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Topcu H, Degirmenci I, Sonmez DA, Paizila A, Karci H, Kafkas S, Kafkas E, Ercisli S, Alatawi A. Sugar, Invertase Enzyme Activities and Invertase Gene Expression in Different Developmental Stages of Strawberry Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040509. [PMID: 35214842 PMCID: PMC8877310 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and has been the focused fruit species of which an increasing number of molecular and genetic research has been conducted in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between sucrose metabolism, invertase enzyme activity and gene expression in four different fruit development periods (red, pink, green and white) of two commercially important strawberry varieties 'Rubygem' and 'Fortuna'. The metabolite profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total sugar content) of two varieties were discovered to be extremely similar. The highest amount of total sugar was found in red fruits, while the lowest was obtained from green fruits. Invertase represents one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism. The lowest invertase activity was obtained from the green fruits in 'Rubygem' and 'Fortuna' during four developmental periods. In these varieties, the amount of sucrose was found to be close to glucose and fructose and the lowest amount was detected in green period, while invertase activity was relatively high during red and pink periods and invertase gene expression was determined at high levels in both primers (St-4 and St-6) in the green period. The results of the study indicated that sugar content and invertase activity were positively correlated while enzyme activity and gene expression were negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Topcu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey
| | - Ipek Degirmenci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey; (I.D.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Duygu Ayvaz Sonmez
- Yaltir Agricultural Products Inc., Sarihuglar, Algida 51-1, Adana 01355, Turkey;
| | - Aibibula Paizila
- Department of Laboratory Technologies, Imamoglu Vocational School, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey;
| | - Harun Karci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey; (I.D.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Salih Kafkas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey; (I.D.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ebru Kafkas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey; (I.D.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Aishah Alatawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia;
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Nguyen HD, Liu HY, Hudson BN, Lin CC. Enzymatic Cross-Linking of Dynamic Thiol-Norbornene Click Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1247-1256. [PMID: 33304998 PMCID: PMC7725231 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated in situ forming hydrogels are attractive for many biomedical applications because gelation afforded by the enzymatic reactions can be readily controlled not only by tuning macromer compositions, but also by adjusting enzyme kinetics. For example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used extensively for in situ crosslinking of macromers containing hydroxyl-phenol groups. The use of HRP on initiating thiol-allylether polymerization has also been reported, yet no prior study has demonstrated enzymatic initiation of thiol-norbornene gelation. In this study, we discovered that HRP can generate thiyl radicals needed for initiating thiol-norbornene hydrogelation, which has only been demonstrated previously using photopolymerization. Enzymatic thiol-norbornene gelation not only overcomes light attenuation issue commonly observed in photopolymerized hydrogels, but also preserves modularity of the crosslinking. In particular, we prepared modular hydrogels from two sets of norbornene-modified macromers, 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-norbornene (PEG8NB) and gelatin-norbornene (GelNB). Bis-cysteine-containing peptides or PEG-tetra-thiol (PEG4SH) were used as crosslinkers for forming enzymatically and orthogonally polymerized hydrogels. For HRP-initiated PEG-peptide hydrogel crosslinking, gelation efficiency was significantly improved via adding tyrosine residues on the peptide crosslinkers. Interestingly, these additional tyrosine residues did not form permanent dityrosine crosslinks following HRP-induced gelation. As a result, they remained available for tyrosinase-mediated secondary crosslinking, which dynamically increases hydrogel stiffness. In addition to material characterizations, we also found that both PEG- and gelatin-based hydrogels provide excellent cytocompatibility for dynamic 3D cell culture. The enzymatic thiol-norbornene gelation scheme presented here offers a new crosslinking mechanism for preparing modularly and dynamically crosslinked hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han D. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hung-Yi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Britney N. Hudson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Tric M, Lederle M, Neuner L, Dolgowjasow I, Wiedemann P, Wölfl S, Werner T. Optical biosensor optimized for continuous in-line glucose monitoring in animal cell culture. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5711-5721. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dawes CS, Konig H, Lin CC. Enzyme-immobilized hydrogels to create hypoxia for in vitro cancer cell culture. J Biotechnol 2017; 248:25-34. [PMID: 28284922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical condition governing many aspects of cellular fate processes. The most common practice in hypoxic cell culture is to maintain cells in an incubator with controlled gas inlet (i.e., hypoxic chamber). Here, we describe the design and characterization of enzyme-immobilized hydrogels to create solution hypoxia under ambient conditions for in vitro cancer cell culture. Specifically, glucose oxidase (GOX) was acrylated and co-polymerized with poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) through photopolymerization to form GOX-immobilized PEG-based hydrogels. We first evaluated the effect of soluble GOX on inducing solution hypoxia (O2<5%) and found that both unmodified and acrylated GOX could sustain hypoxia for at least 24h even under ambient air condition with constant oxygen diffusion from the air-liquid interface. However, soluble GOX gradually lost its ability to sustain hypoxia after 24h due to the loss of enzyme activity over time. On the other hand, GOX-immobilized hydrogels were able to create hypoxia within the hydrogel for at least 120h, potentially due to enhanced protein stabilization by enzyme 'PEGylation' and immobilization. As a proof-of-concept, this GOX-immobilized hydrogel system was used to create hypoxia for in vitro culture of Molm14 (acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line) and Huh7 (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line). Cells cultured in the presence of GOX-immobilized hydrogels remained viable for at least 24h. The expression of hypoxia associated genes, including carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and lysyl oxidase (LOX), were significantly upregulated in cells cultured with GOX-immobilized hydrogels. These results have demonstrated the potential of using enzyme-immobilized hydrogels to create hypoxic environment for in vitro cancer cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron S Dawes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heiko Konig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Bučko M, Gemeiner P, Vikartovská A, Mislovičová D, Lacík I, Tkáč J. Coencapsulation of Oxygen Carriers and Glucose Oxidase in Polyelectrolyte Complex Capsules for the Enhancement of D-Gluconic Acid and δ-Gluconolactone Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 38:90-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10731191003634745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bučko
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry - Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Gemeiner
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry - Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alica Vikartovská
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry - Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Danica Mislovičová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry - Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Lacík
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Tkáč
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry - Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Bankar SB, Bule MV, Singhal RS, Ananthanarayan L. Glucose oxidase--an overview. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:489-501. [PMID: 19374943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.2.3.4) catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to gluconic acid, by utilizing molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor with simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide. Microbial glucose oxidase is currently receiving much attention due to its wide applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, food, beverage, clinical chemistry, biotechnology and other industries. Novel applications of glucose oxidase in biosensors have increased the demand in recent years. Present review discusses the production, recovery, characterization, immobilization and applications of glucose oxidase. Production of glucose oxidase by fermentation is detailed, along with recombinant methods. Various purification techniques for higher recovery of glucose oxidase are described here. Issues of enzyme kinetics, stability studies and characterization are addressed. Immobilized preparations of glucose oxidase are also discussed. Applications of glucose oxidase in various industries and as analytical enzymes are having an increasing impact on bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bankar
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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Pescador P, Katakis I, Toca-Herrera JL, Donath E. Efficiency of a bienzyme sequential reaction system immobilized on polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:14108-14114. [PMID: 19360959 DOI: 10.1021/la8027435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We assembled multilayer films of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coimmobilized together with polyelectrolyte layers on the surface of silica microparticles. The influence of different polyelectrolyte combinations on the immobilization and functionality of the enzymes was examined for several multilayer configurations. Precomplexation of the enzymes with a polyvinylpyridine-based polyamine allowed the stable adsorption of enzyme layers without affecting their catalytic activity. The efficiency of the sequential reaction between GOx and HRP on the surface of the colloids was quantitatively analyzed and rationalized in terms of the kinetic parameters of both enzymes and the reaction-diffusion kinetics of the system. In the optimized configuration, with GOx and HRP coimmobilized in the same layer, the overall rate of hydrogen peroxide conversion was around 2.5 times higher than for GOx and HRP in separate layers or for equivalent amounts of both enzymes free in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pescador
- Bioengineering and Bioelectrochemistry Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Ozyilmaz G, Tukel SS. Simultaneous co-immobilization of glucose oxidase and catalase in their substrates. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368380701005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brown JQ, McShane MJ. Modeling of spherical fluorescent glucose microsensor systems: Design of enzymatic smart tattoos. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1760-9. [PMID: 16219457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A two-substrate mathematical model of microspherical optical enzymatic glucose sensors is presented. The sensors are based on the well-known oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase, and are constructed by the encapsulation of glucose oxidase within hydrogel microspheres coated with ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayer films. In order to measure glucose via changes in oxygen concentration, a fluorescent oxygen indicator is co-encapsulated with the enzyme. The model was used to predict the temporal and spatial distributions of glucose and oxygen within the sphere for step increases in bulk glucose concentration. In addition, the model was used to observe the effect of varying sensor parameters, namely sphere size, film thickness, enzyme concentration, and mass transport of substrate and co-substrate within the sphere and film coatings, on the response of the sensors. A major finding was that the application of {PSS/PAH} films as thin as 12 nm can drastically improve the sensor performance over uncoated sensors based on calcium alginate microspheres. The model is proposed as an important tool for a priori design of these complex sensor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Quincy Brown
- Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Ave., PO Box 10137, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
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Belyaeva E, Della Valle D, Poncelet D. Immobilization of α-chymotrypsin in κ-carrageenan beads prepared with the static mixer. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Azevedo A, Cabral J, Prazeres D, Gibson T, Fonseca L. Thermal and operational stabilities of Hansenula polymorpha alcohol oxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Design of an immobilized preparation of catalase from Thermus thermophilus to be used in a wide range of conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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