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Shichijo T, Yasunaga JI, Sato K, Nosaka K, Toyoda K, Watanabe M, Zhang W, Koyanagi Y, Murphy EL, Bruhn RL, Koh KR, Akari H, Ikeda T, Harris RS, Green PL, Matsuoka M. Vulnerability to APOBEC3G linked to the pathogenicity of deltaretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309925121. [PMID: 38502701 PMCID: PMC10990082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309925121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human retroviruses are derived from simian ones through cross-species transmission. These retroviruses are associated with little pathogenicity in their natural hosts, but in humans, HIV causes AIDS, and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). We analyzed the proviral sequences of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) from Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and found that APOBEC3G (A3G) frequently generates G-to-A mutations in the HTLV-1 provirus, whereas such mutations are rare in the HTLV-2 and STLV-1 proviruses. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of how HTLV-2 is resistant to human A3G (hA3G). HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and STLV-1 encode the so-called antisense proteins, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), Antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2), and STLV-1 bZIP factor (SBZ), respectively. APH-2 efficiently inhibits the deaminase activity of both hA3G and simian A3G (sA3G). HBZ and SBZ strongly suppress sA3G activity but only weakly inhibit hA3G, suggesting that HTLV-1 is incompletely adapted to humans. Unexpectedly, hA3G augments the activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad pathway by HBZ, and this activation is associated with ATL cell proliferation by up-regulating BATF3/IRF4 and MYC. In contrast, the combination of APH-2 and hA3G, or the combination of SBZ and sA3G, does not enhance the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Thus, HTLV-1 is vulnerable to hA3G but utilizes it to promote the proliferation of infected cells via the activation of the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Antisense factors in each virus, differently adapted to control host cellular functions through A3G, seem to dictate the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Shichijo
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Toyoda
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco94158
- Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco94105
| | | | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka545-0053, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi484-8506, Japan
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-0811, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
- HHMI, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
- HHMI, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto860-8556, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
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Koofhethile CK, Gao C, Chang C, Lian X, Shapiro R, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M, Kanki PJ. The HIV-2 proviral landscape is dominated by defective proviruses. AIDS 2024; 38:309-316. [PMID: 37916471 PMCID: PMC10842655 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with HIV-1 infection, HIV-2 infection is associated with a slower progression to AIDS. Understanding the persistence of HIV-2 infection might inform the mechanisms responsible for differences in the pathogenicity of HIV-2 versus HIV-1. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the genetic composition of the proviral reservoir in archived blood samples collected from 13 untreated HIV-2-infected adults from Senegal. We used single-genome, near-full-length individual proviral sequencing (FLIP-Seq) to assess the relative frequency of intact and defective proviruses. RESULTS Ten out of 13 (77%) study participants demonstrated virologic suppression (<90 HIV RNA copies/ml) while the remaining 3 (23%) had detectable HIV RNA. We obtained 363 proviral sequences from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the 13 study participants. Within these sequences, 342 (94%) defective proviruses were detected. Twenty-one (6%) intact proviruses were detected from three study participants, with one study participant displaying a large clone consisting of 16 genome-intact sequences. CONCLUSION This data suggests that similar to HIV-1 infection, the proviral landscape of HIV-2 is dominated by defective proviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K. Koofhethile
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge
| | | | | | | | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Varanda J, Santos JM. It Was Not the Perfect Storm: The Social History of the HIV-2 Virus in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050261. [PMID: 37235309 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The perfect storm model that was elaborated for the HIV-1M pandemic has also been used to explain the emergence of HIV-2, a second human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) that became an epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. The use of this model creates epidemiological generalizations, ecological oversimplifications and historical misunderstandings as its assumptions-an urban center with explosive population growth, a high level of commercial sex and a surge in STDs, a network of mechanical transport and country-wide, en masse mobile campaigns-are absent from the historical record. This model fails to explain how the HIV-2 epidemic actually came about. This is the first study to conduct an exhaustive examination of sociohistorical contextual developments and align them with environmental, virological and epidemiological data. The interdisciplinary dialogue indicates that the emergence of the HIV-2 epidemic piggybacked on local sociopolitical transformations. The war's indirect effects on ecological relations, mobility and sociability were acute in rural areas and are a key to the HIV-2 epidemic. This setting had the natural host of the virus, the population numbers, the mobility trends and the use of technology on a scale needed to foster viral adaptation and amplification. The present analysis suggests new reflections on the processes of zoonotic spillovers and disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Varanda
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-UC), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-NOVA-Lisbon (GHTM-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maurício Santos
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Alessandri-Gradt E, Moisan A, Plantier JC. HIV-1 Non-Group M Strains and ART. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030780. [PMID: 36992488 PMCID: PMC10058373 DOI: 10.3390/v15030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To eliminate HIV infection, there are several elements to take into account to limit transmission and break viral replication, such as epidemiological, preventive or therapeutic management. The UNAIDS goals of screening, treatment and efficacy should allow for this elimination if properly followed. For some infections, the difficulty is linked to the strong genetic divergence of the viruses, which can impact the virological and therapeutic management of patients. To completely eliminate HIV by 2030, we must therefore also be able to act on these atypical variants (HIV-1 non-group M) which are distinct from the group M pandemic viruses. While this diversity has had an impact on the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in the past, recent data show that there is real hope of eliminating these forms, while maintaining vigilance and constant surveillance, so as not to allow more divergent and resistant forms to emerge. The aim of this work is therefore to share an update on the current knowledge on epidemiology, diagnosis and antiretroviral agent efficacy of HIV-1 non-M variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Alessandri-Gradt
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, and CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alice Moisan
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, and CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, and CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
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HIV/AIDS Global Epidemic. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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HIV / AIDS as a model for emerging infectious disease: origin, dating and circumstances of an emblematic epidemiological success. Presse Med 2022; 51:104128. [PMID: 35623545 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 1981, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" described the first cases of what was to be known as the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Two years later, the agent responsible for the disease, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was identified. Since then, according to the World Health Organization an estimated 40 million people have died from the disease. Where does this virus come from, and why such an emergence in the late 20th century? These are the questions that it is now possible to answer in large part thanks to the numerous studies published over a little more than three decades. As with other emerging infectious diseases, initial cross-species transmission from an animal reservoir and subsequent favorable sociological factors associated with the evolution of human societies have led to the spread of a dramatic disease, for which no vaccine is presently available.
