1
|
Kosmela P, Sałasińska K, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Barczewski M, Piasecki A, Saeb MR, Hejna A. Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:656. [PMID: 38475340 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94-7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arshanitsa A, Ponomarenko J, Pals M, Jashina L, Lauberts M. Impact of Bark-Sourced Building Blocks as Substitutes for Fossil-Derived Polyols on the Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3503. [PMID: 37688129 PMCID: PMC10490025 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrophilic extractives isolated from black alder (Alnus glutinosa) bark through hot water extraction were characterized as novel renewable macromonomers capable of forming polyurethane (PU) networks based on a commercial polyisocyanate, with partial or complete replacement of petroleum-derived polyol polyether. The bark-sourced bio-polyol mainly consists of the xyloside form of the diarylheptanoid oregonin, along with oligomeric flavonoids and carbohydrates, resulting in a total OH group content of 15.1 mmol·g-1 and a molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 750 g∙mol-1. The 31P NMR data confirmed a similar proportion of aliphatic OH and phenolic groups. Three-component PU compositions were prepared using polyethylene glycol (Mn = 400 g∙mol-1), bio-polyol (up to 50%), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate, which were pre-polymerized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution with tin organic and tertiary amine catalysts. The resulting mixture was cast and subjected to thermal post-curing. Calculation and experimental data confirmed the crosslinking activity of the bark-sourced bio-polyol in PU, leading to an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), a decrease in sol fraction yield upon leaching of cured PU networks in THF, a significant increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength. The macromonomers derived from bark promoted char formation under high temperature and oxidative stress conditions, limiting heat release during macromolecular network degradation compared to bio-polyol-free PU. It was observed that amine catalysts, which are active in urethane formation with phenolic groups, promoted the formation of PU with higher Tg and modulus at tensile but with less limitation of heat liberation during PU macromolecular structure degradation. The high functionality of the bark-derived bio-polyol, along with the equal proportion of phenolic and aliphatic OH groups, allows for further optimization of PU characteristics using three variables: increasing the substitution extent of commercial polyethers, decreasing the NCO/OH ratio, and selecting the type of catalyst used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Arshanitsa
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (J.P.); (M.P.); (L.J.); (M.L.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohd Taip NA, Jamain Z, Palle I. Fire-Retardant Property of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives with Schiff Base Linking Unit Applied as an Additives in Polyurethane Coating for Wood Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183768. [PMID: 36145913 PMCID: PMC9503959 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphaze derivatives containing Schiff base linkages were successfully synthesized and characterized. The series contains different terminal substituents of pentyl and tetradecyl. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis were used to characterize the intermediates and final compounds, while the thermal stability of the final compounds is evaluated with a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. The final compounds are physically added to the polyurethane coating formulation and then applied to the wood panel using a brush and the compound’s fire-retardant properties are evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. In this research, compound 3b showed good thermal stability compared to compound 3a. In terms of LOI results, polyurethane with an LOI value of 21.90% was employed as a matrix for wood coating and the value increased to 24.90% when this polyurethane is incorporated with 1 wt.% of the compound 3b. The increase in the LOI value indicates that the wood coating containing hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds exhibits excellent fire-retardant properties as additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Mohd Taip
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ismawati Palle
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin X, Li L, Pang H, Luo Y, Zhang B. Halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes: composition, performance, and application. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14509-14520. [PMID: 35702241 PMCID: PMC9102897 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes have high flame-retardant efficiency, environmental friendliness, fine compatibility, and good thermostability. Phosphorus flame-retardants are currently widely used in halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes (HIFWPU), especially those with phosphorous-nitrogen co-structures. Phosphorous-nitrogen HIFWPU have become a hotspot because their co-structures provide higher flame-retardance as compared to waterborne polyurethanes. This review introduces three main types of HIFWPU based on composition, performance and application. HIFWPU not only have improved flame-retardance but also satisfy the various requirements for functionality. HIFWPU have been widely developed in textile, furniture, automobile, and aerospace applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Liqi Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haosheng Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Davletbaeva IM, Sazonov OO, Fazlyev AR, Zakirov IN, Davletbaev RS, Efimov SV, Klochkov VV. Thermal Behavior of Polyurethane Ionomers Based on Amino Ethers of Orthophosphoric Acid. