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Yoon A, Lee S, Lee S, Lim S, Park YY, Song E, Kim DS, Kim K, Lim Y. A Novel T Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibody for Treating Mesothelin-Positive Solid Tumors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030399. [PMID: 32143496 PMCID: PMC7175222 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As mesothelin is overexpressed in various types of cancer, it is an attractive target for therapeutic antibodies. T-cell bispecific antibodies bind to target cells and engage T cells via binding to CD3, resulting in target cell killing by T-cell activation. However, the affinity of the CD3-binding arm may influence CD3-mediated plasma clearance or antibody trapping in T-cell-containing tissues. This may then affect the biodistribution of bispecific antibodies. In this study, we used scFab and knob-into-hole technologies to construct novel IgG-based 1 + 1 MG1122-A and 2 + 1 MG1122-B bispecific antibodies against mesothelin and CD3ε. MG1122-B was designed to be bivalent to mesothelin and monovalent to CD3ε, using a 2 + 1 head-to-tail format. Activities of the two antibodies were evaluated in mesothelin-positive tumor cells in vitro and xenograft models in vivo. Although both antibodies exhibited target cell killing efficacy and produced regression of xenograft tumors with CD8+ T-cell infiltration, the antitumor efficacy of MG1122-B was significantly higher. MG1122-B may improve tumor targeting because of its bivalency for tumor antigen. It may also reduce systemic toxicity by limiting the activation of circulating T cells. Thus, MG1122-B may be useful for treating mesothelin-positive solid tumors.
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Okeoma CM. BST-2: at the crossroads of viral pathogenesis and oncogenesis. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BST-2 is a moonlight protein with several protective and deleterious functions. Regulation of virus restriction and tumor aggressiveness are the most studied aspects of BST-2 function and thus, the main focus of this perspective. Virus inhibition roles of BST-2 have therapeutic potential that, if properly harnessed, could result in near broad spectrum antiviral. However, the involvement of BST-2 in cancer calls for additional studies on BST-2 biology and re-evaluation of the overall role of BST-2 in host protection, as it appears that BST-2 has pleiotropic effects in the host. Here, we analyze the antiviral and protumor roles of BST-2. We also discuss potential therapeutic options for BST-2 against viral infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie D Mahauad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) DNA is demethylated in breast tumors and breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123931. [PMID: 25860442 PMCID: PMC4393144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) is a known anti-viral gene that has been recently identified to be overexpressed in many cancers, including breast cancer. BST-2 is critical for the invasiveness of breast cancer cells and the formation of metastasis in vivo. Although the regulation of BST-2 in immune cells is unraveling, it is unknown how BST-2 expression is regulated in breast cancer. We hypothesized that meta-analyses of BST-2 gene expression and BST-2 DNA methylation profiles would illuminate mechanisms regulating elevated BST-2 expression in breast tumor tissues and cells. Materials and Methods We performed comprehensive meta-analyses of BST-2 gene expression and BST-2 DNA methylation in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and various Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. BST-2 expression levels and BST-2 DNA methylation status at specific CpG sites on the BST-2 gene were compared for various breast tumor molecular subtypes and breast cancer cell lines. Results We show that BST-2 gene expression is inversely associated with the methylation status at specific CpG sites in primary breast cancer specimens and breast cancer cell lines. BST-2 demethylation is significantly more prevalent in primary tumors and cancer cells than in normal breast tissues or normal mammary epithelial cells. Demethylation of the BST-2 gene significantly correlates with its mRNA expression. These studies provide the initial evidence that significant differences exist in BST-2 DNA methylation patterns between breast tumors and normal breast tissues, and that BST-2 expression patterns in tumors and cancer cells correlate with hypomethylated BST-2 DNA. Conclusion Our study suggests that the DNA methylation pattern and expression of BST-2 may play a role in disease pathogenesis and could serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Targeted therapy for HM1.24 (CD317) on multiple myeloma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965384. [PMID: 25143955 PMCID: PMC4124849 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) still remains an incurable disease, at least because of the existence of cell-adhesion mediated drug-resistant MM cells and/or continuous recruitment of presumed MM cancer stem cell-like cells (CSCs). As a new alternative treatment modality, immunological approaches using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are now attracting much attention as a novel strategy attacking MM cells. We have identified that HM1.24 [also known as bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) or CD317] is overexpressed on not only mature MM cells but also MM CSCs. We then have developed a humanized mAb to HM1.24 and defucosylated version of the mAb to adapt to clinical practice. Moreover, we have successfully induced HM1.24-specific CTLs against MM cells. The combination of these innovative therapeutic modalities may likely exert an anti-MM activity by evading the drug resistance mechanism and eliminating presumed CSCs in MM.
