1
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Wang TT, Hu YL, Li YF, Kong XL, Li YM, Sun PY, Wang DX, Li YY, Zhang YZ, Han QL, Zhu XH, An QQ, Liu LL, Liu Y, Li HC. Polyketide synthases mutation in tuberculosis transmission revealed by whole genomic sequence, China, 2011-2019. Front Genet 2024; 14:1217255. [PMID: 38259610 PMCID: PMC10800454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1217255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Previous studies have primarily focused on the transmissibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. However, variations in virulence across Mtb lineages may also account for differences in transmissibility. In Mtb, polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encode large multifunctional proteins which have been shown to be major mycobacterial virulence factors. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of PKS mutations in TB transmission and assess its risk and characteristics. Methods: Whole genome sequences (WGSs) data from 3,204 Mtb isolates was collected from 2011 to 2019 in China. Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles were used for phylogenetic tree analysis. Putative transmission clusters (≤10 SNPs) were identified. To identify the role of PKS mutations in TB transmission, we compared SNPs in the PKS gene region between "clustered isolates" and "non-clustered isolates" in different lineages. Results: Cluster-associated mutations in ppsA, pks12, and pks13 were identified among different lineage isolates. They were statistically significant among clustered strains, indicating that they may enhance the transmissibility of Mtb. Conclusion: Overall, this study provides new insights into the function of PKS and its localization in M. tuberculosis. The study found that ppsA, pks12, and pks13 may contribute to disease progression and higher transmission of certain strains. We also discussed the prospective use of mutant ppsA, pks12, and pks13 genes as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-Long Hu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiang-Long Kong
- Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Meng Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Da-Xing Wang
- People’s Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qi-Lin Han
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Han Zhu
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qi-Qi An
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- People’s Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huai-Chen Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to 11 Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Kumar N, Srivastava R, Mongre RK, Mishra CB, Kumar A, Khatoon R, Banerjee A, Ashraf-Uz-Zaman M, Singh H, Lynn AM, Lee MS, Prakash A. Identifying the Novel Inhibitors Against the Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway Target "mtFabH" of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:818714. [PMID: 35602011 PMCID: PMC9121832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.818714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are the key constituents of mycobacterial cell wall, which protect the bacteria from antibiotic susceptibility, helping to subvert and escape from the host immune system. Thus, the enzymes involved in regulating and biosynthesis of mycolic acids can be explored as potential drug targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Herein, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes is used to understand the fatty acid metabolism signaling pathway and integrative computational approach to identify the novel lead molecules against the mtFabH (β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III), the key regulatory enzyme of the mycolic acid pathway. The structure-based virtual screening of antimycobacterial compounds from ChEMBL library against mtFabH results in the selection of 10 lead molecules. Molecular binding and drug-likeness properties of lead molecules compared with mtFabH inhibitor suggest that only two compounds, ChEMBL414848 (C1) and ChEMBL363794 (C2), may be explored as potential lead molecules. However, the spatial stability and binding free energy estimation of thiolactomycin (TLM) and compounds C1 and C2 with mtFabH using molecular dynamics simulation, followed by molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) indicate the better activity of C2 (ΔG = -14.18 kcal/mol) as compared with TLM (ΔG = -9.21 kcal/mol) and C1 (ΔG = -13.50 kcal/mol). Thus, compound C1 may be explored as promising drug candidate for the structure-based drug designing of mtFabH inhibitors in the therapy of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Kumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Mongre
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chandra Bhushan Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research–Computational Genomics Centre, All India Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurugram, India
| | - Rosy Khatoon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurugram, India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurugram, India
| | - Md Ashraf-Uz-Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research–Computational Genomics Centre, All India Institute of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurugram, India
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3
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Lekko YM, Che-Amat A, Ooi PT, Omar S, Ramanoon SZ, Mazlan M, Jesse FFA, Jasni S, Ariff Abdul-Razak MF. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3252. [PMID: 34827984 PMCID: PMC8614387 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). A cross-sectional study was conducted by opportunistic sampling from fresh carcasses of free-ranging wild boar (n = 30), and free-ranging wild macaques (n = 42). Stained smears from these tissues were tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) with Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Mycobacterial culture was conducted using Lowenstein-Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H11 agar media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed through the detection of the 16S rRNA gene, with multiple sets of primers for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). In wild boars, 30% (9/30; 95% Confidence Interval: 16.7-47.9%) of examined samples showed gross tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLLs). Multiple nodular lesions that were necrotic/miliary with cavitation were found in the submandibular lymph nodes, tonsils, lungs, kidney and liver, while single nodular lesions were found in the mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Conventional PCR on the submandibular lymphoid tissues of wild boar (nine samples with TBLLs and three non-TBLL samples) showed that 75% (9/12) were positive for Mycobacterium bovis (95% CI: 46.8-91.1), and 91% (CI: 64.6-98.5) were positive for Mycobacterium avium. For macaques, 33.3% (10/30) were positive for M. avium (95% CI: 19.2-51.2) but negative for MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Madaki Lekko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.M.L.); (P.T.O.); (F.F.A.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti of Maidugu-ri, Maiduguri PMB 1069, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.M.L.); (P.T.O.); (F.F.A.J.)
