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Detection of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef: Evaluation of Contamination Levels in Butcheries of The Metropolitan Zone in Asuncion, Paraguay. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kalule JB, Keddy KH, Smith A, Nicol MP, Robberts L. Development of a real-time PCR assay and comparison to CHROMagar TM STEC to screen for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in stool, Cape Town, South Africa. Afr J Lab Med 2017; 6:609. [PMID: 29435423 PMCID: PMC5803521 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v6i1.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an emerging infectious pathogen which could lead to haemolytic uremic syndrome. Even though previous studies have compared the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Europe, no study has been done to assess its performance on African isolates. Objectives This project aimed to validate and test an in-house-developed duplex real-time PCR and use it as a reference standard to determine the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC on African isolates from diarrhoeic stool samples. Methods This study evaluated STEC diagnostic technology on African isolates. An in-house-developed duplex real-time PCR assay for detection of stx1 and stx2 was validated and tested on diarrhoeic stool samples and then used as a reference standard to assess the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC. Real-time PCR was used to screen for stx in tryptic soy broth and the suspected STEC isolates, while conventional PCR was used to detect the other virulence genes possessed by the isolates. Results The real-time PCR limit of detection was 5.3 target copies/μL of broth. The mean melting temperature on melt-curve analysis for detection of stx1 was 58.2 °C and for stx2 was 65.3 °C. Of 226 specimens screened, real-time PCR detected stx in 14 specimens (6.2%, 95% confidence interval = 3.43% - 10.18%). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the CHROMagarTMSTEC were 33.3%, 77.4%, 95.3% and 11.3%. Conclusions The in-house developed real-time PCR assay is a sensitive and specific option for laboratory detection of STEC as compared to CHROMagarTMSTEC in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Kalule
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Center for Enteric Disease Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthony Smith
- Center for Enteric Disease Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lourens Robberts
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Seidu R, Abubakari A, Dennis IA, Heistad A, Stenstrom TA, Larbi JA, Abaidoo RC. A probabilistic assessment of the contribution of wastewater-irrigated lettuce to Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection risk and disease burden in Kumasi, Ghana. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:217-29. [PMID: 25719481 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater use for vegetable production is widespread across the cities of many developing countries. Studies on the microbial health risks associated with the practice have largely depended on faecal indicator organisms with potential underestimation or overestimation of the microbial health risks and disease burdens. This study assessed the Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection risk and diarrhoeal disease burden measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with the consumption of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Kumasi, Ghana using data on E. coli O157:H7 in ready-to-harvest, wastewater-irrigated lettuce. Two exposure scenarios - best case and worst case - associated with a single consumption of wastewater-irrigated lettuce were assessed. The assessment revealed wastewater-irrigated lettuce is contributing to the transmission of E. coli O157:H7 in Kumasi, Ghana. The mean E. coli O157:H7 infection risk and DALYs in the wet and dry seasons, irrespective of the exposure scenario, were above the World Health Organization tolerable daily infection risk of 2.7 × 10⁻⁷ per person per day and 10⁻⁶ DALYs per person per year. It is recommended that legislation with clear monitoring indicators and penalties is implemented to ensure that farmers and food sellers fully implement risk mitigating measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razak Seidu
- Water Sanitation Engineering and Health Group, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway E-mail: ; Water and Wastewater Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ålesund University College, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Amina Abubakari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Amoah Dennis
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Arve Heistad
- Water Sanitation Engineering and Health Group, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway E-mail:
| | - Thor Axel Stenstrom
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - John A Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Robert C Abaidoo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Profitós JMH, Mouhaman A, Lee S, Garabed R, Moritz M, Piperata B, Tien J, Bisesi M, Lee J. Muddying the waters: a new area of concern for drinking water contamination in Cameroon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:12454-72. [PMID: 25464137 PMCID: PMC4276624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111212454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In urban Maroua, Cameroon, improved drinking water sources are available to a large majority of the population, yet this water is frequently distributed through informal distribution systems and stored in home containers (canaries), leaving it vulnerable to contamination. We assessed where contamination occurs within the distribution system, determined potential sources of environmental contamination, and investigated potential pathogens. Gastrointestinal health status (785 individuals) was collected via health surveys. Drinking water samples were collected from drinking water sources and canaries. Escherichia coli and total coliform levels were evaluated and molecular detection was performed to measure human-associated faecal marker, HF183; tetracycline-resistance gene, tetQ; Campylobacter spp.; and Staphylococcus aureus. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between microbial contamination and gastrointestinal illness. Canari samples had higher levels of contamination than source samples. HF183 and tetQ were detected in home and source samples. An inverse relationship was found between tetQ and E. coli. Presence of tetQ with lower E. coli levels increased the odds of reported diarrhoeal illness than E. coli levels alone. Further work is warranted to better assess the relationship between antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and other pathogens in micro-ecosystems within canaries and this relationship’s impact on drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arabi Mouhaman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua BP 46, Far North Region, Cameroon.