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x2005003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Liu J, Nie N, Wang H, Chen Z, Ji Z, Duan X, Huang Y. A zinc ion yarn battery with high capacity and fire retardancy based on a SiO 2 nanoparticle doped ionogel electrolyte. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7432-7437. [PMID: 32756666 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionogel electrolytes are proposed to be an excellent substitute for liquid electrolytes due to their superior portability, flexibility and safety without any leakage that may lead to the failure of batteries. Given these natural characteristics, ionogels can provide batteries with good flexibility and wearability. However, the instability under different extreme working conditions and low ionic conductivity limit the further applications of ionogels. In this research, an ionogel electrolyte is synthesized by polymerizing 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium dicyanamide ([Veim][DCA]) and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (NNMBA) in zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) dissolved 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([Emim][DCA]). The fire retardancy of the ionogel electrolyte is improved by adding SiO2 nanoparticles into the electrolyte. The ionogel electrolyte with 40 wt% silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles possesses a high ionic conductivity of 0.013 S cm-1 and the zinc//manganese dioxide (Zn//MnO2) battery based on the ionogel electrolyte is able to deliver a high specific capacity of 277 mA h g-1 and a high energy density of 283 W h kg-1. Moreover, the SiO2 nanoparticles contained in the ionogel endow the battery with good fire retardancy. Put together, the yarn battery successfully meets the requirements of modern flexible and wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ningyuan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Duan
- Shenzhen Yeefung Automation Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China. and Centre of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jamain Z, Khairuddean M, Guan-Seng T. Synthesis of New Star-Shaped Liquid Crystalline Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives with Fire Retardancy Bearing Amide-Azo and Azo-Azo Linking Units. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124267. [PMID: 32560033 PMCID: PMC7352503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were successfully synthesized and characterized. These derivatives are differentiated by two types of linking units in the molecules such as amide-azo (6a-j) and azo-azo (8a-j). The homologues of the same series contain different terminal substituents such as heptyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, chloro, nitro, and amino groups. All the intermediates and final compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. Liquid crystal properties for all compounds were determined using polarized optical microscope (POM). It was found that only intermediates 2a-e with nitro and alkoxyl terminal chains showed a smectic A phase. All the final compounds with alkoxyl substituents are mesogenic with either smectic A or C phases. However, other intermediates and compounds were found to be non-mesogenic. The study on the fire retardancy of final compounds was determined using limiting oxygen index (LOI) method. The LOI value of pure polyester resin (22.53%) was increased up to 24.71% after treating with 1 wt% of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Moreover, all the compounds gave positive results on the LOI values and compound 6i with the nitro terminal substituent showed the highest LOI value of 27.54%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Jamain
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Melati Khairuddean
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Tay Guan-Seng
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liquid-Crystal and Fire-Retardant Properties of New Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds with Two Schiff Base Linking Units. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092122. [PMID: 32370000 PMCID: PMC7248761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds (4a–j) consisting of two Schiff base linking units and different terminal substituents was successfully synthesized and characterized. The structures of these compounds were confirmed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and CHN elemental analysis. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) was used to determine their liquid-crystal behavior, which was then further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compounds 4a–i with heptyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hydroxy, 4-carboxyphenyl, chloro, and nitro terminal ends, respectively, showed the liquid-crystal properties, whereas compound 4j with the amino group was found to be non-mesogenic. The attachment of an electron-donating group in 4j eventually give a non-mesogenic product. The study of the fire-retardant properties of these compounds was done using the limiting oxygen index (LOI). In this study, polyester resin (PE) was used as a matrix for moulding, and the LOI value of pure PE was 22.53%. The LOI value increased to 24.71% when PE was incorporated with 1 wt.% of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), thus indicating that HCCP has a good fire-retardant properties. The result showed that all the compounds have good agreement in their LOI values. Compound 4i with a nitro terminal group gave the highest LOI value of 28.37%.