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.M.L.); (P.T.O.); (F.F.A.J.)
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.M.L.); (P.T.O.); (F.F.A.J.)
| | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Paraclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia;
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4
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Veeravarapu H, Tirumalasetty M, Kurati S, Wunnava U, Krishna Kumar Muthyala M. Design, synthesis, antimycobacterial activity and molecular docking studies of novel 3- (N-substituted glycinamido) benzoic acid analogues as anti tubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127603. [PMID: 33039564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified mycolic acid methyl transferase (MmaA1) enzyme inhibitors as potential antitubercular agents using in silico modelling techniques. In continuation of that study, we synthesised a series of novel 3-(N-substituted glycinamido) benzoic acid derivatives with an aim to optimise the lead molecule. The newly synthesised compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Among these, 5 compounds A3, A4, A5, A6 and A10 exhibited most potent activity with an MIC value of 1.6 μg/ml. Further molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the binding mode of the ligands with MmaA1 protein. The docking studies revealed that the ligands made strong interactions with the catalytic site residues TRP30, TYR 32, GLY 71, TRP 74, GLY 76, ALA 77 and GLU 136 of MmaA1 protein. Druglikeness and leadlikeness properties of the compounds were also studied using computational tools. The results of in silico and in vitro studies indicate that these novel compounds are propitious leads for tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Veeravarapu
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Mohan Tirumalasetty
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - SonyPriya Kurati
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Umarani Wunnava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Murali Krishna Kumar Muthyala
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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5
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Cappelletti M, Presentato A, Piacenza E, Firrincieli A, Turner RJ, Zannoni D. Biotechnology of Rhodococcus for the production of valuable compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8567-8594. [PMID: 32918579 PMCID: PMC7502451 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus represent ideal candidates for microbial biotechnology applications because of their metabolic versatility, ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, and resistance to various stress conditions, such as metal toxicity, desiccation, and high concentration of organic solvents. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also peculiar biosynthetic activities that contribute to their strong persistence in harsh and contaminated environments and provide them a competitive advantage over other microorganisms. This review is focused on the metabolic features of Rhodococcus genus and their potential use in biotechnology strategies for the production of compounds with environmental, industrial, and medical relevance such as biosurfactants, bioflocculants, carotenoids, triacylglycerols, polyhydroxyalkanoate, siderophores, antimicrobials, and metal-based nanostructures. These biosynthetic capacities can also be exploited to obtain high value-added products from low-cost substrates (industrial wastes and contaminants), offering the possibility to efficiently recover valuable resources and providing possible waste disposal solutions. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also recently been pointed out as a source of novel bioactive molecules highlighting the need to extend the knowledge on biosynthetic capacities of members of this genus and their potential utilization in the framework of bioeconomy. KEY POINTS: • Rhodococcus possesses promising biosynthetic and bioconversion capacities. • Rhodococcus bioconversion capacities can provide waste disposal solutions. • Rhodococcus bioproducts have environmental, industrial, and medical relevance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cappelletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Piacenza
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Firrincieli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Davide Zannoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Alhuwaymil ZS, Al-Araj IQM, Al Dulayymi AR, Jones A, Gates PJ, Valero-Guillén PL, Baird MS, Al Dulayymi JR. Mycobacterium alvei (ω-1)-methoxy mycolic acids: Absolute stereochemistry and synthesis. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:104977. [PMID: 32961166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells of Mycobacterium alvei are known to contain a unique set of mycolic acids with a (ω-1)-methoxy group; although the various enzymes in the biosynthesis of other types of mycolic acid have been widely studied, the biosynthetic route to this substituent is unclear. We now define the stereochemistry of the (ω-1)-methoxy fragment as R, and describe the synthesis of a major R-(ω-1)-methoxy-mycolic acid and its sugar esters, and of two natural M. alvei diene mycolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzam S Alhuwaymil
