early and maintained complete cytogenetic response, rapid reduction of molecular burden and significant reduction of progression rate. At the present time, after FDA approval of both agents in first-line, several points of discussion are still unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Breccia
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The successful identification of a range of leukaemia-specific and lymphoma-specific antigens in recent years has stimulated efforts to develop therapeutic vaccination strategies. A number of clinical trials have established the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination against tumour antigens, although there are limited data on the clinical efficacy of this approach in haematological malignancies. After encouraging results of phase I/II trials using idiotype vaccines in lymphoma, the outcome of the three phase III trials has been somewhat disappointing. Several other promising strategies are currently being developed to improve these results, including optimization of antigen delivery. In myeloid leukaemias, clinical trials of vaccination with peptides derived from a number of leukaemia antigens, including WT1, PR1, RHAMM and BCR-ABL, have shown evidence of immunogenicity, but limited data are available on the clinical efficacy of this approach. In this review, we focus on the results of clinical trials of vaccination in leukaemia and lymphoma, and discuss potential strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.
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46
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Kreutzman A, Rohon P, Faber E, Indrak K, Juvonen V, Kairisto V, Voglová J, Sinisalo M, Flochová E, Vakkila J, Arstila P, Porkka K, Mustjoki S. Chronic myeloid leukemia patients in prolonged remission following interferon-α monotherapy have distinct cytokine and oligoclonal lymphocyte profile. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23022. [PMID: 21857985 PMCID: PMC3153480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), interferon-alpha (IFN-α) was the treatment of choice in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Curiously, some IFN-α treated patients were able to discontinue therapy without disease progression. The aim of this project was to study the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-α in CML patients in prolonged remission and isolate biological markers predicting response. Due to rarity of patients on IFN-α monotherapy, a relatively small cohort of patients still on treatment (IFN-ON, n = 10, median therapy duration 11.8 years) or had discontinued IFN-α therapy but remained in remission for >2 years (IFN-OFF, n = 9) were studied. The lymphocyte immunophenotype was analyzed with a comprehensive flow cytometry panel and plasma cytokine levels were measured with multiplex bead-based assay. In addition, the clonality status of different lymphocyte subpopulations was analyzed by TCR γ/δ rearrangement assay. Median NK-cell absolute number and proportion from lymphocytes in blood was higher in IFN-OFF patients as compared to IFN-ON patients or controls (0.42, 0.19, 0.21×109/L; 26%, 12%, 11%, respectively, p<0.001). The proportion of CD8+ T-cells was significantly increased in both patient groups and a larger proportion of T-cells expressed CD45RO. Most (95%) patients had significant numbers of oligoclonal lymphocytes characterized by T-cell receptor γ/δ rearrangements. Strikingly, in the majority of patients (79%) a distinct clonal Vγ9 gene rearrangement was observed residing in γδ+ T-cell population. Similar unique clonality pattern was not observed in TKI treated CML patients. Plasma eotaxin and MCP-1 cytokines were significantly increased in IFN-OFF patients. Despite the limited number of patients, our data indicates that IFN-α treated CML patients in remission have increased numbers of NK-cells and clonal γδ+ T-cells and a unique plasma cytokine profile. These factors may relate to anti-leukemic effects of IFN-α in this specific group of patients and account for prolonged therapy responses even after drug discontinuation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Remission Induction
- Time Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutzman
- Hematology Research Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Rohon
- Hematology Research Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar Faber
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Indrak
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vesa Juvonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and TYKSLAB, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli Kairisto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and TYKSLAB, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaroslava Voglová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marjatta Sinisalo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emília Flochová
- Department of Hematology and Transfusiology, University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Jukka Vakkila
- Hematology Research Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petteri Arstila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Porkka
- Hematology Research Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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47
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Alatrash G, Molldrem JJ. Vaccines as consolidation therapy for myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 4:37-50. [PMID: 21322777 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for myeloid leukemias remains a cornerstone in the management of this highly aggressive group of malignancies. Allogeneic (allo) stem cell transplantation (SCT), which can be curative in acute and chronic myeloid leukemias, exemplifies the success of immunotherapy for cancer management. However, because of its nonspecific immune response against normal tissue, allo-SCT is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, secondary to graft-versus-host disease, which can occur in up to 50% of allo-SCT recipients. Targeted immunotherapy using leukemia vaccines has been heavily investigated, as these vaccines elicit specific immune responses against leukemia cells while sparing normal tissue. Peptide and cellular vaccines have been developed against tumor-specific and leukemia-associated self-antigens. Although not yet considered the standard