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol-phenol-formaldehyde based polyurethane composite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19545. [PMID: 31862966 PMCID: PMC6925240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of phenol-formaldehyde-polyethylene glycol polyether polyols (PF-PEGs) were synthesized through the condensation polymerization and etherification of phenol, formaldehyde, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) under alkaline conditions and subsequently reacted with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate to obtain polyurethane (PU) films using acetone as solvents. The influence of phenol and formaldehyde to PEG mass ratio ((P + F)/PEG) on the hydroxyl number of PF-PEGs and mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, crystallization behaviors, as well as microstructure of polyurethane composite films were studied using chemical analysis, mechanical tests, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), respectively. Results demonstrated that PF-PEGs with (P + F)/PEG of 50/50 had the highest hydroxyl number of 323 mg K(OH)/g. The incorporation of phenol and formaldehyde into PEG improved the mechanical properties of polyurethane films, glass transition temperature (Tg), and thermal properties but resulted in the brittleness characteristic of the composite films and low crystallization properties. Moreover, the synthesis mechanism of PF-PEGs polyurethane composite films was revealed, which would provide a theoretical base for the preparation of the rigid polyurethane foams based on phenolic resins.
Collapse
|
10
|
Davletbaeva IM, Sazonov OO, Fazlyev AR, Davletbaev RS, Efimov SV, Klochkov VV. Polyurethane ionomers based on amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18599-18608. [PMID: 35515218 PMCID: PMC9064824 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with triethanolamine and polyoxypropylene glycol is studied. The reaction process is accompanied by the formation of hyperbranched amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid terminated by hydroxyl groups. A specific feature of the chemical structure of the compounds obtained is the existence of ion pairs in their structure separated in space. The reaction of the etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with glycols becomes possible through the use of tertiary amines. The amino ethers of ortho-phosphoric acid are investigated as a polyol component for the synthesis of polyurethanes with high adhesion characteristics and strength properties. The experimental results presented allow us to relate polyurethanes obtained on the basis of ortho-phosphoric acid amino ethers to polymers of ionomeric nature. The etherification of ortho-phosphoric acid with triethanolamine and polyoxypropylene glycol is studied.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Davletbaeva
- Kazan National Research Technological University 68 Karl Marx Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - O O Sazonov
- Kazan National Research Technological University 68 Karl Marx Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - A R Fazlyev
- Kazan National Research Technological University 68 Karl Marx Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - R S Davletbaev
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev-KAI 10 Karl Marx Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420111 Russian Federation
| | - S V Efimov
- Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420008 Russian Federation
| | - V V Klochkov
- Kazan Federal University 18 Kremlyovskaya Str. Kazan Republic of Tatarstan 420008 Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Borreguero AM, Velencoso MM, Rodríguez JF, Serrano Á, Carrero MJ, Ramos MJ. Synthesis of aminophosphonate polyols and polyurethane foams with improved fire retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Borreguero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María M. Velencoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Juan F. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Ángel Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - M. José Carrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María J. Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Haro JC, López-Pedrajas D, Pérez Á, Rodríguez JF, Carmona M. Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams from phosphorylated biopolyols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3174-3183. [PMID: 28822032 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Renewable resources are playing a key role on the synthesis of biodegradable polyols. Moreover, the incorporation of covalently linked additives is increasing in importance in the polyurethane (PU) market. In this work, previously epoxidized grape seed oil and methyl oleate were transformed into phosphorylated biopolyols through an acid-catalyzed ring-opening hydrolysis in the presence of H3PO4. The formation of phosphate polyesters was confirmed by FT-IR and 31P-NMR. However, the synthesis of a high-quality PU rigid foam was not possible using exclusively these polyols attending to their low hydroxyl value. In that way, different rigid PU foams were prepared from the phosphorylated biopolyols and the commercial polyol Alcupol R4520. It was observed that phosphorylated biopolyols can be incorporated up to a 57 wt.