1
|
Reduction in postpercutaneous coronary intervention angina in addition to gastrointestinal events in patients on combined proton pump inhibitors and dual antiplatelet therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:847-853. [PMID: 29596078 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a standard treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can potentially attenuate the antiplatelet effects of P2Y12 inhibitors with associated adverse cardiovascular outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline was searched using Pubmed from inception to 8 November 2017 for randomized control trials studying the effect of PPIs on coronary artery disease with concomitant use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Overall, 692 studies were identified of which five randomized control trials were included. Statistical analysis was done using RevMan, version 5.3. RESULTS Five studies with 6239 patients (3113 on PPI with DAPT and 3126 with only DAPT) were included. Our analysis showed that PPI significantly reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleed [22 vs. 66, odds ratio (OR)=0.37, confidence interval (CI)=0.23-0.61, P≤0.0001, I=0%], GI ulcers and GI erosions (7 vs. 18, OR=0.39, CI=0.16-0.94, P=0.04, I=0%), and the incidence of post-PCI unstable angina in patients treated with PPI and P2Y12 agents (46 vs. 67, OR=0.67, CI=0.45-0.99, P=0.05, I=0%). There was an insignificant difference in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular cause of mortality. A trend toward decreased all-cause mortality with PPIs was noted. Heterogeneity was calculated using I. CONCLUSION Concomitantly administered PPIs with P2Y12 inhibitors have a protective effect on the GI events. It also decreases the post-PCI angina without increased adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei WY, Wang JH, Wen SH, Yi CH, Hung JS, Liu TT, Orr WC, Chen CL. Risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173899. [PMID: 28319162 PMCID: PMC5358801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease which can cause troublesome symptoms and affect quality of life. In addition to esophageal complications, GERD may also be a risk factor for extra-esophageal complications. Both GERD and coronary artery disease (CAD) can cause chest pain and frequently co-exist. However, the association between GERD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain unclear. The purpose of the study was to compare the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in GERD patients with an age-, gender-, and comorbidity matched population free of GERD. We also examine the association of the risk of AMI and the use of acid suppressing agents in GERD patients. Methods We identified patients with GERD from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The study cohort comprised 54,422 newly diagnosed GERD patients; 269,572 randomly selected age-, gender-, comorbidity-matched subjects comprised the comparison cohort. Patients with any prior CAD, AMI or peripheral arterial disease were excluded. Incidence of new AMI was studied in both groups. Results A total 1,236 (0.5%) of the patients from the control group and 371 (0.7%) patients from the GERD group experienced AMI during a mean follow-up period of 3.3 years. Based on Cox proportional-hazard model analysis, GERD was independently associated with increased risk of developing AMI (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–1.66, P < 0.001). Within the GERD group, patients who were prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for more than one year had slightly decreased the risk of developing AMI, compared with those without taking PPIs (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.31–1.04, P = 0.066). Conclusions This large population-based study demonstrates an association between GERD and future development of AMI, however, PPIs use only achieved marginal significance in reducing the occurrence of AMI in GERD patients. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether anti-reflux medication may reduce the occurrence of acute ischemic event in GERD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Lei
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Wen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Yi
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Hung
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Tsai Liu
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - William C. Orr