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Harrison SJ, Cook G, Nibbs RJB, Prince HM. Immunotherapy of multiple myeloma: the start of a long and tortuous journey. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1769-85. [PMID: 17181491 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.12.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumor immunotherapy is still in its infancy. It is becoming clear that the human immune response is the result of highly complex, continuously evolving interactions between cells of the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system, the internal and external environments, and normal and abnormal cells (e.g., myeloma plasma cells). Despite the considerable advances in our knowledge over the past 30 years, we have still only scratched the surface of the immune system's interaction with malignant diseases such as myeloma and to date, this has not translated into significantly better outcomes for patients with this disease. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the fundamental immunology of myeloma, review immunotherapy trials reported to date and discuss whether, in light of the current information, immunotherapy of multiple myeloma is an achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Harrison
- DHMO, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Locked Bag 1, A'becket Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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6
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Harada T, Ozaki S, Oda A, Tsuji D, Ikegame A, Iwasa M, Udaka K, Fujii S, Nakamura S, Miki H, Kagawa K, Kuroda Y, Kawai S, Itoh K, Yamada-Okabe H, Matsumoto T, Abe M. Combination with a defucosylated anti-HM1.24 monoclonal antibody plus lenalidomide induces marked ADCC against myeloma cells and their progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83905. [PMID: 24386306 PMCID: PMC3873421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide (Len) has drawn attention to potentiate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediated immunotherapies. We developed the defucosylated version (YB-AHM) of humanized monoclonal antibody against HM1.24 (CD317) overexpressed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. In this study, we evaluated ADCC by YB-AHM and Len in combination against MM cells and their progenitors. YB-AHM was able to selectively kill via ADCC MM cells in bone marrow samples from patients with MM with low effector/target ratios, which was further enhanced by treatment with Len. Interestingly, Len also up-regulated HM1.24 expression on MM cells in an effector-dependent manner. HM1.24 was found to be highly expressed in a drug-resistant clonogenic “side population” in MM cells; and this combinatory treatment successfully reduced SP fractions in RPMI 8226 and KMS-11 cells in the presence of effector cells, and suppressed a clonogenic potential of MM cells in colony-forming assays. Collectively, the present study suggests that YB-AHM and Len in combination may become an effective therapeutic strategy in MM, warranting further study to target drug-resistant MM clonogenic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lenalidomide
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Side-Population Cells/drug effects
- Side-Population Cells/pathology
- Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives
- Thalidomide/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Harada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Ozaki
- Department of Hematology, Tokushima Prefectural Central Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Asuka Oda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akishige Ikegame
- Division of Medical Technology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masami Iwasa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kengo Udaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shiro Fujii
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shingen Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Miki
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kagawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kuroda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, RIRBM, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Kawai
- Research Division, Forerunner Pharma Research Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Allegra A, Penna G, Alonci A, Russo S, Greve B, Innao V, Minardi V, Musolino C. Monoclonal antibodies: potential new therapeutic treatment against multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90:441-68. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppa Penna
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Andrea Alonci
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Sabina Russo
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Bruna Greve
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Vanessa Innao
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Viviana Minardi
- Division of Haematology; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