% in the PU synthesis without significant structural changes with respect to the commercial foam. Finally, thermogravimetric and EDAX analyses revealed an improvement of thermal stability by the formation of a protective phosphorocarbonaceous char layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos de Haro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Pedrajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángel Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peng HK, Wang XX, Li TT, Huang SY, Lin Q, Shiu BC, Lou CW, Lin JH. Effects of hydrotalcite on rigid polyurethane foam composites containing a fire retarding agent: compressive stress, combustion resistance, sound absorption, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33542-33550. [PMID: 35548115 PMCID: PMC9086486 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether polyol, isocyanate, and a flame retardant (10 wt%), hydrotalcite (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%) are used to form a rigid PU foam, while a nylon nonwoven fabric (400 g m−2) and a polyester aluminum foil are combined to serve as the panel. The rigid PU foam and the panel are then combined to form the rigid foam composites. The cell structure, compressive stress, combustion resistance, thermal stability, sound absorption, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the rigid foam composites are evaluated, examining the effects of using hydrotalcite. When the hydrotalcite is 5 wt%, the rigid foam composites have an optimal density of 0.168 g cm−3, an average cell size of 0.2858 mm, a maximum compressive stress of 479.95 kpa, an optimal LOI of 29, an optimal EMSE of 45 dB, and the maximum thermal stability and sound absorption. The synthesis of rigid polyurethane foam.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Xiao Xiao Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Shih-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Material, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Bing-Chiuan Shiu
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University Taichung City 40724 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China .,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung City 40402 Taiwan.,College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University Shangdong 266071 China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin 300387 China.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College, Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung City 40402 Taiwan.,College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University Shangdong 266071 China.,Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University Taichung City 40724 Taiwan.,Department of Fashion Design, Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Synthesis of Thermally Stable Reactive Polyurethane and Its Physical Effects in Epoxy Composites. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A flame retardant polyol (EP-DOPO) with epoxy functional groups was synthesized by reacting a 1,6-hexanediol glycidyl ether with a flame retardant 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The polyurethane (EPPU) with enhanced heat resistance was prepared by the reaction of a polyol blend of EP-DOPO and polytetrahydrofuran (PolyTHF) at a ratio of 1:1 with isophorone diisocyanate. EPPU useful for the preparation of cables or coatings showed higher thermal decomposition temperature rather than that of reference polyurethane synthesized by the reaction between pure PolyTHF and isophorone diisocyanate by thermogravimetric analysis. Further study of the polyurethane as a toughening agent for epoxy polymers was carried out. Epoxy compositions consisting of bisphenol A epoxy resin and dicyandiamide as a hardener have a brittle property allowing crack propagation after cure. Polyurethane plays an important role as an impact modifier to prevent from cracks of epoxy polymers. Various contents of EPPU were added into epoxy compositions to measure the physical property changes of epoxy polymers. The tensile and flexural strengths of the cured specimen were compared with those of epoxy compositions including reference polyurethane. Furthermore, the crosslink density of the cured epoxy compositions was compared.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez ML, Giménez CY, Delgado JF, Martínez LJ, Grasselli M. Chromatographic matrix based on hydrogel-coated reticulated polyurethane foams, prepared by gamma irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Effect of zeolites on morphology and properties of water-blown semi-rigid ammonium polyphosphate intumescent flame-retarding polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Ternary cyclodextrin polyurethanes containing phosphate groups: Synthesis and complexation of ciprofloxacin. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:557-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Wu G, Li J, Luo Y. Flame retardancy and thermal degradation mechanism of a novel post-chain extension flame retardant waterborne polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Synthesis, mechanical properties and fire behaviors of rigid polyurethane foam with a reactive flame retardant containing phosphazene and phosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Velencoso MM, Ramos MJ, Serrano A, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF. Fire retardant functionalized polyol by phosphonate monomer insertion. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María M Velencoso
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María J Ramos
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Angel Serrano
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Antonio de Lucas
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Juan F Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n 13004 Ciudad Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang C, Lei W, Zhou X, Yu Q, Cheng Y. Preparation and characterization of waterborne polyurethane containing PET waste/PPG as soft segment. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Fang
- Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqing Lei
- Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| | - Youliang Cheng
- Xi'an University of Technology; Xi'an 710048 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bozukova D, Bertrand V, Pagnoulle C, De Pauw-Gillet MC. Evaluation of a class of polyurethane materials for intraocular lens manufacturing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:1274-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitriya Bozukova
- Research and Development Department; Physiol S.A., University of Liege; Liège Belgium
| | - Virginie Bertrand
- Laboratory for Histology and Cytology; University of Liege, Liège; Belgium