- Lynn Institute for Healthcare Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Chien-Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu Z, Chen M, Wu J, Song Q, Yan C, Du X, Wang Z. Improved control of hypertension following laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Front Med 2017; 11:68-73. [PMID: 28213877 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether successful laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can improve the control of hypertension. We conducted an observational study of GERD patients with hypertension. The esophageal and gastroesophageal symptoms of these patients were successfully treated with laparoscopic fundoplication, as measured by the reduced GERD symptoms and proton pump inhibitor consumption. A hypertension control scale was used to classify the use of antihypertensive medications and the quality of blood pressure control before and after anti-reflux surgery.Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used for the statistical analyses. Seventy GERD patients were included in the analysis and followed up for a mean period of 3.5 ± 1.4 years. Prior to surgery, all participating patients were taking at least one class of antihypertensive medication, and 56 patients (80%) had intermittently high blood pressure. After surgery, the mean number of antihypertensive medication classes per patient was significantly reduced from 1.61 ± 0.77 pre-procedure to 1.27 ± 0.88 post-procedure (P < 0.001). The blood pressure of 48 of the 56 cases (86%) with preoperative intermittent high blood pressure returned to normal post procedure. A total of 50 patients (71%) recorded improvements on the hypertension control scale, with the overall mean score decreasing from 3.1 ± 1.0 preprocedure to 1.4 ± 1.0 post-procedure (P < 0.001). Therefore, successful laparoscopic fundoplication may result in better blood pressure control in some hypertensive GERD patients. This result suggests a possible connection between gastroesophageal reflux and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Meiping Chen
- Department of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhonggao Wang
- Department of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gesualdo M, Scicchitano P, Carbonara S, Ricci G, Principi M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Cortese F, Ciccone MM. The association between cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders: causal or casual link? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17:330-8. [PMID: 26702598 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide: among them, coronary artery disease and arrhythmias represent the most frequent pathological conditions. Similarly, the gastrointestinal disorders, that is, gastroesophageal reflux and inflammatory bowel diseases, have a high incidence in the general population. Several pieces of evidence have documented a link between cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders as they often share similar risk factors and symptoms. Furthermore, both can simultaneously occur in the same patient, thus creating problems in the correct clinical diagnosis. It is well known that gastrointestinal disorders may present with chest pain and mimic angina pectoris. In contrast, they can also unmask heart disease, such as in the case of the angina-linked ischemia. The aim of this review was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between cardiac and gastrointestinal diseases to better understand the causal or casual character of such a linkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gesualdo
- aCardiovascular Diseases Section bDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Use of Gastrointestinal Cocktail for Differentiating Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Emergency Setting: A Systematic Review. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:913-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
LUX G, ELS I, THE GS, BOZKURT T, ORTH KH, BEHRENBECK D. Ambulatory oesophageal pressure, pH and ECG recording in patients with normal and pathological coronary angiography and intermittent chest pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.1995.tb00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
7
|
Talwar V, Wurm P, Bankart MJG, Gershlick AH, de Caestecker JS. Clinical trial: chest pain caused by presumed gastro-oesophageal reflux in coronary artery disease - controlled study of lansoprazole vs. placebo. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:191-9. [PMID: 20456303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) and coronary artery disease commonly co-exist. Coronary artery disease patients may mistake GER-induced pain for cardiac pain or GER might provoke angina. AIM To investigate if GER might contribute to nocturnal/rest chest pain among coronary artery disease patients. METHODS Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study investigating effect of lansoprazole on chest pain; 125 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease enrolled with at least one weekly episode of nocturnal/rest pain, randomized to lansoprazole 30 mg daily or placebo with crossover after 4 weeks. Symptoms recorded and QOL assessed by Nottingham Health Profile Questionnaire; ST segment depression episodes counted from 24 h electrocardiographic monitoring in final week of both periods. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ANCOVA with period and carryover analysis. RESULTS In all, 108 patients completed the study. There was a modest increase in pain-free days on lansoprazole vs. placebo (P < 0.02), with fewer days with pain at rest (P < 0.05) and at night (P < 0.009) on lansoprazole vs. placebo, but no significant differences in ST segment depression episodes (P = 0.64). There was a trend for reduction in the 'physical pain' QOL domain. CONCLUSIONS Among coronary artery disease patients, lansoprazole modestly increases pain-free days and reduces rest/nocturnal pain. As lansoprazole did not affect ST segments, this may be by suppression of GER-provoked pain misinterpreted as angina, rather than acid-provoked ischaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Talwar
- Digestive Diseases Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin C, Malykhina AP, Thompson AM, Farber JP, Foreman RD. Cross-organ sensitization of thoracic spinal neurons receiving noxious cardiac input in rats with gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G934-42. [PMID: 20378832 PMCID: PMC3774335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) frequently triggers or worsens cardiac pain or symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease. This study aimed to determine whether GER enhances the activity of upper thoracic spinal neurons receiving noxious cardiac input. Gastric fundus and pyloric ligations as well as a longitudinal myelotomy at the gastroesophageal junction induced acute GER in pentobarbital-anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Manual manipulations of the stomach and lower esophagus were used as surgical controls in another group. At 4-9 h after GER surgery, extracellular potentials of single neurons were recorded from the T3 spinal segment. Intrapericardial bradykinin (IB) (10 microg/ml, 0.2 ml, 1 min) injections were used to activate cardiac nociceptors, and esophageal distensions were used to activate esophageal afferent fibers. Significantly more spinal neurons in the GER group responded to IB compared with the control group (69.1 vs. 38%, P < 0.01). The proportion of IB-responsive neurons in the superficial laminae of GER animals was significantly different from those in deeper layers (1/8 vs. 46/60, P < 0.01); no difference was found in control animals (7/25 vs. 20/46, P > 0.05). Excitatory responses of spinal neurons to IB in the GER group were greater than in the control group [32.4 +/- 3.5 impulses (imp)/s vs. 13.3 +/- 2.3 imp/s, P < 0.01]. Forty-five of 47 (95.7%) neurons responded to cardiac input and ED, which was higher than the control group (61.5%, P < 0.01). These results indicate that acute GER enhanced the excitatory responses of thoracic spinal neurons in deeper laminae of the dorsal horn to noxious cardiac stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
| | - Anna P. Malykhina
- 2Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Glenolden, Pennsylvania
| | - Ann M. Thompson
- 3Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kato H, Ishii T, Akimoto T, Urita Y, Sugimoto M. Prevalence of linked angina and gastroesophageal reflux disease in general practice. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1764-8. [PMID: 19360921 PMCID: PMC2668783 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the association between gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) and coronary heart diseases.
METHODS: One thousand nine hundred and seventy consecutive patients who attended our hospital were enrolled. All of the patients who first attend our hospital were asked to respond to the F-scale questionnaire regardless of their chief complaints. All patients had a careful history taken, and resting echocardiography (ECG) was performed by physicians if the diagnostic necessity arose. Patients with ECG signs of coronary artery ischemia were defined as ST-segment depression based on the Minnesota code.
RESULTS: Among 712 patients (36%) with GERD, ECG was performed in 171 (24%), and ischemic changes were detected in eight (5%). Four (50%) of these patients with abnormal findings upon ECG had no chest symptoms such as chest pain, chest oppression, or palpitations. These patients (0.6%; 4/712) were thought to have non-GERD heartburn, which may be related to ischemic heart disease. Of 281 patients who underwent ECG and did not have GERD symptoms, 20 (7%) had abnormal findings upon ECG. In patients with GERD symptoms and ECG signs of coronary artery ischemia, the prevalence of linked angina was considered to be 0.4% (8/1970 patients).
CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that ischemic heart disease might be found although a patient was referred to the hospital with a complaint of GERD symptoms. Physicians have to be concerned about missing clinically important coronary artery disease while evaluating patients for GERD symptoms.