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Zheng YH, Jeang KT, Tokunaga K. Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction. Retrovirology 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 23254112 PMCID: PMC3549941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex genome structures with three categories of viral genes: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. Over time, we have gained increasing understanding of the lentivirus life cycle from studying host factors that support virus replication. Similarly, studies on host restriction factors that inhibit viral replication have also made significant contributions to our knowledge. Here, we review recent progress on the rapidly growing field of restriction factors, focusing on the antiretroviral activities of APOBEC3G, TRIM5, tetherin, SAMHD1, MOV10, and cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), and the counter-activities of Vif, Vpu, Vpr, Vpx, and Nef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of an Fc-engineered humanized anti-HM1.24 antibody against multiple myeloma via augmented effector function. Blood 2012; 119:2074-82. [PMID: 22246035 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-364521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HM1.24, an immunologic target for multiple myeloma (MM) cells, has not been effectively targeted with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study, we investigated in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activities of XmAb5592, a humanized anti-HM1.24 mAb with Fc-domain engineered to significantly enhance FcγR binding and associated immune effector functions. XmAb5592 increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) several fold relative to the anti-HM1.24 IgG1 analog against both MM cell lines and primary patient myeloma cells. XmAb5592 also augmented antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages. Natural killer (NK) cells became more activated by XmAb5592 than the IgG1 analog, evidenced by increased cell surface expression of granzyme B-dependent CD107a and MM cell lysis, even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. XmAb5592 potently inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing human MM xenografts via FcγR-dependent mechanisms, and was significantly more effective than the IgG1 analog. Lenalidomide synergistically enhanced in vitro ADCC against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition induced by XmAb5592. A single dose of 20 mg/kg XmAb5592 effectively depleted both blood and bone marrow plasma cells in cynomolgus monkeys. These results support clinical development of XmAb5592, both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide, to improve patient outcome of MM.
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10
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Asano R, Nakayama M, Kawaguchi H, Kubota T, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Construction and humanization of a functional bispecific EGFR × CD16 diabody using a refolding system. FEBS J 2011; 279:223-33. [PMID: 22074399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the construction and activity of a humanized, bispecific diabody (hEx3) that recruited T cells towards an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive tumor. Herein, we describe the construction of a second functional, fully humanized, anti-EGFR bispecific diabody that recruits another subset of lymphocyte effectors, the natural killer cells, to EGFR-expressing tumor cells. After we confirmed that an anti-EGFR × anti-CD16 bispecific diabody (Ex16) consisting of a previously humanized anti-EGFR variable fragment (Fv) and a mouse anti-CD16 Fv had growth inhibitory activity, we designed a humanized anti-CD16 Fv to construct the fully humanized Ex16 (hEx16). However, the humanized form had lower activity for inhibition of cancer growth. To restore its growth inhibitory activity, we introduced mutations into the Vernier zone, which is located near the complementarity-determining regions and is involved in their binding activity. We efficiently prepared 15 different hEx16 mutants by expressing each chimeric single-chain component for hEx16 separately. We then used our in vitro refolding system to select the most functional mutant, which had a growth inhibitory effect comparable with that of the commercially available chimeric anti-EGFR antibody, cetuximab. Our refolding system could aid in the efficient optimization of other proteins with heterodimeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Antibody-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 and HIV-2 production from BST-2/tetherin-positive cells. J Virol 2011; 85:11981-94. [PMID: 21917971 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05176-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BST-2/CD317/HM1.24/tetherin is a B-cell antigen overexpressed on the surface of myeloma cell lines and on neoplastic plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma. Antibodies to BST-2 are in clinical trial for the treatment of multiple myeloma and are considered for the treatment of solid tumors with high BST-2 antigen levels. Functionally, BST-2 restricts the secretion of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, as well as members of the herpesvirus, filovirus, and arenavirus families, presumably by tethering nascent virions to the cell surface. Here we report that BST-2 antibody treatment facilitates virus release from BST-2(+) cells by interfering with the tethering activity of BST-2. BST-2 antibodies were unable to release already tethered virions and were most effective when added early during virus production. BST-2 antibody treatment did not affect BST-2 dimerization and did not reduce the cell surface expression of BST-2. Interestingly, BST-2 antibody treatment reduced the nonspecific shedding of BST-2 and limited the encapsidation of BST-2 into virions. Finally, flotation analyses indicate that BST-2 antibodies affect the distribution of BST-2 within membrane rafts. Our data suggest that BST-2 antibody treatment may enhance virus release by inducing a redistribution of BST-2 at the cell surface, thus preventing it from accumulating at the sites of virus budding.
