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López-Ortiz E, Altamirano JM, Romero-Henríquez LF, López-Ortiz G. Characterization of Homicides in Mexico: Analysis of 2015-2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:617. [PMID: 38791831 PMCID: PMC11121517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, homicides are the leading cause of death among men aged 15 to 44 years; however, despite their increase in recent decades, the study of this issue is insufficient, given its magnitude and impact. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns and associated factors of homicides in Mexico from 2015 to 2022. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing death records from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography's general mortality databases. Simple frequencies and incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants by sex, year, and state of the Mexican Republic were calculated. Mortality was evaluated by age groups and geographic areas, and bivariate logistic regression models with sociodemographic variables were performed. RESULTS Records of 229,182 homicides in Mexico were analyzed, with a median age of 33 years, interquartile range 18. A total of 203,898 (88.96%) were men and 25,284 (11.04%) were women. The majority of deaths occurred in public places and were caused by firearms; women had a higher percentage of homicides at home. States with high incidence rates for both sexes were Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Michoacán, Colima, and Estado de México. The total years of life lost were 9.19 million years. The national incidence of homicides in men showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019; however, in the case of women, this incidence increased in various age groups during the study period. Occupation, education, marital status, and place of occurrence had significant associations in the logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a spatial-temporal characterization of homicides in Mexico between 2015 and 2022, highlighting the high incidence in men and the upward trend in certain age groups among women. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures and public policies to address this issue in a multisectoral manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Altamirano
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres, Mexico City 06700, Mexico;
| | - Luisa Fernanda Romero-Henríquez
- Posgrado en Pedagogía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Cuerpo Académico CAMCM-CA-2321, Centro de Actualización del Magisterio en la Ciudad de México, Autoridad Educativa Federal, Secretaría de Educación Pública, Mexico City 06400, Mexico
| | - Geovani López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Dávila-Cervantes CA, Pardo-Montaño AM. The trends of interpersonal violence burden in Latin America, 1990 to 2019: secondary data analysis from the global burden of disease study. Public Health 2024; 228:153-161. [PMID: 38359497 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyse the trends of interpersonal violence (IV) in Latin America (LA) between 1990 and 2019 for females and males at a national level. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. METHODS Following the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study we report IV mortality, premature mortality, years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in LA by sex. To estimate the DALYs trends, we conducted a Joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS Across all LA countries, IV burden was higher among males. Most of the IV burden was attributable to premature death, with a higher percentage in men than women. The burden of IV was most pronounced within the 15 to 39 age-groups in the majority of countries. Physical violence (PV) by firearm was the main cause of IV in LA, followed by PV by other means. Women in LA experienced at least twice as many sexual violence DALYs as men. IV in LA exhibited heterogeneous trends, with certain countries witnessing a significant decline in the IV DALYs rate, while others displayed a significant increase. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the great heterogeneity of IV burden present in the region as the trends varied from one country to another. Policing and criminal justice institutions in LA have failed to reduce crime and violence. Thus, tailored preventive measures and public policies that account for the specific context and geographical areas where this phenomenon is prevalent are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dávila-Cervantes
- Department of Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - A M Pardo-Montaño
- Institute of Geography, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Testa A, Weiss DB, Santos MR. Opioid mortality, public health care expenditures, and cross-national homicide rates: findings from 25 OECD countries, 2000-2017. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:673-682. [PMID: 34591120 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses the relationship between opioid mortality and homicide rates across 25 member countries of the organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) over time and investigates the role of country-level public health expenditures in this relationship. METHODS Fixed effects linear regression is used to assess the longitudinal association between opioid mortality and cross-national homicide rates in 25 OECD countries between 2000 and 2017. Moderation analyses are conducted to assess the interaction between opioid mortality rates and public health expenditures per capita. RESULTS Study findings revealed a positive bivariate association between opioid mortality and homicide rates. However, this association became null after controlling for public health expenditures. Moderation analyses revealed that there is a strong positive association between opioid mortality and homicide rates when public health expenditures are low, which becomes gradually weaker at higher levels of health expenditures. CONCLUSION This study suggests one consequence of the opioid epidemic may be increased homicide rates, and this association is stronger in countries with lower public health expenditures. These findings highlight the potential role of governments to combat the associated harms of rising opioid use through greater investments in public health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, 501 W. César E. Chávez Blvd, San Antonio, TX, 78207, USA.