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Ahmad R Al Dulayymi
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Alison Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Pedro L Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Spain, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Spain
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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7
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Veeravarapu H, Malkhed V, Mustyala KK, Vadija R, Malikanti R, Vuruputuri U, Muthyala MKK. Structure-based drug design, synthesis and screening of MmaA1 inhibitors as novel anti-TB agents. Mol Divers 2020; 25:351-366. [PMID: 32533514 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death across the world. The treatment regimens for tuberculosis are well established, but still the control of the disease faces many challenges such as lengthy treatment protocols, drug resistance and toxicity. In the present work, mycolic acid methyl transferase (MmaA1), a protein involved in the maturation of mycolic acids in the biochemical pathway of the Mycobacterium, was studied for novel drug discovery. The homology model of the MmaA1 protein was built and validated by using computational techniques. The MmaA1 protein has 286 amino acid residues consisting of 10 α-helices and 7 β-sheets. The active site of the MmaA1 protein was identified using CASTp, SiteMap and PatchDock. Virtual screening studies were performed with two small molecule ligand databases: Asinex synergy and Diverse_Elite_Gold_Platinum databases having a total of 43,446 molecules and generated 1,30,814 conformers against the predicted and validated active site of the MmaA1 protein. Binding analysis showed that the residues ASP 19, PHE 22, TRP 30, TYR 32, TRP 74 and ALA 77 of MmaA1 protein have consistent interactions with the ligands. The hit ligands were further filtered by in silico ADME properties to eliminate potentially toxic molecules. Of the top 10 molecules, 3-(2-morpholinoacetamido)-N-(1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl) benzamide was synthesised and screened for in vitro anti-TB activity against Mtb H37Rv using MABA assay. The compound and its intermediates exhibited good in vitro anti-TB activity which can be taken up for future lead optimisation studies. Structure based virtual screening study was performed using a validated homology model against small molecules from two virtual compound libraries. Synthesised the lead compound 3-(2-morpholinoacetamido)-N-(1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)benzamide obtained from virtual screening. In vitro activity against Mtb H37Rv has given a promising result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Veeravarapu
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India.,Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vasavi Malkhed
- Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mustyala
- Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajender Vadija
- Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramesh Malikanti
- Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Uma Vuruputuri
- Molecular Modelling Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Murali Krishna Kumar Muthyala
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India.
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8
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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9
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Villeneuve M, Noguchi H. Roles of α-methyl trans-cyclopropane groups in behavior of mixed mycolic acid monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:441-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common type of epigenetic posttranslational modification in living cells used as a major regulation mechanism of biological processes. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes for 11 serine/threonine protein kinases that are responsible for sensing environmental signals to coordinate a cellular response to ensure the pathogen's infectivity, survival, and growth. To overcome killing mechanisms generated within the host during infection, M. tuberculosis enters a state of nonreplicating persistence that is characterized by arrested growth, limited metabolic activity, and phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. In this article we focus our attention on the role of M. tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases in sensing the host environment to coordinate the bacilli's physiology, including growth, cell wall components, and central metabolism, to establish a persistent infection.