| | - Christophe Pagnoulle
- Research and Development Department; Physiol S.A., University of Liege; Liège Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen MJ, Chen CR, Tan Y, Huang JQ, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. Inherently Flame-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foam with Low Content of Phosphorus-Containing Cross-Linking Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4036753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chun-Rong Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jian-Qian Huang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang G, Xu W. Influence of caged bicyclic phosphate and CaCO3 nanoparticles on char-forming property of PU rigid foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Borreguero AM, Sharma P, Spiteri C, Velencoso MM, Carmona MS, Moses JE, Rodríguez JF. A novel click-chemistry approach to flame retardant polyurethanes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Jaudouin O, Robin JJ, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Perrin D, Imbert C. Ionomer-based polyurethanes: a comparative study of properties and applications. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
27
|
Lindholm J, Brink A, Wilén CE, Hupa M. Cone calorimeter study of inorganic salts as flame retardants in polyurethane adhesive with limestone filler. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Peng Y, Zhao G, Wang K, Tong R, Sun F, Mei F, Lu S. Synthesis and Properties of Aliphatic Waterborne Polyurethanes with High Ionic Concentration. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Kannan AG, Choudhury NR, Dutta NK. In situ modification of Nafion® membranes with phospho-silicate for improved water retention and proton conduction. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
Chattopadhyay D, Raju K. Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high performance applications. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1244] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Zheng Q, Gong S, Dong H, Chen Y. Calix[4]arenes Used as a New Type of Chain Extender in the Preparation of Polyurethanes. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyether– or polyester–polyurethanes based on tetrahydrofuran–propylene oxide copolyether diol (PTMG/PPG) or poly(ethylene terephthalate) diol (PET), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and three kinds of chain extenders including two calix[4]arene derivatives and 3,3´-dichloro-4,4´-diaminodiphenylmethane (MOCA) were synthesized in toluene. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of solvent-type polyurethanes were investigated. Incorporation of calixarenes into polyurethane backbones improved the thermal properties of the polyurethane as a result of the residual phenol hydroxy groups of the calix[4]arene units. Compared with polyurethane chain-extended by MOCA, the polyurethanes with calix[4]arene derivatives had higher elongation at break, lower elastic modulus, and lower yield strength, as a result of the larger steric cubage of calix[4]arene units and relatively large free volume of the polymer.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mequanint K, Sanderson R. Hydrolytic stability of nano-particle polyurethane dispersions: Implications to their long-term use. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
The principle subject in the current paper is to summarize and characterize the ionomers based on polymers and copolymers such as polystyrene (PSt), polyisoprene (PIP), polybutadiene (PB), poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (PSt-PIB-PSt), poly(butadiene-styrene) (PB-PSt), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBSi), poly(dimethylcarbosiloxanes), polyurethane, etc. The self-assembly of ionomers, models concerning ionomer morphologies, physical and rheological properties of ionomer phase and percolation behavior of ionomers were discussed. The ionomer phase materials and dispersions have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small-angle X-ray catering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), etc. The wide range of compositions, molecular architectures, and morphologies present in ionomeric disperse systems are of great interest. The research is particularly devoted to the potential application of these materials and an understanding of the fundamental principles of the ionomers. They are extremely complex systems, sensitive to changes in structure and composition, and therefore not easily amenable to modeling and to the derivation of general patterns of behavior. The reviewed data indicate that a large number of parameters are important in influencing multiplet formation and clustering in random ionomers. Among these are the ion content, size of the polyion and counterion, dielectric constant of the host, T(g) of the polymer, rigidity or persistence length of the backbone, position of the ion pair relative to the backbone, steric constraints, amount and nature of added additive (plasticizer), thermal history, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignác Capek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 36 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang LQ, Liang GZ, Dang GC, Wang F, Fan XP, Fu WB. Photochemical Degradation Study of Polyurethanes as Relic Protection Materials by FTIR-ATR. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200591257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Jayakumar R, Nanjundan S, Prabaharan M. Developments in Metal‐Containing Polyurethanes, Co‐polyurethanes and Polyurethane Ionomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-200067721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
39
|
Nano-structure phosphorus-containing polyurethane dispersions: synthesis and crosslinking with melamine formaldehyde resin. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
40
|
Studies on thermal degradation of short melamine fibre reinforced EPDM, maleated EPDM and nitrile rubber composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|