| | - Douglas B Weiss
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Mateus R Santos
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Martinez-Fierro ML, Ramirez-Madrigal MA, Covarrubias-Carrillo RM, Avila-Carrasco L, Flores-Morales V, Meza-Zavala OG, de León-Sigg M, Vázquez-Reyes S, Mauricio-González A, Velasco-Elizondo P, Garza-Veloz I. Security and Violence Perception of Medical Interns during Social Service Practice in Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:318. [PMID: 35010579 PMCID: PMC8751139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase of insecurity levels in Mexico, as well as the fact that violence is a frequent experience among health personnel, motivated this study whose purpose was to evaluate the perception of security and violence that social service medical interns (SSMI) had on the institutions and localities where they carried out their social work and make visible the main types of violence to which they were exposed. This was a cross-sectional study, based on a perception survey self-administered to 157 SSMI from Zacatecas, in Mexico. A high proportion of the participants (75.8%) stated that they were victims of violence, describing 134 incidents; however, only 33.6% of SSMI made an official report. The reported incidents were related to organized crime (31.9%), verbal violence (20.6%), violence by the authorities (14.7%) and sexual harassment (11.8%). One hundred percent of the victims of sexual harassment were women (p = 0.039). According to the above, it is a priority to generate strategies to prevent and reduce the risk of exposure to the violence generated in the medical units and communities where SSMI carry out their activities as medical graduates, as well as, to efficiently process formal violence reports to promote a safe environment that favors the fulfillment of the practice of SSMIs in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - Miguel A. Ramirez-Madrigal
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - Rosa Martha Covarrubias-Carrillo
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - Lorena Avila-Carrasco
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - Virginia Flores-Morales
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - Oscar G. Meza-Zavala
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
| | - María de León-Sigg
- Academic Unit of Electrical Engineering, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico;
| | - Sodel Vázquez-Reyes
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
- Academic Unit of Electrical Engineering, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Mauricio-González
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
- Academic Unit of Electrical Engineering, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico;
| | - Perla Velasco-Elizondo
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
- Academic Unit of Electrical Engineering, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico;
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98040, Mexico; (M.A.R.-M.); (R.M.C.-C.); (L.A.-C.); (V.F.-M.); (O.G.M.-Z.); (S.V.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (P.V.-E.)
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Kulesza RJ, Mansour Y, González-González LO, Gónzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Mukherjee PS. Alzheimer disease starts in childhood in polluted Metropolitan Mexico City. A major health crisis in progress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109137. [PMID: 32006765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above USEPA standards are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) youth have life time exposures to PM2.5 and O3 above standards. We focused on MMC residents ≤30 years and reviewed 134 consecutive autopsies of subjects age 20.03 ± 6.38 y (range 11 months to 30 y), the staging of Htau and ß amyloid, the lifetime cumulative PM2.5 (CPM 2.5) and the impact of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele, the most prevalent genetic risk for AD. We also reviewed the results of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in clinically healthy young cohorts. Mobile sources, particularly from non-regulated diesel vehicles dominate the MMC pollutant emissions exposing the population to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO and EPA standards. Iron-rich,magnetic, highly oxidative, combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are measured in the brain of every MMC resident. Progressive development of Alzheimer starts in childhood and in 99.25% of 134 consecutive autopsies ≤30 years we can stage the disease and its progression; 66% of ≤30 years urbanites have cognitive impairment and involvement of the brainstem is reflected by auditory central dysfunction in every subject studied. The average age for dementia using MoCA is 20.6 ± 3.4 y. APOE4 vs 3 carriers have 1.26 higher odds of committing suicide. PM2.5 and CFDNPs play a key role in the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in young urbanites. A serious health crisis is in progress with social, educational, judicial, economic and overall negative health impact for 25 million residents. Understanding the neural circuitry associated with the earliest cognitive and behavioral manifestations of AD is needed. Air pollution control should be prioritised-including the regulation of diesel vehicles- and the first two decades of life ought to be targeted for neuroprotective interventions. Defining paediatric environmental, nutritional, metabolic and genetic risk factor interactions is a multidisciplinary task of paramount importance to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Current and future generations are at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04310, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | - Yusra Mansour
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 700108, Kolkata, India
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Trends and patterns in homicides in Italy: A 34-year descriptive study. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hernández-Montoya D, Soriano-Flores A, Castro-Santana A, Benjet C, Bernal-Pérez P, Llanes-Díaz N. A life-course approach to early-onset of diabetes mellitus: Probable contribution of collective violence in Mexico. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2019; 40:30-42. [PMID: 36694412 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing health problem among the pediatric population in the world, and particularly in Mexico. Official data in Mexico reported that during the period from 2003 to 2013 there was an increase in the cumulative incidence among older adolescents between 2010 and 2012, which decreased to the usual measures in 2013. All these variations occurred in a period in which collective violence permeated all levels of Mexican society. It can be argued that there might be a relationship between the two phenomena. This is an ecologic analytical study of trends over time comprising older adolescents (15-19 year olds). T2DM cumulative incidence and mortality rates attributable to violent death (VD) were standardized by direct method according to the World Health Organization. Data were sourced from nationwide official reports. Time series analysis was performed with ARIMA models and significant predictors. The disease ecology analysis was done using cluster analysis. Using significant predictors with ARIMA models, we found that the male VD mortality rates series could forecast 63.1% of the temporal variability of the cumulative incidence of T2DM series. Geographically, states with higher rates of violence also showed a higher incidence of T2DM. These data suggest that collective violence may make some contribution to the early onset of T2DM among adolescents, particularly in those regions most affected by violence. These findings can be conducive to opening new lines of research to explore the relationship between variables at the individual level and the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Hernández-Montoya
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Soriano-Flores
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Anaclara Castro-Santana
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Corina Benjet
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101 Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpán, Ciudad de México C.P. 14370, Mexico
| | - Pilar Bernal-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - Nathaly Llanes-Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología - Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04530, Mexico.
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González-Pérez GJ, Vega-López MG. Youth homicide in Mexico and its impact in male life expectancy: geographical variations and associated factors. Salud Colect 2019; 15:e1712. [PMID: 31141091 DOI: 10.18294/sc.2019.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of youth homicide (between 15 and 29 years of age) on male life expectancy in Mexico and its 32 states in the periods 2004-2006 and 2014-2016, and identifies the factors that best explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost (YMLEL) due to youth homicide at the state level in 2014-2016. Based on official data, male temporary life expectancy (MTLE) between 0 to 85 years of age and years of male life expectancy lost, in total and due to youth homicide, were calculated in each three-year period. Through a linear regression analysis, factors associated with the variations of the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide among states were identified. The male temporary life expectancy decreased between the three-year periods in the country and in 25 states; years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide increased in 31 states, in eight of them with a figure higher than 0.5 years in the 2014-2016 period. Factors such as the presence of drug trafficking, illegal firearms and the perception of insecurity explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide within the Mexican states in the 2014-2016 period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Julián González-Pérez
- Doctor en Ciencias de la Salud. Profesor-Investigador Titular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México.
| | - María Guadalupe Vega-López
- Doctora en Ciencias de la Salud. Profesora-Investigadora Titular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México.
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Aburto JM, Riffe T, Canudas-Romo V. Trends in avoidable mortality over the life course in Mexico, 1990-2015: a cross-sectional demographic analysis. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022350. [PMID: 30068622 PMCID: PMC6074636 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse average lifespan and quantify the effect of avoidable/amenable mortality on the difference between state-specific mortality and a low-mortality benchmark in Mexico during 1990-2015. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional demographic analysis using aggregated data. SETTING Vital statistics from the Mexican civil registration system. PARTICIPANTS Aggregated national data (from 91.2 million people in 1995 to 119.9 in 2015) grouped in 64 populations (32 Mexican states (including Mexico City) by sex) with cause-of-death data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cause-specific contributions to the gap in life expectancy with a low-mortality benchmark in three age groups (0-14, 15-49 and 50-84 years). RESULTS Infants and children under the age of 15 years show improvements towards maximal survival in all states. However, adult males aged 15 to 49 years show deterioration after 2006 in almost every state due to increasing homicides, and a slow recovery thereafter. Out of 35 potential years, females and males live on average 34.57 (34.48 to 34.67) and 33.80 (33.34 to 34.27), respectively. Adults aged 50 to 84 years show an unexpected decrease in the low mortality benchmark, indicating nationwide deterioration among older adults. Females and males in this age group show an average survival of 28.59 (27.43 to 29.75) and 26.52 (25.33 to 27.73) out of 35 potential years, respectively. State gaps from the benchmark were mainly caused by ischaemic heart diseases, diabetes, cirrhosis and homicides. We find large health disparities between states, particularly for the adult population after 2005. CONCLUSIONS Mexico has succeeded in reducing mortality and between-state inequalities in children. However, adults are becoming vulnerable as they have not been able to reduce the burden of violence and conditions amenable to health services and behaviours, such as diabetes, ischaemic heart diseases and cirrhosis. These trends have led to large health disparities between Mexican states in the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Aburto
- Center on Population Dynamics (CPop) and Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tim Riffe
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir Canudas-Romo
- School of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Gamlin JB, Hawkes SJ. Masculinities on the Continuum of Structural Violence: The Case of Mexico's Homicide Epidemic. SOCIAL POLITICS 2017; 25:50-71. [PMID: 31198401 PMCID: PMC6565429 DOI: 10.1093/sp/jxx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Through the theoretical lens of a "violence continuum" we explore how, in many of the most marginalized areas of Mexico, global and regional historical and contemporary structures have shaped and constrained men's ability to achieve the hegemonic masculinity of neoliberal Mexico. An analysis of statistics and local research studies on male homicide is used to understand how impoverishment and extreme inequality can undermine men's capacity to access a dignified standard of living and exercise their masculinity, in the process of which many draw on interpersonal violence as a resource for respect and manhood.