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Ceccarelli G, Giovanetti M, Sagnelli C, Ciccozzi A, d’Ettorre G, Angeletti S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111377. [PMID: 34832533 PMCID: PMC8621479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9187
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Robledinos-Antón N, Escoll M, Guan KL, Cuadrado A. TAZ Represses the Neuronal Commitment of Neural Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102230. [PMID: 33023162 PMCID: PMC7600930 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in regulation of quiescence, proliferation, and reprogramming of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells (NSPCs) of the mammalian brain are still poorly defined. Here, we studied the role of the transcriptional co-factor TAZ, regulated by the WNT and Hippo pathways, in the homeostasis of NSPCs. We found that, in the murine neurogenic niches of the striatal subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus granular zone, TAZ is highly expressed in NSPCs and declines with ageing. Moreover, TAZ expression is lost in immature neurons of both neurogenic regions. To characterize mechanistically the role of TAZ in neuronal differentiation, we used the midbrain-derived NSPC line ReNcell VM to replicate in a non-animal model the factors influencing NSPC differentiation to the neuronal lineage. TAZ knock-down and forced expression in NSPCs led to increased and reduced neuronal differentiation, respectively. TEADs-knockdown indicated that these TAZ co-partners are required for the suppression of NSPCs commitment to neuronal differentiation. Genetic manipulation of the TAZ/TEAD system showed its participation in transcriptional repression of SOX2 and the proneuronal genes ASCL1, NEUROG2, and NEUROD1, leading to impediment of neurogenesis. TAZ is usually considered a transcriptional co-activator promoting stem cell proliferation, but our study indicates an additional function as a repressor of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Robledinos-Antón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.-A.); (M.E.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Escoll
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.-A.); (M.E.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.-A.); (M.E.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915-854-383; Fax: +34-915-854-401
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Panwar U, Chandra I, Selvaraj C, Singh SK. Current Computational Approaches for the Development of Anti-HIV Inhibitors: An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3390-3405. [PMID: 31538884 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190911160244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, HIV-1 infection has become an extensive problem to public health and a greater challenge to all working researchers throughout the world. Since the beginning of HIV-1 virus, several antiviral therapeutic agents have been developed at various stages to combat HIV-1 infection. But, many of antiviral drugs are on the platform of drug resistance and toxicology issues, needs an urgent constructive investigation for the development of productive and protective therapeutics to make an improvement of individual life suffering with viral infection. As developing a novel agent is very costly, challenging and time taking route in the recent times. METHODS The review summarized about the modern approaches of computational aided drug discovery to developing a novel inhibitor within a short period of time and less cost. RESULTS The outcome suggests on the premise of reported information that the computational drug discovery is a powerful technology to design a defensive and fruitful therapeutic agents to combat HIV-1 infection and recover the lifespan of suffering one. CONCLUSION Based on survey of the reported information, we concluded that the current computational approaches is highly supportive in the progress of drug discovery and controlling the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Czech Republic
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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90-90-90 for HIV-2? Ending the HIV-2 epidemic by enhancing care and clinical management of patients infected with HIV-2. Lancet HIV 2019; 5:e390-e399. [PMID: 30052509 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Distinct from HIV-1 and often neglected in the global campaign to end the AIDS epidemic, HIV-2 presents unique and underappreciated challenges in diagnosis, clinical care, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and HIV programmatic management. Here, we review the epidemiology and natural history of HIV-2, diagnostics and algorithms for accurately diagnosing and differentiating HIV-2 from HIV-1, the unique features of HIV-2 ART and drug resistance, and the clinical care and management of patients infected with HIV-2 in both developed and resource-limited settings. Ultimately, further research is needed to address the gaps in our knowledge of HIV-2 infection, increased resources are needed to specifically target HIV-2 as part of the UNAIDS/WHO 90-90-90 campaign to end AIDS, and increased determination is needed to better advocate for inclusion of people living with HIV-2 in global HIV/AIDS initiatives.