Collapse
|
10
|
Budzyński J, Kłopocka M, Pulkowski G, Suppan K, Fabisiak J, Majer M, Swiatkowski M. The effect of double dose of omeprazole on the course of angina pectoris and treadmill stress test in patients with coronary artery disease--a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. Int J Cardiol 2007; 127:233-9. [PMID: 17689732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently overlap, making the proper diagnosis of chest pain more difficult. GER symptoms may mistake anginal chest pain, and oesophageal acidification may induce myocardial ischaemia both in the rest and in the effort. Increase of oesophageal pH should prevent these conditions. AIM To estimate the effect of double omeprazole dose on the course of angina pectoris and treadmill stress test in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), using double-blind, crossover randomised, placebo-controlled study design. METHODS We studied 48 patients with angina pectoris symptoms and significant narrowing of coronary vessels in angiography. After baseline examination and treadmill stress test all subjects were randomised to treat either with omeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.) or placebo for 14 days, using a double-blind, crossover placebo controlled design. RESULTS Seventeen (35%) subjects reported more than by half decrease in symptoms severity after omeprazole and 6 (12%) after placebo (p=0,01). Omeprazole significantly decreased the number of chest pain episodes and number of nitroglycerin doses taken in the second week of both study phases, as well as the percentage of subjects with significant decrease of ST interval during the stress test (64% vs. 73%, p<0,05). However majority of other stress test parameters (i.e. test duration, DUKE index) have improved both after omeprazole and placebo administration (by 9-38%). CONCLUSION Double dose of omeprazole significantly decreased symptoms severity in 35% of patients with CAD, as well as frequency of some electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischaemia during stress test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Budzyński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Gastroenterology, Vascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Ujejskiego 75 Street, PL85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The close anatomical relations of the heart and oesophagus, and the similarity of symptoms attributable to disorders of either organ, often lead to diagnostic difficulty in patients with chest pain. A definitive diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain attributable to oesophageal reflux or spasm is hampered, both by the need for prolonged ambulatory monitoring of pH, manometry, and endoscopy, and by the common occurrence of asymptomatic reflux and spasm, and the corresponding difficulty in linking an episode of reflux or spasm with an episode of pain. Moreover, some patients with non-cardiac chest pain and normal tests of oesophageal structure and function have centrally mediated hypersensitivity, both within and without the oesophagus. Rather than proceed with investigations, in the absence of symptoms to suggest structural disease of the oesophagus, it would be reasonable to attempt symptomatic treatment with a proton pump inhibitor or an antidepressant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heatley
- Department of Cardiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, Wales
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Malfertheiner P, Hallerbäck B. Clinical manifestations and complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59:346-55. [PMID: 15857335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux-induced diseases are among the most common disorders and are associated with classical oesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) including a range of symptoms such as heartburn, acid regurgitation and chest pain, and also organic manifestations such as oesophagitis, oesophageal strictures and ulcerations, Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Recognition of its impact on other organ systems, extra-oesophageal reflux diseases, such as the ear, nose and throat (ENT) region and the bronchopulmonary system, as well as its contribution to symptoms such as chest pain and sleep disturbances, is also increasing. This paper addresses the symptoms, diseases and complications in which the abnormal reflux of gastric content to the oesophagus and adjacent organ systems is believed to be a frequent contributory factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Malfertheiner
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, D-39210 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hookman P, Barkin JS. The diagnosis and management of unexplained chest pain--is less more? Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:2310-3. [PMID: 10445575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Hookman
- University of Miami, School of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Holtmann G, Schlömer P, Gerken G. [Significance of esophagocardiac reflexes for inducing thoracic pain]. Herz 1999; 24:154-7. [PMID: 10372301 DOI: 10.1007/bf03043854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the clinical setting the cardiologists' interest is focussed on the esophagus as a potential source of thoracic pain as a differential diagnosis of angina pectoris. However, visceral afferences originating in the mucosal wall of the esophagus activated by acid exposure may also influence cardiac function. The available data convincingly demonstrate a reduction of the exertional angina threshold and changes of the ECG (ST segment depression and arrhythmia). These effects are most likely due to a reduced coronary blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Holtmann