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12
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Le Tortorec A, Willey S, Neil SJD. Antiviral inhibition of enveloped virus release by tetherin/BST-2: action and counteraction. Viruses 2011; 3:520-40. [PMID: 21994744 PMCID: PMC3185764 DOI: 10.3390/v3050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317) has been recently recognized as a potent interferon-induced antiviral molecule that inhibits the release of diverse mammalian enveloped virus particles from infected cells. By targeting an immutable structure common to all these viruses, the virion membrane, evasion of this antiviral mechanism has necessitated the development of specific countermeasures that directly inhibit tetherin activity. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular basis of tetherin's mode of action, the viral countermeasures that antagonize it, and how virus/tetherin interactions may affect viral transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Disease, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; E-Mails: (A.L.T.); (S.W.)
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13
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Generation of a humanized anti-glypican 3 antibody by CDR grafting and stability optimization. Anticancer Drugs 2011; 21:907-16. [PMID: 20847643 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32833f5d68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is expressed in a majority of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The murine monoclonal antibody GC33 that specifically binds to the COOH-terminal part of GPC3 causes strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exhibits strong antitumor activity in the xenograft models. To apply GC33 for clinical use, we generated a humanized GC33 from complementarity-determining region grafting with the aid of both the hybrid variable region and two-step design methods. The humanized antibody bound to GPC3 specifically and induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as effectively as a chimeric GC33 antibody. To improve stability of the humanized GC33, we further optimized humanized GC33 by replacing the amino acid residues that may affect the structure of the variable region of a heavy chain. Substitution of Glu6 with Gln in the heavy chain significantly improved the stability under high temperatures. GC33 also has the risk of deamidation of the -Asn-Gly- sequence in the complementarity-determining region 1 of the light chain. As substitution of Asn diminished the antigen binding, we changed the neighboring Gly to Arg to avoid deamidation. The resulting humanized anti-GPC3 antibody was as efficacious as chimeric GC33 against the HepG2 xenograft and is now being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma is still a fatal disease. Despite advances in high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell transplantation and the development of novel therapeutics, relapse of the underlying disease remains the primary cause of treatment failure. Strategies for posttransplantation immunomodulation are desirable for eradication of remaining tumor cells. To this end, immunotherapy aimed at inducing myeloma-specific immunity in patients has been explored. Idiotype protein, secreted by myeloma cells, has been the primary target for immunotherapy as it is the best defined tumor-specific antigen. This chapter focuses on novel immunotherapies that are being developed to treat patients with myeloma. I will discuss potential myeloma antigens, antigen-specific T cells, and their function on myeloma tumor cells, and T-cell-based and antibody-based immunotherapies for myeloma. Furthermore, clinical studies of T-cell-based immunotherapy in the form of vaccination, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusions, with or without donor vaccination using patient-derived idiotype, and future application of donor-derived or patient-derived, antigen-specific T-cell infusion in this disease are also discussed. Based on the specificity of the immune effector molecules and cells, immunotherapies with specific T cells or therapeutic antibodies may represent novel strategies for the treatment of multiple myeloma in the near future.