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Monteiro-Grillo M, Sousa AP, Galvao J, Yueh M, Neves C, Ribeiro-da-Silva J. Clinical Correlations in Hiv-1 and Hiv-2 Infected Patients. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 3:13-20. [PMID: 8485393 DOI: 10.1177/112067219300300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Portugal, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) seropositivity is higher than in other European countries or North America. Recent literature data points out a possible difference on the pathogenic potential and on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting a lower virulence of HIV-2. Facing these hypothesis and the increasing number of HIV-2 cases, we analysed two infected groups HIV-1 and HIV-2, trying to correlate the ophthalmologic lesions present in both populations and searching for a difference in the clinical presentation of the ocular disorder. We studied prospectively 214 patients with HIV infection at several stages, 83% HIV-1 and 17% HIV-2. Ocular manifestations were present in both populations with a significant prevalence in HIV-1 (48%), compared to HIV-2 (19%) (p<0.005). The ophthalmologic pathology found, particularly noninfectious retinopathy, infectious retinitis and neuro-ophthalmic disorders, were considered important for the disease's diagnosis and prognosis. All these ophthalmic findings were present in the HIV-1 population. In the HIV-2 group the most frequent lesion was noninfectious retinopathy. Within each group, HIV-1 and HIV-2, the comparison of the survival between AIDS patients with and without ocular lesions, revealed a significant shorter survival time in those with ocular pathology (p<0.001 and p<0.05). There seems to exist a certain analogy in clinical expression in both groups, although it is possible to admit a lower severity in ocular involvement in patients infected by HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monteiro-Grillo
- Lisbon University Eye Clinic, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cella E, Lo Presti A, Giovanetti M, Veo C, Lai A, Dicuonzo G, Angeletti S, Ciotti M, Zehender G, Ciccozzi M. Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Group B. J Glob Infect Dis 2016; 8:108-14. [PMID: 27621561 PMCID: PMC4997794 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.188592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infections are mainly restricted to West Africa; however, in the recent years, the prevalence of HIV-2 is a growing concern in some European countries and the Southwestern region of India. Despite the presence of different HIV-2 groups, only A and B Groups have established human-to-human transmission chains. AIMS This work aimed to evaluate the phylogeographic inference of HIV-2 Group B worldwide to estimate their data of origin and the population dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The evolutionary rates, the demographic history for HIV-2 Group B dataset, and the phylogeographic analysis were estimated using a Bayesian approach. The viral gene flow analysis was used to count viral gene out/in flow among different locations. RESULTS The root of the Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of HIV-2 Group B dated back to 1957. The demographic history of HIV-2 Group B showed that the epidemic remained constant up to 1970 when started an exponential growth. From 1985 to early 2000s, the epidemic reached a plateau, and then it was characterized by two bottlenecks and a new plateau at the end of 2000s. Phylogeographic reconstruction showed that the most probable location for the root of the tree was Ghana. Regarding the viral gene flow of HIV-2 Group B, the only observed viral gene flow was from Africa to France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. CONCLUSIONS The study gives insights into the origin, history, and phylogeography of HIV-2 Group B epidemic. The growing number of infections of HIV-2 worldwide indicates the need for strengthening surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, General Pathology Laboratory, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Veo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giordano Dicuonzo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Tor Vergata Foundation Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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13
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Visseaux B, Damond F, Matheron S, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:233-240. [PMID: 27530215 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) has been revealed to be at the origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) in humans, firstly detected from two Portuguese patients in 1986. HIV-2 is mainly restricted to West Africa where it infects up to 1 to 2 million people. HIV-2 is also present in Europe, mainly Portugal and France, India and United States of America. Two major HIV-2 groups, groups A and B, were generated by two independent transmission events involving infected sooty mangabeys from the Taï forest in Ivory Coast. Seven other HIV-2 groups have been described, but each has only been identified in one patient. To date, no subtypes have been formally described but some preliminary data suggest that HIV-2 group A may be divided in two distinct subtypes with distinct geographical origins. To date only two recombinant forms have been described: one circulating recombinant form (CRF01_AB) and one unique recombinant form. In this review, we focused mainly on molecular data available and their insights about HIV-2 origins, diversity, drug resistance and global epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Visseaux
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Damond
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
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14
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Bhatti AB, Usman M, Kandi V. Current Scenario of HIV/AIDS, Treatment Options, and Major Challenges with Compliance to Antiretroviral Therapy. Cureus 2016; 8:e515. [PMID: 27054050 PMCID: PMC4818110 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative organism of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the inability of modern medicine to find a cure for it has placed HIV as one of the most dreaded pathogens of the 21(st) century. With millions of people infected with HIV, it was once thought to result in "medical apocalypse". However, with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), it is now possible to control HIV. Adherence to ART helps to keep the viral load under control and prolong the time of progression to AIDS, resulting in near normal life expectancy. Even with the introduction of ART, a substantial number of patients fail to adhere due to a variety of reasons, including adverse side effects, drug abuse, mental disorders, socioeconomic status, literacy, and social stigma. With the availability of so many options for HIV treatment at each stage of the disease progression, physicians can switch between the treatment regimens to avoid and/or minimize the adverse effects of drugs. Close monitoring, major social reforms, and adequate counselling should also be implemented to circumvent other challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Bashir Bhatti
- Department of Medicine, Capital Development Authority Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Hospital Lahore (JHL)/Allama Iqbal Medical College (AIMC), Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Makvandi-Nejad S, Rowland-Jones S. How does the humoral response to HIV-2 infection differ from HIV-1 and can this explain the distinct natural history of infection with these two human retroviruses? Immunol Lett 2014; 163:69-75. [PMID: 25445493 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A substantial proportion of people infected with HIV-2, the second causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), behave as long-term non-progressors (LTNP) and are able to control the infection more effectively than most HIV-1-infected patients. A better understanding of the differences in the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection, and how these relate to the relative immunogenicity and evolution of the two virus strains, could provide important insights into the mechanisms of protective immunity in HIV infection. One of the most striking differences is that most people infected with HIV-2 generate high titers of broadly neutralizing antibodies, whereas this is relatively uncommon in HIV-1 infection. In this review we compare the underlying structural differences of the envelope (Env) between HIV-1 and HIV-2, and examine how these might affect the antibody responses as well as their impact on Env evolution and control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Makvandi-Nejad
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Machado LY, Díaz HM, Noa E, Martín D, Blanco M, Díaz DF, Sánchez YR, Nibot C, Sánchez L, Dubed M. Phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolated from Cuban individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:823-6. [PMID: 24925342 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) in Cuba has been previously documented. However, genetic information on the strains that circulate in the Cuban people is still unknown. The present work constitutes the first study concerning the phylogenetic relationship of HIV-2 Cuban isolates conducted on 13 Cuban patients who were diagnosed with HIV-2. The env sequences were analyzed for the construction of a phylogenetic tree with reference sequences of HIV-2. Phylogenetic analysis of the env gene showed that all the Cuban sequences clustered in group A of HIV-2. The analysis indicated several independent introductions of HIV-2 into Cuba. The results of the study will reinforce the program on the epidemiological surveillance of the infection in Cuba and make possible further molecular evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología, Villa Clara, Cuba
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17
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Abstract
The AIDS pandemic that started in the early 1980s is due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M (HIV-M), but apart from this major group, many divergent variants have been described (HIV-1 groups N, O, and P and HIV-2). The four HIV-1 groups arose from independent cross-species transmission of the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) SIVcpz, infecting chimpanzees, and SIVgor, infecting gorillas. This, together with human adaptation, accounts for their genomic, phylogenetic, and virological specificities. Nevertheless, the natural course of non-M HIV infection seems similar to that of HIV-M. The virological monitoring of infected patients is now possible with commercial kits, but their therapeutic management remains complex. All non-M variants were principally described for patients linked to Cameroon, where HIV-O accounts for 1% of all HIV infections; only 15 cases of HIV-N infection and 2 HIV-P infections have been reported. Despite improvements in our knowledge, many fascinating questions remain concerning the origin, genetic evolution, and slow spread of these variants. Other variants may already exist or may arise in the future, calling for close surveillance. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of the current knowledge on these pathogens, including the historical background of their discovery; the latest advances in the comprehension of their origin and spread; and clinical, therapeutic, and laboratory aspects that may be useful for the management and the treatment of patients infected with these divergent viruses.