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Chest Pain/chemically induced
- Chest Pain/diagnosis
- Contraindications
- Coronary Circulation/drug effects
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography
- Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse/chemically induced
- Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Esophagus/innervation
- Female
- Heart/innervation
- Humans
- Male
- Myocardial Ischemia/chemically induced
- Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis
- Neck Pain/chemically induced
- Neck Pain/diagnosis
- Pain Threshold
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/adverse effects
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
- Sumatriptan/adverse effects
- Sumatriptan/pharmacology
- Sumatriptan/therapeutic use
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
Collapse
|
16
|
Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Taylor G, Petch MC, Schofield PM. Cardioesophageal reflex: a mechanism for "linked angina" in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:1621-8. [PMID: 8636546 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of a cardioesophageal reflex in patients with coronary artery disease that may explain the mechanism of "linked angina." BACKGROUND It has been previously shown that esophageal acid stimulation can reduce coronary blood flow in patients with syndrome X, suggesting the presence of a cardioesophageal reflex in humans. METHODS We studied the effect of esophageal acid stimulation on coronary blood flow in 14 patients with angiographically documented significant coronary artery disease and in 18 heart transplant recipients. Hydrochloric acid (0.1 mol/liter) and 0.9% saline solution were infused in random, double-blind manner (60 ml over 5 min) through a fine-bore tube positioned in the patient's distal esophagus, and coronary blood flow measurements were obtained after each infusion by use of a 3.6F intracoronary Doppler catheter positioned in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. RESULTS Coronary blood flow was reduced significantly by esophageal acid stimulation in the coronary artery disease group (before acid 70.4 +/- 14.3 ml/min, after acid stimulation 46.4 +/- 19.1 ml/min [mean +/- SD], p < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in coronary blood flow during saline infusion (73.5 +/- 15.3 vs. 72.5 +/- 14 ml/min). Coronary blood flow in the heart transplant group was not affected by acid or saline infusion. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal acid stimulation can cause animal attacks and significantly reduce coronary blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease. The lack of any significant effect in heart transplant recipients with heart denervation suggests a neural reflex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chauhan
- Regional Cardiac Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cooke RA, Anggiansah A, Smeeton NC, Owen WJ, Chambers JB. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries: an uncommon cause of exertional chest pain. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 1994; 72:231-6. [PMID: 7946772 PMCID: PMC1025507 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.72.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between exertional chest pain and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with normal coronary angiograms and in controls by measuring oesophageal pH during treadmill exercise tests and to compare the results with routine ambulatory monitoring. DESIGN Case control study. SETTING Tertiary referral cardiac unit. PATIENTS 50 consecutive patients with chest pain and completely normal coronary angiograms and 16 controls with coronary artery stenoses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Episodes of acid reflux and chest pain during treadmill exercise; a symptom index expressing the percentage of episodes of pain related to acid reflux during ambulatory monitoring. RESULTS Four (8%) patients and two (12%) controls had reflux during treadmill exercise (NS). 32 (64%) and 16 (100%) reported chest pain, but only three (6%) and two (12%) had coincident reflux (NS). Reflux was as frequent before, during, and after treadmill exercise (five (8%) v six (9%) v two (3%)) in the 66 subjects; (NS). 19 (38%) patients and three (19%) controls had abnormal reflux on ambulatory monitoring (NS). Eight (16%) and three (19%) had a symptom index > 50%, but six and two of these reported pain without coincident reflux during treadmill exercise. CONCLUSION There are many potential causes of chest pain in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Although gastroesophageal reflux is commonly implicated and many patients have a high incidence of spontaneous reflux during ambulatory monitoring, it rarely occurs during exertion and the association with chest pain is poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Cooke
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's Hospital, London