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Barbara Piperata
- Department of Anthropology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joe Tien
- Department of Mathematics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Michael Bisesi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Rohmer L, Jacobs MA, Brittnacher MJ, Fong C, Hayden HS, Hocquet D, Weiss EJ, Radey M, Germani Y, Talukder KA, Hager AJ, Kemner JM, Sims-Day EH, Matamouros S, Hager KR, Miller SI. Genomic analysis of the emergence of 20th century epidemic dysentery. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:355. [PMID: 24886041 PMCID: PMC4038718 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1) causes recurrent epidemics of dysentery associated with high mortality in many regions of the world. Sd1 infects humans at very low infectious doses (10 CFU), and treatment is complicated by the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistant Sd1 strains. Sd1 is only detected in the context of human infections, and the circumstances under which epidemics emerge and regress remain unknown. Results Phylogenomic analyses of 56 isolates collected worldwide over the past 60 years indicate that the Sd1 clone responsible for the recent pandemics emerged at the turn of the 20th century, and that the two world wars likely played a pivotal role for its dissemination. Several lineages remain ubiquitous and their phylogeny indicates several recent intercontinental transfers. Our comparative genomics analysis reveals that isolates responsible for separate outbreaks, though closely related to one another, have independently accumulated antibiotic resistance genes, suggesting that there is little or no selection to retain these genes in-between outbreaks. The genomes appear to be subjected to genetic drift that affects a number of functions currently used by diagnostic tools to identify Sd1, which could lead to the potential failure of such tools. Conclusions Taken together, the Sd1 population structure and pattern of evolution suggest a recent emergence and a possible human carrier state that could play an important role in the epidemic pattern of infections of this human-specific pathogen. This analysis highlights the important role of whole-genome sequencing in studying pathogens for which epidemiological or laboratory investigations are particularly challenging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-355) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Rohmer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:822-80. [PMID: 24092857 PMCID: PMC3811233 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.
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Flores-Villaseñor H, Canizalez-Román A, Velazquez-Roman J, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Leon-Sicairos N. Protective effects of lactoferrin chimera and bovine lactoferrin in a mouse model of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:405-11. [PMID: 22332993 DOI: 10.1139/o11-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice orally infected with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 were used to evaluate the activity of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and the synthetic peptide LFchimera. Groups of BALB/c mice inoculated intragastrically with EHEC O157:H7 showed chronic intestinal infection with the pathogen that persisted over 6 days and resulted in a high mortality rate (90%). LFchimera and kanamycin significantly decreased (40%) this mortality rate (P = 0.028). On the other hand, although mice administered with bLF showed an important reduction in mortality (50%), this was not statistically significant (P = 0.070). In infected and untreated mice, severe tubular necrosis, glomerular lesions, and moderate intratubular hyaline casts were found in the kidney. However, in the bLF and LFchimera groups we found a reduction in the damage and a substantial decrease in the bacterial concentration excreted in feces 48 h after infection. Furthermore, sepsis caused by EHEC was reduced by the treatments, evidenced by the fact that bacteria were not detected in the kidney or liver 72 h after infection. The results suggest the bLF and LFchimera could have potential as therapeutics in EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Flores-Villaseñor
- Programa Regional para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Sinaloa, México
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Prevalence and characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from meat and meat products sold in Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:173-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Adachi JA, Barriga J, Ericsson CD. Bacterial gut infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 12:459-66. [PMID: 17035812 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199910000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the bowel as a result of bacterial enteropathogens are one of the most common medical problems. The use of novel molecular biology techniques and the recent development of new antimicrobial drugs and vaccines are helping us to identify, understand, treat and prevent these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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LeBreton M, Umlauf S, Djoko CF, Daszak P, Burke DS, Kwenkam PY, Wolfe ND. Rift Valley fever in goats, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:702-3. [PMID: 16715582 PMCID: PMC3294709 DOI: 10.3201/eid1204.051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Umlauf
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyrille F. Djoko
- Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Peter Daszak
- Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Koyange L, Ollivier G, Muyembe JJ, Kebela B, Gouali M, Germani Y. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, Kinshasa. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:968-9. [PMID: 15216857 PMCID: PMC3323201 DOI: 10.3201/eid1005.031034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Koyange
- Institut National de la Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gaelle Ollivier
- Ambassade de France, Kinshasa Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de la Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benoit Kebela
- Ministère de la Santé, Kinshasa Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Malika Gouali
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Mossoro C, Glaziou P, Yassibanda S, Lan NTP, Bekondi C, Minssart P, Bernier C, Le Bouguénec C, Germani Y. Chronic diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with HEp-2 adherent Escherichia coli in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangui, Central African Republic. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3086-8. [PMID: 12149388 PMCID: PMC120615 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.8.3086-3088.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2002] [Revised: 03/21/2002] [Accepted: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults from the Central African Republic, the occurrence of chronic diarrhea due to HEp-2 adherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) harboring virulence markers (eaeA, BFP, EAF, astA determinant of EAST/1, positive FAS test, enteropathogenic E. coli O serogroup) was shown to be associated with AIDS. We also show that EAEC that produce verotoxin (Stx2) but do not harbor the genetic markers for classical enterohemorrhagic E. coli are involved in hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in patients with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mossoro
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses Opportunistes, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Central African Republic
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Gŭrcheva L, Nikolov A, Gŭrchev E, Dimitrov A. [Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from umbilical cord blood]. AKUSHERSTVO I GINEKOLOGIIA 2002; 42:16-8. [PMID: 11799749 DOI: 10.3201/eid0801.010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood transplantation has many potential advantages over Bone Marrow Transplantation using other donor sources to patients in need of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Collecting of Umbilical cord blood is a technically simple procedure that poses no foreseeable health risks to the mother or the fetus. The results achieved during the last 10 years of the European Transplantation Centers define this new technology as vanguard and perspective, alternative treatment of the patients obtained oncological disorders.
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Abstract
E. coli O157:H7 can cause potentially lethal illness in hosts of all ages. These patients often are evaluated and treated by gastroenterologists. The treating physician should administer adequate hydration, usually parenterally, and avoid the use of antibiotics and antimotility agents. The physician needs to notify immediately the appropriate public health authorities of the diagnosis and to ensure that the isolate is recovered by the microbiologist and forwarded for molecular linkage analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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