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García-Peña, C, Sánchez-Garrido N, Wynne-Bannister EG, Moreno-Peniche B, Pérez-Zepeda MU. Collective violence and the health of the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based national survey in Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e29. [PMID: 31363352 PMCID: PMC6612744 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the association between collective violence and the health of older adults in Mexico. METHODS The data analyzed were taken from a Mexican population-based national survey of health and nutrition that included a representative sample of adults over 60 years of age and from an index of violence for each of the states of Mexico that was compiled by a major research center. Five of the most common geriatric ailments (weight loss, depressive symptoms, falls, positive affectivity, and disability) were crossed with the violence index score assigned to each state. RESULTS A total of 7 108 older adults were included in the analysis. Among the five geriatric health problems, weight loss had the strongest association with violence, even when an adjusted model was used. For weight loss, that association increased as the level of collective violence rose. With the adjusted model, there was also an association of severe collective violence with disability and with low positive affectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that there is an association of collective violence with weight loss and other geriatric problems. Collective violence could indirectly affect individuals' health, especially older persons and other vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Peña,
- Research OfficeNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoResearch Office, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Garrido
- Department of Geriatric and Epidemiologic ResearchNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Emma Grace Wynne-Bannister
- School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bernardo Moreno-Peniche
- School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mario Ulises Pérez-Zepeda
- Department of Geriatric and Epidemiologic ResearchNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Anderson P, Berridge V, Conrod P, Dudley R, Hellman M, Lachenmeier D, Lingford-Hughes A, Miller D, Rehm J, Room R, Schmidt L, Sullivan R, Ysa T, Gual A. Reframing the science and policy of nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol - conclusions of the ALICE RAP Project. F1000Res 2017; 6:289. [PMID: 28435669 PMCID: PMC5381624 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013, illegal drug use was responsible for 1.8% of years of life lost in the European Union, alcohol was responsible for 8.2% and tobacco for 18.2%, imposing economic burdens in excess of 2.5% of GDP. No single European country has optimal governance structures for reducing the harm done by nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol, and existing ones are poorly designed, fragmented, and sometimes cause harm. Reporting the main science and policy conclusions of a transdisciplinary five-year analysis of the place of addictions in Europe, researchers from 67 scientific institutions addressed these problems by reframing an understanding of addictions. A new paradigm needs to account for evolutionary evidence which suggests that humans are biologically predisposed to seek out drugs, and that, today, individuals face availability of high drug doses, consequently increasing the risk of harm. New definitions need to acknowledge that the defining element of addictive drugs is 'heavy use over time', a concept that could replace the diagnostic artefact captured by the clinical term 'substance use disorder', thus opening the door for new substances to be considered such as sugar. Tools of quantitative risk assessment that recognize drugs as toxins could be further deployed to assess regulatory approaches to reducing harm. Re-designed governance of drugs requires embedding policy within a comprehensive societal well-being frame that encompasses a range of domains of well-being, including quality of life, material living conditions and sustainability over time; such a frame adds arguments to the inappropriateness of policies that criminalize individuals for using drugs and that continue to categorize certain drugs as illegal. A health footprint, modelled on the carbon footprint, and using quantitative measures such as years of life lost due to death or disability, could serve as the accountability tool that apportions responsibility for who and what causes drug-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginia Berridge
- Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matilda Hellman
- Center for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance (CEACG), Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dirk Lachenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Miller