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18
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Peeters M, Jung M, Ayouba A. The origin and molecular epidemiology of HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:885-96. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.825443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Ingole NA, Sarkate PP, Paranjpe SM, Shinde SD, Lall SS, Mehta PR. HIV-2 Infection: Where Are We Today? J Glob Infect Dis 2013; 5:110-3. [PMID: 24049365 PMCID: PMC3766332 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.116872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The choice of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-2 differs from that for HIV-1, underscoring the importance of differentiating between the two. Aims: The current study was planned to find out the prevalence of HIV-2 infection at our center and to find out the utility of the current diagnostic algorithm in identifying the type of HIV infection. Setting and Design: Retrospective analysis in a tertiary care teaching institute over a period of three years. Materials and Methods: All patients diagnosed as HIV infected using NACO/WHO HIV testing strategy III were included in the study. They were classified as HIV-1 infected, HIV-2 infected and HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-infected based on their test results. For discordant samples, immunoblotting result from National Reference Laboratory was considered as final. Statistical Analysis Used: Comparison between HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1+2 positive groups for age, gender, route of transmission was made using chi squared test. P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Of the total of 66,708 patients tested, 5,238 (7.9%) were positive for HIV antibodies. 7.62%, 0.14%, 0.08% and 0.004% were HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-infected and HIV type indeterminate (HIV-1 Indeterminate, 2+) respectively. The current algorithm could not differentiate between the types of HIV infection (as HIV-1 or HIV-2) in 63 (1.2%) cases. Conclusion: In areas like the Indian subcontinent, where epidemic of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections are ongoing, it is important to modify the current diagnostic algorithms to diagnose and confirm HIV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana A Ingole
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G. S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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20
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D'Ettorre G, Lo Presti A, Gori C, Cella E, Bertoli A, Vullo V, Perno CF, Ciotti M, Foley BT, Ciccozzi, on behalf of the HIV-2 St M. An HIV type 2 case series in Italy: a phylogenetic analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1254-9. [PMID: 23638670 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the increase of migration from countries where human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is endemic to industrialized countries has facilitated the spread of the virus in individuals previously unexposed to this threat. In this report, we performed a phylogenetic analysis on pol and env sequences of HIV-2 strains identified in foreigners and native citizens to trace the origin of infection. All but one of the 17 pol gene sequences were classified as group A. HIV-2 strains were aggregated in several clusters depending by the country of origin and/or infection. One patient (1AA) was classified as being infected with a recombinant between HIV-2 group A and HIV-2 group B, because the pol gene sequence was clearly in the group A, but an env V3 region sequence from this patient was more similar to group B viruses. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the surveillance and use adequate molecular virological tools to diagnose and monitor HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Bertoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian T. Foley
- Theoretical Biology Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
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21
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HIV/AIDS Global Epidemic. Infect Dis (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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22
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The origin and evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtype C in Senegal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33579. [PMID: 22470456 PMCID: PMC3314668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classification of HIV-1 strains in subtypes and Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) has helped in tracking the course of the HIV pandemic. In Senegal, which is located at the tip of West Africa, CRF02_AG predominates in the general population and Female Sex Workers (FSWs). In contrast, 40% of Men having Sex with Men (MSM) in Senegal are infected with subtype C. In this study we analyzed the geographical origins and introduction dates of HIV-1 C in Senegal in order to better understand the evolutionary history of this subtype, which predominates today in the MSM population Methodology/Principal Findings We used a combination of phylogenetic analyses and a Bayesian coalescent-based approach, to study the phylogenetic relationships in pol of 56 subtype C isolates from Senegal with 3,025 subtype C strains that were sampled worldwide. Our analysis shows a significantly well supported cluster which contains all subtype C strains that circulate among MSM in Senegal. The MSM cluster and other strains from Senegal are widely dispersed among the different subclusters of African HIV-1 C strains, suggesting multiple introductions of subtype C in Senegal from many different southern and east African countries. More detailed analyses show that HIV-1 C strains from MSM are more closely related to those from southern Africa. The estimated date of the MRCA of subtype C in the MSM population in Senegal is estimated to be in the early 80's. Conclusions/Significance Our evolutionary reconstructions suggest that multiple subtype C viruses with a common ancestor originating in the early 1970s entered Senegal. There was only one efficient spread in the MSM population, which most likely resulted from a single introduction, underlining the importance of high-risk behavior in spread of viruses.