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11
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Ali HM, Koza G, Hameed RT, Rowles R, Davies C, Al Dulayymi JR, Gwenin CD, Baird MS. The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene containing mycolic acids and related sugar esters. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Loots DT, Swanepoel CC, Newton-Foot M, Gey van Pittius NC. A metabolomics investigation of the function of the ESX-1 gene cluster in mycobacteria. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:268-275. [PMID: 27744102 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ESX-1 gene cluster, encoding the Type-VII secretion (T7S) system and its virulence associated proteins, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, is thought to be responsible for the transport of extracellular proteins across the hydrophobic and highly impermeable, cell envelope of Mycobacterium, and is involved in virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Using a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics approach, a M. smegmatis ESX-1 knock-out strain (ΔESX-1ms) was compared to that of the M. smegmatis wild-type parent strain, and the metabolite markers due to the presence or absence of the ESX-1 gene cluster were identified. A general increase in specific metabolites in the ΔESX-1ms, confirmed the roles previously described for ESX-1 in mycolic acid biosynthesis and cell wall integrity. However, a number of other metabolite markers identified indicates ESX-1 has an additional role the in cell envelope structure, altering the levels of antioxidants and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolome profiles correlated with the metabolomic variation observed when comparing a hyper- and hypo-virulent Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that the pathways which modulate virulence in M. tuberculosis are also influenced by ESX-1, reaffirming the previously described association of ESX-1 with virulence and cell envelope biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Conrad C Swanepoel
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, 2531, South Africa
| | - Mae Newton-Foot
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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13
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Caulfield AJ, Wengenack NL. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease: From microscopy to molecular techniques. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2016; 4:33-43. [PMID: 31723686 PMCID: PMC6850262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods used for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis are continually evolving in order to achieve more rapid, less expensive, and accurate results. Acid-fast staining and culture for mycobacteria remain at the core of any diagnostic algorithm. Following growth in culture, molecular technologies such as nucleic acid hybridization probes, MALDI-TOF MS, and DNA sequencing may be used for definitive species identification. Nucleic acid amplification methods allow for the direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex within respiratory specimens without relying on culture growth, leading to more rapid diagnoses and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Caulfield
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Nancy L Wengenack
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Taher SG, Muzael M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. Synthetic trehalose esters of cis-alkene and diene α′-mycolic acids of Mycobacteria. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 189:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Dong Y, Qiu X, Shaw N, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li X, Li J, Rao Z. Molecular basis for the inhibition of β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by flavonoid inhibitors. Protein Cell 2015; 6:504-17. [PMID: 26081470 PMCID: PMC4491049 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and is vital to the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Consequently, stalling dehydration cures tuberculosis (TB). Clinically used anti-TB drugs like thiacetazone (TAC) and isoxyl (ISO) as well as flavonoids inhibit the enzyme activity of the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex. How this inhibition is exerted, has remained an enigma for years. Here, we describe the first crystal structures of the MtbHadAB complex bound with flavonoid inhibitor butein, 2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone or fisetin. Despite sharing no sequence identity from Blast, HadA and HadB adopt a very similar hotdog fold. HadA forms a tight dimer with HadB in which the proteins are sitting side-by-side, but are oriented anti-parallel. While HadB contributes the catalytically critical His-Asp dyad, HadA binds the fatty acid substrate in a long channel. The atypical double hotdog fold with a single active site formed by MtbHadAB gives rise to a long, narrow cavity that vertically traverses the fatty acid binding channel. At the base of this cavity lies Cys61, which upon mutation to Ser confers drug-resistance in TB patients. We show that inhibitors bind in this cavity and protrude into the substrate binding channel. Thus, inhibitors of MtbHadAB exert their effect by occluding substrate from the active site. The unveiling of this mechanism of inhibition paves the way for accelerating development of next generation of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins involved in mycolic acid synthesis and transport localize dynamically to the old growing pole and septum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97148. [PMID: 24817274 PMCID: PMC4016276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism that controls space-time coordination of elongation and division of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is critical for fighting the tubercle bacillus. Most of the numerous enzymes involved in the synthesis of Mycolic acid - Arabinogalactan-Peptidoglycan complex (MAPc) in the cell wall are essential in vivo. Using a dynamic approach, we localized Mtb enzymes belonging to the fatty acid synthase-II (FAS-II) complexes and involved in mycolic acid (MA) biosynthesis in a mycobacterial model of Mtb: M. smegmatis. Results also showed that the MA transporter MmpL3 was present in the mycobacterial envelope and was specifically and dynamically accumulated at the poles and septa during bacterial growth. This localization was due to its C-terminal domain. Moreover, the FAS-II enzymes were co-localized at the poles and septum with Wag31, the protein responsible for the polar localization of mycobacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The dynamic localization of FAS-II and of the MA transporter with Wag31, at the old-growing poles and at the septum suggests that the main components of the mycomembrane may potentially be synthesized at these precise foci. This finding highlights a major difference between mycobacteria and other rod-shaped bacteria studied to date. Based on the already known polar activities of envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria, we propose the existence of complex polar machinery devoted to the biogenesis of the entire envelope. As a result, the mycobacterial pole would represent the Achilles' heel of the bacillus at all its growing stages.