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Schmidt
- Institute for Health Policy Studies and Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roger Sullivan
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tamyko Ysa
- Esade-Gov and Department of Strategy, Esade Business School, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictions Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences (ICN), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Aburto JM, Beltrán-Sánchez H, García-Guerrero VM, Canudas-Romo V. Homicides In Mexico Reversed Life Expectancy Gains For Men And Slowed Them For Women, 2000-10. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 35:88-95. [PMID: 26733705 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy in Mexico increased for more than six decades but then stagnated in the period 2000-10. This decade was characterized by the enactment of a major health care reform-the implementation of the Seguro Popular de Salud (Popular Health Insurance), which was intended to provide coverage to the entire Mexican population-and by an unexpected increase in homicide mortality. We assessed the impact on life expectancy of conditions amenable to medical service-those sensitive to public health policies and changes in behaviors, homicide, and diabetes-by analyzing mortality trends at the state level. We found that life expectancy among males deteriorated from 2005 to 2010, compared to increases from 2000 to 2005. Females in most states experienced small gains in life expectancy between 2000 and 2010. The unprecedented rise in homicides after 2005 led to a reversal in life expectancy increases among males and a slowdown among females in most states in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Aburto
- José Manuel Aburto is a Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research fellow at the European Doctoral School of Demography, Sapienza University, in Rome, Italy
| | - Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez
- Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez is an assistant professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences and at the California Center for Population Research, both at the University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Victor Manuel García-Guerrero
- Victor Manuel García-Guerrero is a professor at the Center of Demographic, Urban, and Environmental Studies, El Colegio de México, in Mexico City
| | - Vladimir Canudas-Romo
- Vladimir Canudas-Romo is an associate professor at the Max-Planck Odense Center on Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, in Odense
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, de la Monte SM. Apolipoprotein E4, Gender, Body Mass Index, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Air Pollution Interactions: Recipe for Alzheimer's Disease Development in Mexico City Young Females. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:613-630. [PMID: 28527212 PMCID: PMC9996388 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the epidemiological trends of increasing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and growing evidence that exposure and lifestyle factors contribute to AD risk and pathogenesis, attention should be paid to variables such as air pollution, in order to reduce rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above the US EPA standards is associated with AD risk. Mexico City children experienced pre- and postnatal high exposures to PM2.5, O3, combustion-derived iron-rich nanoparticles, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and endotoxins. Exposures are associated with early brain gene imbalance in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, along with epigenetic changes, accumulation of misfolded proteins, cognitive deficits, and brain structural and metabolic changes. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele, the most prevalent genetic risk for AD, plays a key role in the response to air pollution in young girls. APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75% to <94% BMI percentiles are at the highest risk of severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2 SD from average IQ). This review focused on the relationships between gender, BMI, systemic and neural inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, dyslipidemia, vascular risk factors, and central nervous system involvement in APOE4 urbanites exposed to PM2.5 and magnetite combustion-derived iron-rich nanoparticles that can reach the brain. APOE4 young female heterozygous carriers constitute a high-risk group for a fatal disease: AD. Multidisciplinary intervention strategies could be critical for prevention or amelioration of cognitive deficits and long-term AD progression in young individuals at high risk.