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15
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Kuhl BD, Cheng V, Wainberg MA, Liang C. Tetherin and its viral antagonists. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:188-201. [PMID: 21222046 PMCID: PMC3087111 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Restriction factors comprise an important layer of host defense to fight against viral infection. Some restriction factors are constitutively expressed whereas the majority is induced by interferon to elicit innate immunity. In addition to a number of well-characterized interferon-inducible antiviral factors such as RNaseL/OAS, ISG15, Mx, PKR, and ADAR, tetherin (BST-2/CD317/HM1.24) was recently discovered to block the release of enveloped viruses from the cell surface, which is regarded as a novel antiviral mechanism induced by interferon. Here, we briefly review the history of tetherin discovery, discuss how tetherin blocks virus production, and highlight the viral countermeasures to evade tetherin restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D Kuhl
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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16
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Ishiguro T, Kawai S, Habu K, Sugimoto M, Shiraiwa H, Iijima S, Ozaki S, Matsumoto T, Yamada-Okabe H. A defucosylated anti-CD317 antibody exhibited enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against primary myeloma cells in the presence of effectors from patients. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2227-33. [PMID: 20701608 PMCID: PMC11158282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD317 antigen (anti-HM1.24 antibody; AHM), which is highly expressed on multiple myeloma (MM), induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, the antitumor activity of AHM in the clinical setting has not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, we produced defucosylated AHM and evaluated its potency for clinical application by performing autologous ADCC assays against primary MM cells from patients. Defucosylated AHM that was produced in rat myeloma YB2/0 cells expressing a low level of fucosyltransferase (FUT8) showed significant ADCC activity against three out of six primary MM cells in the presence of autologous PBMC, whereas conventional AHM did not. The results indicate that the potency of AHM to induce ADCC against primary MM cells was insufficient, but was significantly augmented by defucosylation. To generate more homogenous defucosylated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for fermentation, we disrupted the GFT gene that encodes a GDP-fucose transporter in a CHO/DXB11 cell line by sequential homologous recombination. Analysis of the N-linked oligosaccharide in the defucosylated AHM produced by the established GFT(-/-)CHO cell line showed that a majority (93.4%) of the oligosaccharide was fucose free. The GFT(-/-) cells stably produced defucosylated mAb over passages. These results demonstrate that GTF(-/-)CHO-produced defucosylated AHM (GFTKO-AHM) will be a promising new therapeutic antibody against MM in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishiguro
- Pharmaceutical Research Department 3, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
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Amano J, Masuyama N, Hirota Y, Tanaka Y, Igawa Y, Shiokawa R, Okutani T, Miyayama T, Nanami M, Ishigai M. Antigen-dependent internalization is related to rapid elimination from plasma of humanized anti-HM1.24 monoclonal antibody. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2339-46. [PMID: 20823293 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-HM1.24 monoclonal antibody (AHM) is a humanized anti-HM1.24 monoclonal antibody that binds to the HM1.24 antigen, a protein that is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells. The pharmacokinetics of AHM was determined in experiments in which AHM was administered intravenously to cynomolgus monkeys. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased by more than the dose ratio between 2 and 20 mg/kg, and nonlinear pharmacokinetics was observed. The elimination half-life of AHM from the plasma was 7.56 h at 2 mg/kg and 28.6 h at 20 mg/kg, which was shorter than that observed for other therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibodies, such as trastuzumab and bevacizumab. Although antibodies to AHM were detected in all monkeys on or after 10 days of administration, there was a temporal disassociation between the rapid elimination of AHM and the appearance of anti-AHM antibodies. HM1.24 antigen-dependent internalization and intracellular metabolism of AHM were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear, KPMM2, and U937 cells. In all cases, AHM was rapidly internalized from the cell surface; this internalization was significantly prevented by phenylarsine oxide in KPMM2 cells, an inhibitor of receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the internalized AHM was subsequently degraded within the cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the internalized AHM is delivered to and degraded in late endosomes/lysosomes. Taken together, our results suggest that the rapid elimination of AHM from plasma in monkey is due to HM1.24 antigen-dependent internalization followed by delivery to the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Amano