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Quadri LEN. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial lipids by polyketide synthases and beyond. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:179-211. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.896859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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An ethA-ethR-deficient Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutant displays increased adherence to mammalian cells and greater persistence in vivo, which correlate with altered mycolic acid composition. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1850-9. [PMID: 24566628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01332-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major worldwide epidemic because of its sole etiological agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ethionamide (ETH) is one of the major antitubercular drugs used to treat infections with multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. ETH is a prodrug that requires activation within the mycobacterial cell; its bioactivation involves the ethA-ethR locus, which encodes the monooxygenase EthA, while EthR is a transcriptional regulator that binds to the intergenic promoter region of the ethA-ethR locus. While most studies have focused on the role of EthA-EthR in ETH bioactivation, its physiological role in mycobacteria has remained elusive, although a role in bacterial cell detoxification has been proposed. Moreover, the importance of EthA-EthR in vivo has never been reported on. Here we constructed and characterized an EthA-EthR-deficient mutant of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Our results indicate that absence of the ethA-ethR locus led to greater persistence of M. bovis BCG in the mouse model of mycobacterial infection, which correlated with greater adherence to mammalian cells. Furthermore, analysis of cell wall lipid composition by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed differences between the ethA-ethR KO mutant and the parental strain in the relative amounts of α- and keto-mycolates. Therefore, we propose here that M. bovis BCG ethA-ethR is involved in the cell wall-bound mycolate profile, which impacts mycobacterial adherence properties and in vivo persistence. This study thus provides some experimental clues to the possible physiological role of ethA-ethR and proposes that this locus is a novel factor involved in the modulation of mycobacterial virulence.
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21
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Mycolic acids: structures, biosynthesis, and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:67-85. [PMID: 24374164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are major and specific lipid components of the mycobacterial cell envelope and are essential for the survival of members of the genus Mycobacterium that contains the causative agents of both tuberculosis and leprosy. In the alarming context of the emergence of multidrug-resistant, extremely drug-resistant, and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, understanding the biosynthesis of these critical determinants of the mycobacterial physiology is an important goal to achieve, because it may open an avenue for the development of novel antimycobacterial agents. This review focuses on the chemistry, structures, and known inhibitors of mycolic acids and describes progress in deciphering the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway. The functional and key biological roles of these molecules are also discussed, providing a historical perspective in this dynamic area.
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Free mycolic acid accumulation in the cell wall of the mce1 operon mutant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol 2013; 51:619-26. [PMID: 24037657 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, serves as an effective barrier against many chemotherapeutic agents and toxic host cell effector molecules, and it may contribute to the mechanism of persistence. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains mutated in a 13-gene operon called mce1, which encodes a putative ABC lipid transporter, induce aberrant granulomatous response in mouse lungs. Because of the postulated role of the mce1 operon in lipid importation, we compared the cell wall lipid composition of wild type and mce1 operon mutant M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains. High resolution mass spectrometric analyses of the mce1 mutant lipid extracts showed unbound mycolic acids to accumulate in the cell wall. Quantitative analysis revealed a 10.7 fold greater amount of free mycolates in the mutant compared to that of the wild type strain. The free mycolates were comprised of alpha, methoxy and keto mycolates in the ratio 1:0.9:0.6, respectively. Since the mce1 operon is regulated in vivo, the free mycolates that accumulate during infection may serve as a barrier for M. tuberculosis against toxic products and contribute to the pathogen's persistence.