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23
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Ciccozzi M, Babakir-Mina M, Cella E, Bertoli A, Presti AL, Maniar JK, Perno CF, Ciotti M. A case of Italian HIV type 2 infection: a genetic analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1333-5. [PMID: 21453133 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), originally restricted to Western Africa, is now spreading to Western European countries because of migration from endemic areas. Therefore, it is mandatory to enforce the surveillance and improve the diagnostics of this neglected infection. In this report, we describe a case of HIV-2 infection affecting an Italian citizen along with three cases from India. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viral strain identified in the Italian patient clustered with a strain isolated from an immigrant living in France. Of the three Indian strains, two clustered together and were statistically supported, whereas one clustered with a strain from Guinea Bissau. The description of the first case of HIV-2 infection in an Italian citizen indicates that the virus is spreading from endemic areas to countries involved in migration. A strict monitoring and improvement of the diagnostic molecular tools are necessary to avoid misdiagnosis with relevant clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Bertoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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24
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Onyango CO, Leligdowicz A, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Song H, Nakayama EE, Shioda T, de Silva T, Townend J, Jaye A, Whittle H, Rowland-Jones S, Cotten M. HIV-2 capsids distinguish high and low virus load patients in a West African community cohort. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B60-7. [PMID: 20510746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 causes AIDS similar to HIV-1, however a considerable proportion of HIV-2 infected patients show no disease and have low plasma virus load (VL). An analysis of HIV-2 capsid (p26) variation demonstrated that proline at p26 positions 119, 159 and 178 are more frequent in lower VL subjects while non-proline residues at all three sites are more frequent in subjects with high VL. In vitro replication levels of viruses bearing changes at the three sites suggested that these three residues influence virus replication by altering susceptibility to TRIM5alpha. These results provide new insights into HIV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton O Onyango
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Atlantic Road, PO Box 273, The Gambia.
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25
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Yindom LM, Leligdowicz A, Martin MP, Gao X, Qi Y, Zaman SMA, van der Loeff MS, van Tienen C, Jaye A, Aveika A, Worwui A, Diatta M, Vincent T, Whittle HC, Rowland-Jones SL, Walton R, Carrington M. Influence of HLA class I and HLA-KIR compound genotypes on HIV-2 infection and markers of disease progression in a Manjako community in West Africa. J Virol 2010; 84:8202-8. [PMID: 20519398 PMCID: PMC2916551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00116-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, the time to AIDS after HIV-2 infection is longer than with HIV-1, and many individuals infected with HIV-2 virus remain healthy throughout their lives. Multiple HLA and KIR gene products have been implicated in the control of HIV-1, but the effect of variation at these loci on HIV-2 disease is unknown. We show here for the first time that HLA-B*1503 is associated significantly with poor prognosis after HIV-2 infection and that HLA-B*0801 is associated with susceptibility to infection. Interestingly, previous data indicate that HLA-B*1503 is associated with low viral loads in HIV-1 clade B infection but has no significant effect on viral load in clade C infection. In general, alleles strongly associated with HIV-1 disease showed no effect in HIV-2 disease. These data emphasize the unique nature of the effects of HLA and HLA/KIR combinations on HIV-2 immune responses relative to HIV-1, which could be related to their distinct clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Yindom
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Xiaojiang Gao
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Ying Qi
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Syed M. A. Zaman
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Maarten Schim van der Loeff
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Carla van Tienen
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Assan Jaye
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Akum Aveika
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mathurin Diatta
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Tim Vincent
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Hilton C. Whittle
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Sarah L. Rowland-Jones
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Robert Walton
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mary Carrington
- Medical Research Council (UK), The Gambia, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, GGD Amsterdam and Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, CE 1000 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Centre for Health Sciences, Barts and the London Medical School, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Improving HIV-2 detection by a combination of serological and nucleic acid amplification test assays. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2902-8. [PMID: 20573872 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00121-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect HIV-2 and to discriminate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections was evaluated in 46 serum samples from Guinea-Bissau (GB) and Guinea-Conakry (GC) using serological tests and commercial (HIV-1) and in-house (HIV-2) real-time PCR assays. Samples were first identified as HIV-2 positive by Genie I/II assay in GB and GC. HIV positivity was detected in 44 of 46 samples by all screening and confirmatory assays. A diagnostic strategy based on Inno-LIA and HIV-1/2 RNA detection assays allowed accurate discrimination between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in 84% of single infections and confirmed 32% of double infections. In samples with double reactivity in the Inno-LIA test and no detection of both genomes, cross-reactivity likely hampered the identification of true double infections. In conclusion, the implementation of a diagnostic strategy, based on multiple specific serological tests and highly sensitive quantitative PCR assays, is recommended to ensure accurate HIV-2 diagnosis and appropriate therapy for individuals from areas in which the virus is endemic.
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Ondondo BO, Rowland-Jones SL, Dorrell L, Peterson K, Cotten M, Whittle H, Jaye A. Comprehensive analysis of HIV Gag-specific IFN-gamma response in HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected asymptomatic patients from a clinical cohort in The Gambia. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3549-60. [PMID: 19016530 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Majority of HIV-2-infected individuals meet the criteria of long-term non-progressors. This has been linked to superior qualitative HIV-2-specific cellular immune responses that correlate with viral control. However, it is unknown whether this is due to frequent targeting of immunodominant Gag epitopes in HIV-2 than HIV-1 infection. We describe a comprehensive comparison of the magnitude, breadth and frequency of Gag responses and the degree of cross-recognition of frequently targeted, immunodominant Gag peptides in a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected individuals. Fresh PBMC from 20 HIV-1- and 20 HIV-2-infected patients with similar CD4(+) T-cell counts (p=0.36) were stimulated with pools of HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 Gag peptides in an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. We found no difference in the cumulative magnitude of IFN-gamma responses (p=0.75) despite significantly lower plasma viral loads in HIV-2-infected people (p<0.0001). However, Gag211-290 was targeted with significantly higher magnitude in HIV-2-infected subjects (p=0.03) although this did not correlate with viral control. There was no difference in frequently targeted Gag peptides, the breadth, immunodominance or cross-recognition of Gag peptide pools between the two infections. This suggests that other factors may control viral replication in HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice O Ondondo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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de Silva TI, Cotten M, Rowland-Jones SL. HIV-2: the forgotten AIDS virus. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:588-95. [PMID: 18964021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV type 2 (HIV-2), a closely related retrovirus discovered a few years after HIV type 1, causes AIDS in only a minority of infected individuals. Determining why HIV-2 causes asymptomatic infection in most patients could further our understanding of HIV immunopathogenesis. Studies to date have suggested that both enhanced immune responses and lower viral replication could play a role. We summarize the important findings to date and highlight areas that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushan I de Silva
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Atlantic Road, PO Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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29
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Weiss RA. Special anniversary review: twenty-five years of human immunodeficiency virus research: successes and challenges. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:201-10. [PMID: 18373700 PMCID: PMC2384092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During 25 years of research since HIV-1 was first identified in Paris, there have been great advances in our understanding of the virus and of the immune system. Practical advances include the early development of diagnostic tests of infection that made blood donation safe, and since 1996, combination anti-retroviral therapy that has great reduced incidence of AIDS in HIV-infected people who have access to the drugs. HIV prevention through behavioural change has been successful, and we do not yet have any safe and efficacious microbicides or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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30
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Abstract
French national surveillance of new HIV diagnoses included the collection of dried serum spots to identify HIV serotypes. Between January 2003 and June 2006, 10,184 new diagnoses were reported. The proportions of HIV-2 and HIV-1 group O infections were 1.8 and 0.1%, respectively. Most of these cases occurred in patients infected through heterosexual contact and originated from the corresponding endemic areas. Three cases of HIV-2 infections were reported in non-African men having sex with men.