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lam HG, Dekker W, Kan G, van Berg Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ. Esophageal dysfunction as a cause of angina pectoris ("linked angina"): does it exist? Am J Med 1994; 96:359-64. [PMID: 8166156 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The differentiation between cardiac and esophageal causes of retrosternal chest pain is notoriously difficult. Theoretically, cardiac and esophageal causes may coexist. It has also been reported that gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motor abnormalities may elicit myocardial ischemia and chest pain, a phenomenon called linked angina pectoris. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of esophageal abnormalities as a cause of retrosternal chest pain in patients with previously documented coronary artery disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty consecutive patients were studied, all of whom had undergone coronary arteriography. The patients were studied after they were admitted to the coronary care unit with an attack of typical chest pain. On electrocardiograms (ECGs) taken during pain, 15 patients (group I) had new signs of ischemia; the other 15 patients (group II) did not. In none of the patients were cardiac enzymes elevated. As soon as possible, but within 2 hours after admission, combined 24-hour recording of esophageal pressure and pH was performed. During chest pain, 12-lead ECG recording was carried out. RESULTS In group I, all 15 patients experienced one or more pain episodes during admission, 25 of which were associated with ischemic electrocardiographic changes. The other two episodes were reflux-related. Only one of the 25 ischemia-associated pain episodes was also reflux-related, ie, it was preceded by a reflux episode. In group II, 19 chest pain episodes occurred in 11 patients. None of these was associated with electrocardiographic changes, but 8 were associated with reflux (42%) and 8 with abnormal esophageal motility (42%). CONCLUSION Linked angina is a rare phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elisabeth of Groote Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aktuelles in Diagnostik, Pathogenese und Therapie von Funktionsstörungen des Ösophagus. Eur Surg 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Maseri
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Janosi A, Sarai A, Faller J. Esophageal reflux and variant angina pectoris. Chest 1991; 100:1442-3. [PMID: 1935307 DOI: 10.1378/chest.100.5.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Janosi
- Janos Municipal Hospital III, Internal Department-Cardiology, Semmelweis Medical University Surgical Department, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- D L Brand
- State University of New York, Stony Brook School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Patients with recurrent chest pain free of significant coronary artery disease account for 10% to 30% of patients undergoing coronary angiography. Recent studies suggest that gastroesophageal reflux disease may be very common in these patients. The cause of this chest pain seems to be related primarily to an acid-sensitive mucosa regardless of the presence of esophagitis. Unfortunately, a careful history will not distinguish chest pain arising from a cardiac versus an esophageal source. Therefore, all patients must undergo a thorough cardiac evaluation before assuming that acid reflux is the cause of their complaints. Initial gastroenterology evaluation will usually include upper GI endoscopy or barium studies, possibly with acid perfusion (Bernstein) testing, or both. However, the more sensitive and specific test for acid-related disease is prolonged esophageal pH monitoring. This study quantifies the amount of acid reflux but, more importantly, identifies the relationship between chest pain and acid reflux episodes. Patients should be studied in the outpatient setting with emphasis placed on performing activities that replicate their chest pain. Although we presume that acid-induced chest pain responds as well as heartburn to vigorous antireflux regimens, there are few studies to address this issue. Nevertheless, I have had great success in treating these patients with either high-dose H2 blockers or omeprazole therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prospective study on prevalence of esophageal chest pain in patients referred on an elective basis to a cardiac unit for suspected myocardial ischemia. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:229-35. [PMID: 1988269 DOI: 10.1007/bf01300762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of esophageal chest pain was studied prospectively in patients referred on an elective basis to a cardiac unit for suspected myocardial ischemia. A group of 248 consecutive patients without previously documented heart disease was admitted for elective diagnostic coronary angiography. The clinical history classified 185 patients as having anginal pain and the coronary angiogram was normal in 48 of them. In 37 of these 48 patients full esophageal testing was performed including 24-hr intraesophageal pH and pressure recordings with indication of chest pain episodes as well as a number of esophageal provocation tests, ie, acid perfusion, edrophonium stimulation, balloon distension, and ergonovine stimulation, all performed under continuous esophageal manometric and electrocardiographic monitoring. In 19 of these 37 patients, the familiar chest pain could be reproduced by esophageal provocative testing without ischemic ST-T segment alterations; six of these 19 patients had also a positive 24-hr pH and pressure recording. These data strongly suggest an esophageal origin of chest pain in half the patients with typical angina and a normal coronary angiogram.