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Koza G, Muzael M, Schubert-Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. The synthesis of methoxy and keto mycolic acids containing methyl-trans-cyclopropanes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lanéelle MA, Eynard N, Spina L, Lemassu A, Laval F, Huc E, Etienne G, Marrakchi H, Daffé M. Structural elucidation and genomic scrutiny of the C60–C100 mycolic acids of Segniliparus rotundus. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:191-203. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Antoinette Lanéelle
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Spina
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Huc
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Etienne
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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25
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Hong S, Cheng TY, Layre E, Sweet L, Young DC, Posey JE, Butler WR, Moody DB. Ultralong C100 mycolic acids support the assignment of Segniliparus as a new bacterial genus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39017. [PMID: 22720018 PMCID: PMC3375245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acid-producing bacteria isolated from the respiratory tract of human and non-human mammals were recently assigned as a distinct genus, Segniliparus, because they diverge from rhodococci and mycobacteria in genetic and chemical features. Using high accuracy mass spectrometry, we determined the chemical composition of 65 homologous mycolic acids in two Segniliparus species and separately analyzed the three subclasses to measure relative chain length, number and stereochemistry of unsaturations and cyclopropyl groups within each class. Whereas mycobacterial mycolate subclasses are distinguished from one another by R groups on the meromycolate chain, Segniliparus species synthesize solely non-oxygenated α-mycolates with high levels of cis unsaturation. Unexpectedly Segniliparus α-mycolates diverge into three subclasses based on large differences in carbon chain length with one bacterial culture producing mycolates that range from C58 to C100. Both the overall chain length (C100) and the chain length diversity (C42) are larger than previously seen for mycolic acid-producing organisms and provide direct chemical evidence for assignment of Segniliparus as a distinct genus. Yet, electron microscopy shows that the long and diverse mycolates pack into a typical appearing membrane. Therefore, these new and unexpected extremes of mycolic acid chemical structure raise questions about the modes of mycolic acid packing and folding into a membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emilie Layre
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Sweet
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David C. Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Butler
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DBM); (WRB)
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DBM); (WRB)
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Purification and structure analysis of mycolic acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Microbiol 2012; 50:235-40. [PMID: 22538651 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is widely used for producing amino acids. Mycolic acids, the major components in the cell wall of C. glutamicum might be closely related to the secretion of amino acids. In this study, mycolic acids were extracted from 5 strains of C. glutamicum, including ATCC 13032, ATCC 13869, ATCC 14067, L-isoleucine producing strain IWJ-1, and L-valine producing strain VWJ-1. Structures of these mycolic acids were analyzed using thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. More than twenty molecular species of mycolic acid were observed in all 5 strains. They differ in the length (20-40 carbons) and saturation (0-3 double bonds) of their constituent fatty acids. The dominant species of mycolic acid in every strain was different, but their two hydrocarbon chains were similar in length (14-18 carbons), and the meromycolate chain usually contained double bonds. As the growth temperature of cells increased from 30°C to 34°C, the proportion of mycolic acid species containing unsaturated and shorter hydrocarbon chains increased. These results provide new information on mycolic acids in C. glutamicum, and could be useful for modifying the cell wall to increase the production of amino acids.