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fuji-Gotenba Research Laboratories, 1-135 Komakado, Gotenba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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18
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Changes in the quality of antibodies produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells during the death phase of cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Evaluation of Chinese hamster ovary cell stability during repeated batch culture for large-scale antibody production. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Masuyama N, Kuronita T, Tanaka R, Muto T, Hirota Y, Takigawa A, Fujita H, Aso Y, Amano J, Tanaka Y. HM1.24 is internalized from lipid rafts by clathrin-mediated endocytosis through interaction with alpha-adaptin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15927-41. [PMID: 19359243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HM1.24/Bst2/CD317 is a protein highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells and has unique topology with two membrane anchor domains, an NH2-terminal transmembrane domain and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol attached to the COOH terminus. We show here that human HM1.24 is localized not only on the cell surface but also in the trans-Golgi network and/or recycling endosomes, where it resides in detergent-resistant microdomains, lipid rafts. In contrast to other glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, HM1.24 was internalized from lipid rafts on the cell surface by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, a non-canonical tyrosine-based motif, which contains two tyrosine residues, Tyr-6 and Tyr-8, present in the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic tail, was essential for endocytosis through interaction with an Deltaa-adaptin, but not mu2-subunit, of the AP-2 complex. Indeed, an appendage domain of alpha-adaptin was identified as a protein interacting with the cytoplasmic tail of HM1.24. Furthermore, overexpression of the appendage domain of alpha-adaptin in cells depleted of alpha-adaptin could rescue the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of HM1.24 but not of the transferrin receptor. Taken together, our findings suggest that clathrin-dependent endocytosis of human HM1.24 from the cell surface lipid rafts is mediated by direct interaction with alpha-adaptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Masuyama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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21
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Kawai S, Azuma Y, Fujii E, Furugaki K, Ozaki S, Matsumoto T, Kosaka M, Yamada-Okabe H. Interferon-alpha enhances CD317 expression and the antitumor activity of anti-CD317 monoclonal antibody in renal cell carcinoma xenograft models. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2461-6. [PMID: 19032371 PMCID: PMC11160063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A murine (mAHM) and a humanized (AHM) monoclonal antibody against CD317 (also called tetherin, BST2, or HM1.24 antigen), expressed preferentially in neoplastic B cells such as multiple myeloma, exhibited antitumor effects as a result of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The putative interferon (IFN) response elements IRF-1/2 and ISGF3 are present in the promoter of the CD317 gene, and IFN has been used for the treatment of not only myeloproliferative diseases but also solid tumors such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma. Therefore, we examined the effects of IFN on the expression of CD317 and on the antitumor activity of AHM and mAHM in RCC and melanoma. Flow cytometry and in vitro ADCC assays with human or mouse effector cells demonstrated that IFN-alpha markedly increased the amount of cell surface CD317 and augmented the ADCC activity of mAHM and AHM in RCC cells and to a lesser extent in melanoma cells. Administration of IFN-alpha to mice bearing RCC xenografts also increased the expression of CD317 in tumor cells. When coadministered with IFN-alpha, mAHM exhibited more profound antitumor activity in both IFN-alpha-sensitive and -insensitive RCC xenograft models. Thus, AHM in combination with IFN-alpha may be an effective therapy for the treatment of RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/metabolism
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Kawai
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical, 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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22
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Asano R, Sone Y, Makabe K, Tsumoto K, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Humanization of the bispecific epidermal growth factor receptor x CD3 diabody and its efficacy as a potential clinical reagent. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4036-42. [PMID: 16818703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) have been exploited as both cancer immunodiagnostics and cancer therapeutics and show promise in clinical trials of cancer imaging and therapy. For development of BsAbs as clinical reagents, we have focused on construction of small recombinant BsAbs, called bispecific diabodies. Here, we constructed and characterized a humanized bispecific diabody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have reported significant antitumor activity of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) x anti-CD3 bispecific diabody (Ex3) in in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo. We humanized the Ex3 diabody (hEx3) by grafting the complementarity-determining region and compared its biological properties with those of Ex3. We also tested its physiologic stability and ability to alter survival in xenografted mice. RESULTS The final yield of hEx3 was 10 times that of Ex3, and refolded hEx3 and Ex3 showed identical binding profiles in EGFR-positive cell lines and EGFR-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. hEx3 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to EGFR-positive cell lines, which could be specifically inhibited by parental monoclonal antibody IgGs against EGFR or CD3 antigens. The heterodimeric structure was retained in PBS for 6 months, and growth inhibition was maintained after incubation under physiologic conditions. Coadministration of hEx3 with T-LAK cells and interleukin-2 prolonged the survival of nude mice with human colon carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The humanized diabody hEx3 is an attractive molecule for cancer therapy and may provide important insights into the development of EGFR-based cancer-targeting reagents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Binding
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Kawai S, Koishihara Y, Iida SI, Ozaki S, Matsumoto T, Kosaka M, Yamada-Okabe H. Construction of a conventional non-radioisotope method to quantify HM1.24 antigens: correlation of HM1.24 levels and ADCC activity of the humanized antibody against HM1.24. Leuk Res 2006; 30:949-56. [PMID: 16473407 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HM1.24 (AHM) caused antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Here, we constructed a conventional non-radioisotope method that quantifies the amount of HM1.24 using fluorescein-labeled AHM. More than 10(4) molecules/cell of HM1.24 were detected in 12 out of 14 patients' MM cells, and a linear correlation was found between ADCC by AHM and the amounts of HM1.24. Thus, AHM is likely to be more efficacious against MM cells with high levels of HM1.24. This conventional non-RI method to quantify HM1.24 will be useful to select patients most likely to respond to AHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Kawai
- Pharmaceutical Research Department III, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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24
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Jalili A, Ozaki S, Hara T, Shibata H, Hashimoto T, Abe M, Nishioka Y, Matsumoto T. Induction of HM1.24 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by using peripheral-blood stem-cell harvests in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2005; 106:3538-45. [PMID: 16037388 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HM1.24 antigen is preferentially overexpressed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells but not in normal cells. To explore the potential of HM1.24 as a target for cellular immunotherapy, we selected 4 HM1.24-derived peptides that possess binding motifs for HLA-A2 or HLA-A24 by using 2 computer-based algorithms. The ability of these peptides to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was examined in 20 healthy donors and 6 patients with MM by a reverse immunologic approach. Dendritic cells (DCs) were induced from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors or peripheral-blood stem-cell (PBSC) harvests from patients with MM, and autologous CD8(+) T cells were stimulated with HM1.24 peptide-pulsed DCs. Both interferon-gamma-producing and cytotoxic responses were observed after stimulation with either HM1.24-126 or HM1.24-165 peptides in HLA-A2 or HLA-A24 individuals. The peptide-specific recognition of these CTLs was further confirmed by tetramer assay and cold target inhibition assay. Importantly, HM1.24-specific CTLs were also induced from PBSC harvests from patients with MM and these CTLs were able to kill MM cells in an HLA-restricted manner. These results indicate the existence of functional DCs and HM1.24-specific CTL precursors within PBSC harvests and provide the basis for cellular immunotherapy in combination with autologous PBSC transplantation in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jalili
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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25
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Distinct gene expression patterns in a tamoxifen-sensitive human mammary carcinoma xenograft and its tamoxifen-resistant subline MaCa 3366/TAM. Mol Cancer Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.151.