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Hamel DJ, Sankalé JL, Eisen G, Meloni ST, Mullins C, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Mboup S, Kanki PJ. Twenty years of prospective molecular epidemiology in Senegal: changes in HIV diversity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:1189-96. [PMID: 17961103 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 20-year period we have observed the dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes and HIV-2 infection in a prospective cohort of registered female sex workers (FSW) in Dakar, Senegal. Prevalence and incidence rates for HIV-1 and HIV-2 are described from 290 seroprevalent and 193 seroincident subjects who were among the 3,910 women enrolled between 1985 and 2004. We report a significant decrease of HIV-2 prevalence in the cohort, parallel to the introduction and rise of HIV-1 infection. In 328 HIV-1-infected women, a 385-bp C2-V3 fragment of the envelope gene was sequenced and classified into the following subtypes or recombinant forms: 239 (72%) were subtype A [of which 180 (55%) were CRF02_AG and 53 (16%) were A3], 10 (3%) were B, 12 (4%) were C, 11 (4%) were D, 18 (6%) were G, 24 (7%) were CRF06_cpx, and 7 (2%) were CRF09_cpx. We found an increasing proportion of CRF02_AG over many years, but recently subsubtype A3 has over-taken CRF02_AG, with the largest proportion of new infections. The predominance of existing HIV-1 subtypes did not preclude the emergence and increase of other closely related subtypes or recombinant forms. This 20-year prospective serological and sequence analysis of HIV viruses reveals a complex and changing HIV epidemic in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Hamel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jean-Louis Sankalé
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Geoffrey Eisen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Seema Thakore Meloni
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Christopher Mullins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Aissatou Gueye-Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, and Institut d'Hygiene Sociale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, and Institut d'Hygiene Sociale, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Phyllis J. Kanki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Rowland-Jones S. Protective immunity against HIV infection: lessons from HIV-2 infection. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:427-33. [PMID: 17661633 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite two decades of intensive research, the correlates of protective immunity to HIV-1 infection remain elusive. Much less attention has been paid to the related human virus strain, HIV-2, which can cause AIDS, but does not usually do so in the majority of infected people. What can be learned from HIV-2 infection about how the human host can peacefully coexist with a pathogenic retrovirus?
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Izzedine H, Damond F, Brocheriou I, Ghosn J, Lassal H, Deray G. HIV-2 infection and HIV-associated nephropathy. AIDS 2006; 20:949-50. [PMID: 16549986 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000218566.05274.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tamhane M, Mukhopadhyaya R, Mukhopadhyaya R. Characterization of a long terminal repeat region from an infectious Indian HIV type 2 isolate. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:592-6. [PMID: 15989467 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An infectious Indian human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolate from Mumbai, propagated in this laboratory, was found to bear an unusually short long terminal repeat (LTR) region. Complete sequencing of the 601 bp LTR indicated a loss of around 250 nucleotide pairs from the unique 3' (U3) region as compared to other well-characterized HIV-2 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of this LTR shows closest relatedness to the Guinea-Bissau subtype A isolates HIV-2(CAM2) and HIV-2(ALI). The LTR from the biologically active infectious clone with the observed deletion contained all functionally relevant promoter and polyadenylation sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Tamhane
- Virology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai-410 208, India
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35
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Plantier JC, Gueudin M, de Oliveira F, Damond F, Lemée V, Brun-Vézinet F, Simon F. Rapid discrimination between human immunodeficiency virus type 2 groups A and B by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5866-70. [PMID: 15583327 PMCID: PMC535281 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5866-5870.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the feasibility of genotyping human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 groups A and B by real-time PCR. Two group-specific PCRs were developed. Real-time genotyping of 22 samples of genotype A, 10 samples of genotype B, and the isolate of new group H were compared to genotyping by sequencing and phylogeny. The group-specific PCRs specifically identified 84.3% of group A or B samples; isolate H was not detected. This method allowed rapid and specific discrimination between HIV-2 groups A and B and could be a useful tool for molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Unité de Virologie, laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence du VIH, Equipe d'Accueil 2656, CHU Charles Nicolle, 1 rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen, France.