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Canudas-Romo V, Aburto JM, García-Guerrero VM, Beltrán-Sánchez H. Mexico's epidemic of violence and its public health significance on average length of life. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:188-193. [PMID: 27451436 PMCID: PMC5284477 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A disproportionate number of homicides have caused Mexican life expectancy to stagnate during the new millennium. No efforts currently exist to quantify the harm of violent acts on the lives of the general population. We quantified the impact of perceived vulnerability on life expectancy. Methods Three Mexican national surveys on perceptions of public safety, life tables, and crime and vital statistics (2000–2014) were used. Prevalence rates of vulnerability/safety by age and sex were obtained from surveys at 2 different levels: federal state and home. The Sullivan method was used to estimate life expectancy lived with and without vulnerability for Mexican women and men. Results Overall life expectancy at age 20 stagnated between 2005 and 2014 for females and males; yet, there was an increase of 40% and 70% in average number of years lived with vulnerability at the state and home levels, respectively. In 2014, female life expectancy at age 20 was 59.5 years (95% CI 59.0 to 60.1); 71% of these years (42.3 years, 41.6 to 43.0) were spent with perceived vulnerability of violence taking place in the state and 26% at the home (15.3 years, 15 to 15.8). For males, life expectancy at age 20 was 54.5 years (53.7 to 55.1); 64% of these years (34.6 years, 34.0 to 35.4) were lived with perceived vulnerability of violence at the state and 20% at the home (11.1 years, 10.8 to 11.5). Conclusions The number of years lived with perceived vulnerability among Mexicans has increased by 30.5 million person-years over the last 10 years. If perceived vulnerability remains at its 2014 level, the average Mexican adults would be expected to live a large fraction of his/her life with perceived vulnerability of violence. Acts of violence continue to rise in the country and they should be addressed as a major public health issue before they become endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Canudas-Romo
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - José Manuel Aburto
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez
- Department of Community Health Sciences at the Fielding School of Public Health and California Center for Population Research, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Rehm J, Anderson P, Fischer B, Gual A, Room R. Policy implications of marked reversals of population life expectancy caused by substance use. BMC Med 2016; 14:42. [PMID: 27001105 PMCID: PMC4802655 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy has been increasing steadily over the past century in most countries, with only a few exceptions such as during wartimes. DISCUSSION Marked reversal of life expectancy has been linked to substance use and related policies. Three such examples are discussed herein, namely the double reversal of life expectancy trends (first to positive, then to negative) associated with reducing alcohol supply in the then Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), followed by a rapid increase in availability; the impact of the rapid increase of prescription opioids on white non-Hispanics in the US; and the systemic impact of the violence accompanying the drug war in Mexico on the life expectancy of men. Alcohol policies were crucial to initiate the positive reversal in the USSR, and different substance use policies could have avoided the negative impacts on life expectancy of the described large groups or nations. Substance use policies can be responsible for abrupt negative changes in life expectancies. An orientation of such policies towards the goals of public health and societal well-being can help avoid such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- />Social and Epidemiological Research (SER) Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, T505, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
- />Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada
- />Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada
- />Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
- />Epidemiological Research Unit, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- />Social and Epidemiological Research (SER) Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, T505, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
- />Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4AX UK
- />School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- />Social and Epidemiological Research (SER) Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, T505, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada
- />Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- />Centre for Criminology and Socio-legal Studies, University of Toronto, 14 Queen’s Park Cres. W., Toronto, ON M5S 3K9 Canada
| | - Antoni Gual
- />Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, Institut Clínic de Neurosciències, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- />Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Rosselló, 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin Room
- />Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin St., Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia
- />Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Sveaplan, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, 207 Bouverie St., Victoria, 3010 Australia
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17
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Störmann P, Gartner K, Wyen H, Lustenberger T, Marzi I, Wutzler S. Epidemiology and outcome of penetrating injuries in a Western European urban region. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 42:663-669. [PMID: 26762313 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-016-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe life-threatening injuries in Western Europe are mostly caused by blunt trauma. However, penetrating trauma might be more common in urban regions, but their characteristics have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data from patients admitted to our urban university level I trauma center between 2008 and 2013 with suspicion of severe multiple injuries. Collection of data was performed prospectively using a PC-supported online documentation program including epidemiological, clinical and outcome parameters. RESULTS Out of 2095 trauma room patients admitted over the 6-year time period 194 (9.3 %) suffered from penetrating trauma. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 12.3 ± 14.1 points. In 62.4 % (n = 121) the penetrating injuries were caused by interpersonal violence or attempted suicide, 98 of these by stabbing and 23 by firearms. We observed a widespread injury pattern where mainly head, thorax and abdomen were afflicted. Subgroup analysis for self-inflicted injuries showed higher ISS (19.8 ± 21.8 points) than for blunt trauma (15.5 ± 14.6 points). In 82.5 % of all penetrating trauma a surgical treatment was performed, 43.8 % of the patients received intensive care unit treatment with mean duration of 7.4 ± 9.3 days. Immediate emergency surgical treatment had to be performed in 8.0 vs. 2.3 % in blunt trauma (p < 0.001). Infectious complications of the penetrating wounds were observed in 7.8 %. CONCLUSIONS Specific characteristics of penetrating trauma in urban regions can be identified. Compared to nationwide data, penetrating trauma was more frequent in our collective (9.3 vs. 5.0 %), which may be due to higher crime rates in urban areas. Especially, self-inflicted penetrating trauma often results in most severe injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Störmann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - K Gartner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H Wyen
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - T Lustenberger
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - I Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - S Wutzler
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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