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Review of the early diagnoses and assessment of rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:402980. [PMID: 23431325 PMCID: PMC3575677 DOI: 10.1155/2013/402980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become a clinical reality. Building upon cutting edge understandings of transplant surgery and immunology, complex grafts such as hands and faces can now be transplanted with success. Many of the challenges that have historically been limiting factors in transplantation, such as rejection and the morbidity of immunosuppression, remain challenges in VCA. Because of the accessibility of most VCA grafts, and the highly immunogenic nature of the skin in particular, VCA has become the focal point for cross-disciplinary approaches to developing novel approaches for some of the most challenging immunological problems in transplantation, particularly the early diagnoses and assessment of rejection. This paper provides a historically oriented introduction to the field of organ transplantation and the evolution of VCA.
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Jakobsen A. Rabbit anti rat lymphocyte serum: characterization of the in vitro lymphocytotoxic antibody with reference to the immunization procedure and the antigen dose. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 78:579-87. [PMID: 5312508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb04344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Skoog TV, Lindahl-Kiessling K. Interaction between antilymphocyte globulin and phytohemagglutinin in human lymphocyte cultures. Clin Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1970.tb01631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abe T, Morimoto C, Toguchi T, Kiyotaki M, Homma M. Enhancement of lymphocyte response to PHA by lysosomal enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of RA joint fluid. I. Biological effect on T lymphocyte function. Inflammation 1980; 4:169-80. [PMID: 7390618 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) granule lysates obtained from joint fluid of RA on the in vitro DNA synthesis of PHA-stimulated autologous lymphocytes from joint fluid was studied. Lymphocytes were cultured for 3 days with or without PMN lysates in 2 ml of RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). The lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M). The DNA synthesis was measured by counting the [3H]thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes from RA joint fluid stimulated with PHA-M showed 19,466+/-987 cpm (mean+/-SE) per 10(6) cells in the absence of PMN lysates. Upon addition PMN lysates to the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, the maximum in vitro DNA synthesis increased to 44,877+/-1338 cpm. The enhancing effect of PMN lysates was abolished by plasma inhibitors or by passage through a column of protease inhibitor (Trasylol). It was concluded, therefore, that the enhancing effect of PMN lysates on PHA-stimulated lymphocytes may be associated with lysosomal proteases. Based on experiments using separated T and B lymphocytes, the enhancing effect of PMN lysates was considered to result from the activation of T lymphocytes. The results obtained in the present study suggest an important role for lysosomal proteases in the perpetuation of rheumatoid synovitis.
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Eife GW, Eife RF, Brendel W. The effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on human lymphocytes in vitro: inhibition of lymphotoxin production as a sensitive indicator for ALG activity. Cell Immunol 1979; 46:35-47. [PMID: 314848 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Beets JL, Kirby PJ, Bray MA. Inhibition of human lymphocyte transformation as an in vitro parallel line bioassay for anti-human lymphocyte globulin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1979; 1:29-34. [PMID: 575893 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(79)90027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin (HALG) is now widely clinically, but the variable immunosuppressive potency of different preparations of HALG has necessitated development of an accurate, reproducible in vitro assay of HALG potency. Currently available tests have several disadvantages, as well as showing little correlation with in vivo activity of the preparations tested. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes, stimulated with mitogen (PHA) or antigen (PPD) and the inhibition of this process by HALG is described. ID50S and potency ratios have been determined for four HALG preparations. The ID50S obtained with these preparations were reproducible and the potency ratios obtained using 3 + 3 parallel line bioassay were similarly reproducible, a change in rank order being observed only once in ten assays. These in vitro results correlate with in vivo skin graft data. It is suggested that this technique could be used for evaluation of HALG preparations on peripheral blood from potential recipients.