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36
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García-Vallejo F, Domínguez MC, Tamayo O. Autoimmunity and molecular mimicry in tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:241-50. [PMID: 15785836 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses share antigenic sites with normal host cell components, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry. It has long been suggested that viral infections might trigger an autoimmune response by several mechanisms including molecular mimicry. More than 600 antiviral monoclonal antibodies generated against 11 different viruses have been reported to react with 3.5% of cells specific for uninfected mouse organs. The main pathological feature of tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is a chronic inflammation of the spinal cord characterized by perivascular cuffing of mononuclear cells accompanied by parenchymal lymphocytic infiltration. We detected the presence of autoantibodies against a 98- to 100-kDa protein of in vitro cultured human astrocytes and a 33- to 35-kDa protein from normal human brain in the serum of HTLV-I-seropositive individuals. The two cell proteins exhibited molecular mimicry with HTLV-I gag and tax proteins in TSP/HAM patients, respectively. Furthermore, the location of 33- to 35-kDa protein cross-reaction correlated with the anatomical spinal cord areas (in the rat model) in which axonal damage has been reported in several cases of TSP/HAM patients. Our experimental evidence strongly suggests that the demyelinating process occurring in TSP/HAM may be mediated by molecular mimicry between domains of some viral proteins and normal cellular targets of the spinal cord sections involved in the neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García-Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Patogénesis, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias da Saude, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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37
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Virology. THE AIDS PANDEMIC 2005. [PMCID: PMC7148614 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012465271-2/50004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Kanki P, Mullins C. Reply to Valadas and Antunes. Clin Infect Dis 2004. [DOI: 10.1086/425511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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39
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Mullins C, Eisen G, Popper S, Dieng Sarr A, Sankale JL, Berger JJ, Wright SB, Chang HR, Coste G, Cooley TP, Rice P, Skolnik PR, Sullivan M, Kanki PJ. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Response in HIV Type 2 Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1771-9. [PMID: 15227626 DOI: 10.1086/421390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), the second human retrovirus known to cause AIDS, is endemic to West Africa but is infrequently found outside this region. We present a case series of 10 HIV-2--infected individuals treated in the United States. Physicians applied the principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), normally used in treating HIV type 1, with modifications considered appropriate for treating HIV-2. CD4+ cell count, HIV-2 virus load, and clinical status were found to correlate well, providing evidence that HIV-2 virus load is useful in managing treatment of patients with HIV-2 who are receiving therapy. However, HAART regimens with predicted efficacy for treatment of HIV type 1 infection are not as efficacious for treatment of HIV-2. Controlled clinical trials of HIV-2-infected patients receiving various HAART regimens are needed to provide therapeutic guidance to the medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mullins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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40
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Matheron S, Pueyo S, Damond F, Simon F, Leprêtre A, Campa P, Salamon R, Chêne G, Brun-Vezinet F. Factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected-patients: the French ANRS cohort. AIDS 2003; 17:2593-601. [PMID: 14685053 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200312050-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected patients. DESIGN French prospective cohort initiated in 1994. METHODS Follow-up data are collected twice a year; viral load is assessed once a year by cellular viraemia, quantitative proviral DNA and plasma RNA. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used for studying baseline factors associated with clinical progression. RESULTS By December 2001, 217 patients had been enrolled. At inclusion, 80%, 6% and 14% were Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) group A, B and C, respectively. Median CD4 cell count was 436 x 10(6)/l. In the 48% of positive specimens, the median plasma RNA titre was 3.0 log10 copies/ml. Mean follow-up of the 179 patients seen at least twice was 34.4 months. Of these 13 died and nine progressed to group C. Ninety-three (52%) received antiretroviral therapy during a mean of 33 months, including a protease inhibitor in 48%. The probability of remaining AIDS-free was 97% and 95% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Independent variables associated with clinical progression were age > or = 40 years [hazard ratio (HR), 11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-91.8; P = 0.03] and plasma RNA (HR, 2.5 per additional log10 copies/ml; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7, P < 0.01). Prior group B symptoms and CD4 cell count < 200 x 10(6)/l were associated with progression to AIDS. AIDS and plasma RNA were predictive of death. CONCLUSION Considering the limited progression rate of HIV-2 infection, combined antiretroviral therapy should be discussed in patients with high plasma RNA titres, which threshold value remains to be defined. It is recommended in case of AIDS, CDC group B symptoms or CD4 cell count < 200 x 10(6)/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Matheron
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales A, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, France
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Reeves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 301 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA1
| | - Robert W Doms
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 301 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA1
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Bock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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43
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Plantier JC, Damond F, Souquières S, Brun-Vézinet F, Simon F, Barin F. V3 serological subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection is not relevant. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3803-7. [PMID: 11574625 PMCID: PMC88441 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.10.3803-3807.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
V3 enzyme immunoassays have been shown to discriminate effectively between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of V3 serotyping for HIV-2 infection. We serotyped 29 sera with three peptides, corresponding to the V3 loop of subtypes A, B, and D of HIV-2. Sera were collected from HIV-2-infected patients, whose infecting strains were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Our results indicate that HIV-2 serotyping using V3 peptides is not relevant. V3 serotyping data were not consistent with genotyping results. The V3-A and V3-D peptides displayed poor discrimination, and the V3-B peptide was not representative of circulating viruses. Comparison of amino acid sequences and serotype reactivities demonstrated the importance of positions 309 and 314, located on either side of the tip of the V3 loop, in antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Plantier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Equipe Associée 2639, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Allan
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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45