Collapse
|
25
|
Garcia-Pulido J, Patel PH, Hunter WC, Douglas JE, Thomas E. Esophageal contribution to chest pain in patients with coronary artery disease. Chest 1990; 98:806-10. [PMID: 2209134 DOI: 10.1378/chest.98.4.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective study to determine the role of the esophagus in causing chest pain in patients with established CAD on optimum therapy. Thirty-two men with documented CAD who complained of frequent and usually daily retrosternal chest pain were evaluated. Following a standard esophageal manometry and acid perfusion test, simultaneous two-channel ambulatory Holter monitor and esophageal pH record tests were performed for 24 hours. Fifty-three episodes of chest pain were documented in 20 patients; 11 patients were free of pain. Of the 20 patients who complained of chest pains, 17 (85 percent) demonstrated at least one episode of PPR, defined as a drop in distal esophageal pH to less than 4 within ten minutes before or after the onset chest pain. Episodes of asymptomatic GER were common. The correlation of PPR with chest pain was 70 percent (37/53 episodes) and of ischemic ECG changes with chest pain 13 percent (7/53); in the remaining, there was no correlation with either. Two patients demonstrated simultaneous PPR and ischemic ECG changes. Seventeen esophageal motility abnormalities were observed in 14 patients (45 percent). It is our conclusion that esophageal disorders contribute to chest pain in patients with documented CAD. In this group, GER plays a greater role than in those with normal coronary arteries. In addition, esophageal motility disorders are common in these patients. Esophageal testing can be undertaken safely in these patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- R H Holloway
- Gastroenterology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Browning TH. Diagnosis of chest pain of esophageal origin. A guideline of the Patient Care Committee of the American Gastroenterological Association. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35:289-93. [PMID: 2307074 DOI: 10.1007/bf01537404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Browning
- Gastroenterology Section, MAS Medical Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Seventeen patients with non-cardiac chest pain were investigated by simultaneous ambulatory 24 hour ECG and oesophageal pH monitoring. While 11 patients lowered their oesophageal pH below 4 for a significant percentage, (3.4%) of recorded time and experienced chest pain, no simultaneous ECG changes occurred. In 10 patients chest pain was reproduced by an oesophageal acid perfusion test (Bernstein test). No changes in ECG record during the test were shown. We conclude that although reflux oesophageal pain may be difficult to differentiate from cardiac pain, clinically oesophageal pH changes do not produce any ECG changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wani
- Department of Medicine, James Paget Hospital, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Noncardiac chest pain remains an enigma that often defies precise diagnosis. Overlap of symptoms between esophageal and cardiac disorders may make differentiation extremely difficult. Exclusion of coronary artery disease is a key element of the management of noncardiac chest pain. Once this is accomplished, the physician can address the fears and concerns of the patient with confidence and often avoid any diagnostic studies of the esophagus. When diagnostic studies are performed, the physician should be mindful of their limitations. Since gastroesophageal reflux disease is probably the most common cause of esophageal chest pain, prompt recognition and treatment of this disorder may provide relief for many patients. Future studies should address the relationship between physiologic events in the esophagus and chest pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lieberman
- Oregon Health Sciences University School of Medicine, Portland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- A K Rustgi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christer Sylvén
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge Hospital, S-14686 HuddingeSweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Cohn PF. Possible Mechanisms Responsible for Silent Myocardial Ischemia: Do Patients with Silent Myocardial ischemia Have Altered Pain Thresholds? Cardiol Clin 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
The mechanisms of cardiac ischemic pain remain obscure. It is unknown whether ischemia causes cardiac pain by the release of chemical substances or by mechanical stretching. It is also unknown whether ischemia activates specific nociceptors and pain fibers or mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. In patients who have both painful and painless ischemic episodes, a certain minimal duration and severity of ischemia are necessary but insufficient to explain the presence of pain, since very severe ischemia of long duration can be silent. Thus, central transmission of painful stimuli and the pain perception threshold appear to play major roles in determining the presence or absence of pain. The emotional state and psychologic expectations of patients may affect their perception and threshold of pain considerably.
Collapse
|