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McCombs C, Michalski JP, Talal N. Cellular interactions in lymphocyte proliferation: effect of syngeneic and xenogeneic macrophages. Cell Immunol 1976; 23:283-96. [PMID: 132279 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Solheim BG. Association between the beta-2-m-HL-A molecule and membrane structures responsible for lymphocyte activation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1974; 21:35-52. [PMID: 4139788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Skoog VT, Weber TH, Richter W. Studies on the interaction between mitogens and human lymphocytes in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1974; 85:339-50. [PMID: 4827873 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mitchell MS, Kirkpatrick D, Mokyr MB, Gery I. On the mode of action of BCG. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 243:216-8. [PMID: 4197570 DOI: 10.1038/newbio243216a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lance EM, Medawar P, Taub RN. Antilymphocyte Serum. Adv Immunol 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Gery I, Gershon RK, Waksman BH. Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. I. The responding cell. J Exp Med 1972; 136:128-42. [PMID: 5033417 PMCID: PMC2139184 DOI: 10.1084/jem.136.1.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse lymphoid cells, stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide W (LPS), release supernatant factor(s) which are mitogenic for mouse thymocytes and which potentiate their responses to PHA or concanavalin A (Con A), The term LAF (lymphocyte-activating factor) is proposed for this activity. LAF not only enhances the mitotic responses of the less dense thymus subpopulations (A, B, and C) separable on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients but also gives substantial responses in the otherwise inert cells of the denser fractions D and P. LAF does not exert a potentiating stimulatory effect on the responses of unfractionated mouse spleen cells, but does act synergistically with PHA on nonadherent spleen cells and on spleen cells of mice of several strains 5 days after irradiation and injection of thymocytes. Similarly LAF, which has no visible effect on unfractionated human peripheral blood cells, strongly potentiates the PHA response of column-purified lymphocytes, when these are cultured at low concentration. We conclude that LAF stimulates both central and peripheral T lymphocytes and enhances their responses to other stimulants.
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Rolland JM, Nairn RC. Anti-lymphocyte serum: a review of its immunological effects and therapeutic value. Pathology 1972; 4:85-122. [PMID: 4555222 DOI: 10.3109/00313027209068928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mackler BF, Amkraut AA, Wilson BJ, Malley A. Blastogenesis of rhesus peripheral lymphocytes with competitive summation of PHA and ALS responses. Exp Cell Res 1972; 71:273-80. [PMID: 5045633 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prasad N, Trentin JJ. In vitro response of human leukocytes to anti-human-thymocyte globulin. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:334-6. [PMID: 5063610 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wu AY, Waksman BH. Cellular differentiation in the thymus. IV. Response of rat thymic subpopulations to anti-thymus serum and other nonspecific mitogens. Cell Immunol 1972; 3:516-28. [PMID: 4552095 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(72)90256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Katz DH, Benacerraf B. The regulatory influence of activated T cells on B cell responses to antigen. Adv Immunol 1972; 15:1-94. [PMID: 4116319 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ramseier H. Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. 3. Nonspecific inhibition of the recognition process. Eur J Immunol 1971; 1:433-41. [PMID: 4401808 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830010606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Waksman BH. Study of functional lymphocyte populations with heterologous antisera. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1971; 6:30-51. [PMID: 4945418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1971.tb00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Greaves MF. Biological effects of anti-immunoglobulins: evidence for immunoglobulin receptors on 'T' and 'B' lymphocytes. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 1970; 5:45-75. [PMID: 4108426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1970.tb00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ambs E. [Lymphocyte culture and its relation to clinical problems]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1969; 47:789-99. [PMID: 4194171 DOI: 10.1007/bf01882304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Greaves MF, Torrigiani G, Roitt IM. Blocking of the lymphocyte receptor site for cell mediated hypersensitivity and transplantation reactions by anti-light chain sera. Nature 1969; 222:885-6. [PMID: 5305572 DOI: 10.1038/222885a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hardy DA, Ling NR. Effects of some cellular antigens on lymphocytes and the nature of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Nature 1969; 221:545-8. [PMID: 5789299 DOI: 10.1038/221545a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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HcKenzie IFC, Morris PJ, Schiff P, Gabriele G, Sutherland SK. HUMAN ANTILYMPHOCYTIC SERUM: 1. PRODUCTION AND IN–VITRO TESTING. Med J Aust 1969. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb117000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Greaves MF, Tursi A, Playfair JH, Torrigiani G, Zamir R, Roitt IM. Immunosuppressive potency and in-vitro activity of antilymphocyte globulin. Lancet 1969; 1:68-72. [PMID: 4180096 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Petrányi G, Jánossy G, Alföldy P. Effect of phytohaemagglutinin on plaque forming cells in the mouse spleen. Nature 1969; 221:76-8. [PMID: 5762062 DOI: 10.1038/221076a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Simons MJ, Fowler R, Fitzgerald MG. Mechanism of lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin. Nature 1968; 219:1021-5. [PMID: 4970578 DOI: 10.1038/2191021a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Blumenstock DA, Otte HP, Grosjean OV, Mulder MA. Lung allografts in dogs treated with methotrexate and antilymphocyte serum. Ann Thorac Surg 1968; 6:33-9. [PMID: 4394021 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)65987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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