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Kannangai R, Ramalingam S, Prakash KJ, Abraham OC, George R, Castillo RC, Schwartz DH, Jesudason MV, Sridharan G. Molecular confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 in HIV-seropositive subjects in south India. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:987-9. [PMID: 11063512 PMCID: PMC95999 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.6.987-989.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nested PCRs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. Twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive HIV-2 samples were positive by PCR. There were five INNO-LIA (Innogenetics, Zwijnaarde, Belgium) and/or HIVBLOT 2.2 (Genelabs, Singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. HIV-1 PCR was positive in all samples, while HIV-2 PCR was positive in two and RIBA (Chiron Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) was positive for HIV-2 in three samples. Thus the prevalence of HIV-2 is accurately estimated by the use of immunoblotting, but that of HIV-1 and -2 dual infection may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kannangai
- Departments of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India
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46
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Poulsen AG, Aaby P, Jensen H, Dias F. Risk factors for HIV-2 seropositivity among older people in Guinea-Bissau. A search for the early history of HIV-2 infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2000; 32:169-75. [PMID: 10826903 DOI: 10.1080/003655400750045286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Because the seroprevalence of HIV-2 has been shown to be high in older age groups, we conducted a survey of all persons aged 50 years or over in two districts in Bissau, investigating the presence of HIV antibodies and possible risk factors for HIV infection with a particular emphasis on age, the impact of the war of independence (1963-74), traditional marital and extramarital sex patterns, blood contact and contact with monkeys. In 670 participants, the HIV-2 prevalence was 14.3%; 16.1% in women and 12.3% in men. The HIV-1 prevalence was only 0.5% (3/670). The HIV-2 prevalence peaked for men in the 60-69 years age group, and for women in the 50-59 years age group, declining markedly in the following age group for both men and women (OR = 0.09 (0.01-0.51), OR = 0.37 (0.15-0.82), respectively). This pattern could be due to differential mortality for HIV-2 infected individuals or to a cohort effect for a generation who were sexually active at the time of the war of independence in the 1960s and early 1970s in Bissau. Supporting the link with the colonial army, women who had had sex with a white man had a higher seroprevalence (OR = 3.63 (1.12-11.24)). The ethnic group indigenous to Bissau city had a much lower prevalence, but demographic and cultural risk factors such as marital status, religion, education and having lived outside Bissau were not associated with HIV-2. In the multivariate analyses for women, variables related to extramarital sex or prostitution (having sex with a white man, having lived in Senegal, not living with husband, and not marrying first sexual partner) were associated with higher risk. For men, previous spouses who had died or had divorced were associated with higher prevalence. Having married the first sexual partner was protective against HIV-2 infection for both men (OR = 0.29 (0.09-0.76)) and women (OR = 0.19 (0.04-1.00)). Hospitalizations, possibly due to transfusions, tended to be associated with higher risk, but only for women (OR = 1.83 (0.97-3.48)). The focus of the HIV-2 epidemic in Guinea-Bissau is likely to be endogenous, and the war of independence and the colonial army with its associated prostitution may have played an important part in propagating the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Poulsen
- Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
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47
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Lower HIV-2 Plasma Viral Loads May Explain Differences Between the Natural Histories of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200007010-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shanmugam V, Switzer WM, Nkengasong JN, García-Lerma G, Green TA, Ekpini E, Sassan-Morokro M, Antunes F, Manshino K, Soriano V, Wiktor SZ, Heneine W. Lower HIV-2 plasma viral loads may explain differences between the natural histories of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:257-63. [PMID: 10969350 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200007010-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To explain the low transmissibility and pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection's plasma viral loads in both HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected persons were compared by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based Amp-RT assay to measure levels of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. The study comprised a total of 155 HIV-infected-people including 58 who were infected with HIV-2 with CD4+ cell counts <500 x 106/L (n = 15), CD4+ cell counts >500 x 106/L (n = 26), or with tuberculosis (TB; n = 17), and 97 HIV-1-infected people with CD4+ cell counts <500 x 106/L (n = 32), CD4+ cell counts >500 x 106/L (n = 25), or TB (n = 40). Among persons with CD4+ cell counts <500 x 106/L, 11 (73.3%) of 15 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable plasma RT activity compared with 25 (78.1%) of 32 HIV-1-infected persons (p =.725). However, the median HIV-2 plasma RT activity in this group was significantly lower (2561 x 10-10 U/ml; p =.036; detectable range, 1712-644,868 x 10-10 U/ml) than the RT activity of HIV-1-infected persons with similar CD4+ cell counts (13,241 x 10-10 U/ml; detectable range, 8482-1,478,880 x 10-10 U/ml). Among TB patients, 10 (58.8%) of 17 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable plasma RT activity compared with 30 (75%) of 40 HIV-1-infected persons (p =.342). In contrast, among patients with CD4+ cell counts >500 x 106/L, none of 26 HIV-2-infected persons had detectable RT activity compared with 13 (52%) of 25 HIV-1-infected persons (p <.001). Our data suggest that unlike HIV-1 infection, HIV-2 infections with CD4+ cell counts >500 x 106/L are associated with a low level of viral replication, which may explain the longer clinical latency and lower transmissibility seen in HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shanmugam
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS, STDs, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Toure-Kane C, Montavon C, Faye MA, Gueye PM, Sow PS, Ndoye I, Gaye-Diallo A, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Mboup S. Identification of all HIV type 1 group M subtypes in Senegal, a country with low and stable seroprevalence. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:603-9. [PMID: 10777151 DOI: 10.1089/088922200309025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 343 HIV-1-positive samples obtained between June 1996 and March 1999 was genetically characterized in the envelope region by HMA and/or sequencing. The env subtype distribution was as follows: 290 (84.6%) A, 22 (6.5%) B, 16 (4.7%) C, 8 (2.5%) D, 1 (0.03%) E, 1 (0.03%) F1, 4 (1.2%) G, and 1 (0.03%) H. For 77 samples the p24 region from the gag gene was also sequenced, and for 9 (11.6%) the subtypes between env and gag were different. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed the predominance of AG-IBNG-like viruses among gag and env subtype A sequences. HMA is relatively simple and requires less sophisticated technical facilities compared with sequencing, and in Senegal 323 (94.2%) of the 343 samples could be identified by this technique. However, in the actual configuration of the assay, discrimination between the recombinant AG-IBNG-like recombinant viruses, which are predominant in Senegal, and the nonrecombinant subtype A viruses is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toure-Kane
- Virology, Laboratory, Hopital Le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
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GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. Sex Transm Dis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012663330-6/50002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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