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reasons why human mammary tumors become resistant to tamoxifen therapy are mainly unknown. Changes in gene expression may occur as cells acquire resistance to antiestrogens. We therefore undertook a comparative gene expression analysis of tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer in vivo models using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to analyze differential gene expression. Total RNAs from the tamoxifen-sensitive patient-derived mammary carcinoma xenograft MaCa 3366 and the tamoxifen-resistant model MaCa 3366/TAM were hybridized to Affymetrix HuGeneFL and to Hu95Av2 arrays. Pairwise comparisons and clustering algorithms were applied to identify differentially expressed genes and patterns of gene expression. As revealed by cluster analysis, the tamoxifen-sensitive and the tamoxifen-resistant breast carcinomas differed regarding their gene expression pattern. More than 100 transcripts are changed in abundance in MaCa 3366/TAM as compared with MaCa 3366. Among the genes that are differentially expressed in the tamoxifen-resistant tumors, there are several IFN-inducible and estrogen-responsive genes, and genes known to be involved in breast carcinogenesis. The genes neuronatin (NNAT) and bone marrow stem cell antigen 2 (BST2) were sharply up-regulated in MaCa 3366/TAM. The differential expression of four genes (NNAT, BST2, IGFBP5, and BCAS1) was confirmed by Taqman PCR. Our results provide the starting point for deriving markers for tamoxifen resistance by differential gene expression profiling in a human breast cancer model of acquired tamoxifen resistance. Finally, genes whose expression profiles are distinctly changed between the two xenograft lines will be further evaluated as potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic approaches of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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26
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Watanabe K, Watanabe R, Shioda A, Mizoguchi K, Sugimoto T, Terao K. Investigation of the mechanism of drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in cynomolgus monkeys elicited by a repeated-dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody drug. J Toxicol Sci 2003; 28:123-38. [PMID: 12974605 DOI: 10.2131/jts.28.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of hemolytic anemia detected in a repeated-dose toxicity study using cynomolgus monkeys that were treated with a humanized antibody drug. This drug was an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that binds to the human HM1.24 antigen named anti-HM1.24 MoAb. The presence of the HM1.24 antigen on the erythrocyte membranes and the erythrocyte agglutination following the addition of anti-HM1.24 MoAb was examined. In addition, an indirect Coombs' test, a hemolysis assay and the measurement of anti-single stranded-DNA antibodies were performed using test animal serum or plasma. The specific binding of FITC- and 125I-labeled anti-HM1.24 MoAb to the erythrocyte membrane was not observed. HM1.24 antigen was not identified on the erythrocyte membranes. However, a high concentration (more than 713 microg/mL) of anti-HM1.24 MoAb hemagglutinated the erythrocyte suspensions. The cause of this agglutination was unclear, but it is assumed that the non-specific binding and/or adhesion caused the direct agglutination. In the examination using test serum from the anemic monkeys, a positive reaction in the indirect Coombs' test was noted. Moreover, in these Coombs' test-positive animals, the production of anti-single stranded-DNA antibodies was sequentially increased. In the female monkey sacrificed in extremis due to severe anemia, an in vitro hemolytic reaction was detected attributable to complement activation. From these results, the hemolytic anemia detected in the repeated-dose toxicity study was diagnosed as a drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and the primary cause was assumed to be production of IgG class anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Watanabe
- Fuji Gotemba Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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27
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Nakamura K, Tanaka Y, Fujino I, Hirayama N, Shitara K, Hanai N. Dissection and optimization of immune effector functions of humanized anti-ganglioside GM2 monoclonal antibody. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:1035-46. [PMID: 11399321 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) KM966, specific for the cell-surface tumor antigen ganglioside GM2, was humanized by the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) grafting method. Not only the amino acid residues in the CDRs but also several in the framework regions (FRs) were changed from the human to the murine residues. A humanized variant, huKM796H/Lm-28, containing eight and five amino acid alterations in variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) FRs, respectively, showed a 9-fold reduction in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) compared to the chimeric KM966, despite tight antigen binding and potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Several additional variants were subsequently constructed to improve the CDC of the antibody. One of the variants, designated KM8969, which differs by three amino acids, exhibited a CDC within 3-fold of the chimeric KM966. In addition, humanized KM8969 bound GM2 antigen 1.25-fold more tightly than the chimeric KM966 and showed 5-fold higher ADCC than the chimeric KM966. These results clearly show that the humanized KM8969, having the optimized immune effector functions and theoretically minimal immunogenicity, is an ideal candidate to test the effectiveness of anti-GM2 MAb in human cancer therapy. Taken together, the results obtained here indicate that the ADCC and CDC of an antibody can be dissected independently via engineering of the antibody variable region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd., 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, 194-8533, Tokyo, Japan.
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