of care, leukemia vaccines continue to show promising results in the management of the myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 900, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Maggio R, Peragine N, De Propris MS, Vitale A, Elia L, Calabrese E, Della Starza I, Intoppa S, Milani ML, Guarini A, Foà R. Immunocompetent cell functions in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients on prolonged Imatinib maintenance treatment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:599-607. [PMID: 21240485 PMCID: PMC11029509 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (Imatinib) is a potent inhibitor of defined tyrosine kinases and is effectively used for the treatment of malignancies characterized by the constitutive activation of these tyrosine kinases, such as Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Suppressive as well as stimulating effects of this drug on T lymphocytes or dendritic cells (DC), which play a major role in immune tumor surveillance, have been reported. For this reason, we questioned whether Imatinib could also affect the phenotypic and functional properties of these subpopulations in Ph(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients on prolonged Imatinib maintenance treatment. Circulating T lymphocytes and NK cells from Imatinib-treated Ph(+) ALL patients showed a subset distribution comparable to that of healthy donors. In addition, T-cell immunomodulant cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and proliferative responses were not impaired. A normal monocyte-derived DC differentiation and apoptotic body loading capacity was also observed in the majority of Imatinib-treated patients. In contrast, an impairment in the DC intracellular production of IL-12 was recorded, although this was not observed when normal DC were exposed in vitro to Imatinib. Finally, in vivo Imatinib treatment did not affect the T-lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production induced by leukemic apoptotic body-loaded DC, underling the potential capability of these cells to generate a specific immune response against tumoral antigens. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that immunotherapeutic approaches aimed at controlling residual disease in Ph(+) ALL patients in hematologic remission are not jeopardized by the long-term administration of Imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maggio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Peragine
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania De Propris
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Vitale
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Elia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Calabrese
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Della Starza
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Intoppa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Milani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Guarini
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
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49
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Bleakley M, Riddell SR. Exploiting T cells specific for human minor histocompatibility antigens for therapy of leukemia. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:396-407. [PMID: 21301477 PMCID: PMC3061548 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility (H) antigens are major targets of a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect mediated by donor CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) between human leukocyte antigen identical individuals. In the 15 years since the first molecular characterization of human minor H antigens, significant strides in minor H antigen discovery have been made as a consequence of advances in cellular, genetic and molecular techniques. Much has been learned about the mechanisms of minor H antigen immunogenicity, their expression on normal and malignant cells, and their role in GVL responses. T cells specific for minor H antigens expressed on leukemic cells, including leukemic stem cells, can be isolated and expanded in vitro and infused into allogeneic HCT recipients to augment the GVL effect to prevent and treat relapse. The first report of the adoptive transfer of minor H antigen-specific T-cell clones to patients with leukemic relapse in 2010 illustrates the potential for the manipulation of alloreactivity for therapeutic benefit. This review describes the recent developments in T-cell recognition of human minor H antigens, and efforts to translate these discoveries to reduce leukemia relapse after allogeneic HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bleakley
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-981024, USA.
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50
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Cortes J, Hochhaus A, Hughes T, Kantarjian H. Front-line and salvage therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other treatments in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:524-31. [PMID: 21220597 PMCID: PMC4979134 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been a model disease in the development of targeted therapies. After nearly 40 years of the recognition of the chromosomal abnormality that defines CML, specific therapy was developed, initially with imatinib mesylate, which has transformed our treatment algorithms and has changed the natural history of the disease. Today, most patients have the expectation of a favorable outcome when treated with standard-dose imatinib. However, a significant proportion of patients do not achieve the optimal desirable outcome. Effective salvage therapy followed the recognition of some of the most common mechanisms of resistance. More recently, the focus has turned to new areas of research and medical need, such as improving the front-line therapy to minimize the risk of resistance, to fight the most resistant mutant forms of BCR-ABL, and to eliminate minimal residual disease with the goal of achieving total elimination of the disease and treatment discontinuation. In this review, we analyze the current status of therapy of CML, and we discuss some of the most relevant clinical questions that we face today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 428, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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