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Ocampo M, Aristizabal-Ramirez D, Rodriguez DM, Munoz M, Curtidor H, Vanegas M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3166c protein-derived high-activity binding peptides in inhibiting invasion of human cell lines. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:235-42. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Lanéelle MA, Launay A, Spina L, Marrakchi H, Laval F, Eynard N, Lemassu A, Tropis M, Daffé M, Etienne G. A novel mycolic acid species defines two novel genera of the Actinobacteria, Hoyosella and Amycolicicoccus. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:843-855. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.055509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Antoinette Lanéelle
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Launay
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Spina
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Maryelle Tropis
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Etienne
- Université de Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III), IPBS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089) Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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Cantaloube S, Veyron-Churlet R, Haddache N, Daffé M, Zerbib D. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II dehydratases and methyltransferases define the specificity of the mycolic acid elongation complexes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29564. [PMID: 22216317 PMCID: PMC3245277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the originality of possessing a multifunctional mega-enzyme FAS-I (Fatty Acid Synthase-I), together with a multi-protein FAS-II system, to carry out the biosynthesis of common and of specific long chain fatty acids: the mycolic acids (MA). MA are the main constituents of the external mycomembrane that represents a tight permeability barrier involved in the pathogenicity of Mtb. The MA biosynthesis pathway is essential and contains targets for efficient antibiotics. We have demonstrated previously that proteins of FAS-II interact specifically to form specialized and interconnected complexes. This finding suggested that the organization of FAS-II resemble to the architecture of multifunctional mega-enzyme like the mammalian mFAS-I, which is devoted to the fatty acid biosynthesis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on conventional and reliable studies using yeast-two hybrid, yeast-three-hybrid and in vitro Co-immunoprecipitation, we completed here the analysis of the composition and architecture of the interactome between the known components of the Mtb FAS-II complexes. We showed that the recently identified dehydratases HadAB and HadBC are part of the FAS-II elongation complexes and may represent a specific link between the core of FAS-II and the condensing enzymes of the system. By testing four additional methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, we demonstrated that they display specific interactions with each type of complexes suggesting their coordinated action during MA elongation. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a global update of the architecture and organization of a FAS-II system. The FAS-II system of Mtb is organized in specialized interconnected complexes and the specificity of each elongation complex is given by preferential interactions between condensing enzymes and dehydratase heterodimers. This study will probably allow defining essential and specific interactions that correspond to promising targets for Mtb FAS-II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cantaloube
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Haddache
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Liao RZ, Georgieva P, Yu JG, Himo F. Mechanism of mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase: a theoretical study. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1505-13. [PMID: 21241051 DOI: 10.1021/bi101493p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of mycolic acid cyclopropane synthase is investigated using hybrid density functional theory. The direct methylation mechanism is examined with a large model of the active site constructed on the basis of the crystal structure of the native enzyme. The important active site residue Glu140 is modeled in both ionized and neutral forms. We demonstrate that the reaction starts via the transfer of a methyl to the substrate double bond, followed by the transfer of a proton from the methyl cation to the bicarbonate present in the active site. The first step is calculated to be rate-limiting, in agreement with experimental kinetic results. The protonation state of Glu140 has a rather weak influence on the reaction energetics. In addition to the natural reaction, a possible side reaction, namely a carbocation rearrangement, is also considered and is shown to have a low barrier. Finally, the energetics for the sulfur ylide proposal, which has already been ruled out, is also estimated, showing a large energetic penalty for ylide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zhen Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Beukes M, Lemmer Y, Deysel M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Koza G, Iglesias MM, Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Grooten J, Toschi G, Roberts VV, Pilcher L, Van Wyngaardt S, Mathebula N, Balogun M, Stoltz AC, Verschoor JA. Structure-function relationships of the antigenicity of mycolic acids in tuberculosis patients. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:800-8. [PMID: 20875402 PMCID: PMC3025329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall mycolic acids (MA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are CD1b presented antigens that can be used to detect antibodies as surrogate markers of active TB, even in HIV coinfected patients. The use of the complex mixtures of natural MA is complicated by an apparent antibody cross-reactivity with cholesterol. Here firstly we report three recombinant monoclonal scFv antibody fragments in the chicken germ-line antibody repertoire, which demonstrate the possibilities for cross-reactivity: the first recognized both cholesterol and mycolic acids, the second mycolic acids but not cholesterol, and the third cholesterol but not mycolic acids. Secondly, MA structure is experimentally interrogated to try to understand the cross-reactivity. Unique synthetic mycolic acids representative of the three main functional classes show varying antigenicity against human TB patient sera, depending on the functional groups present and on their stereochemistry. Oxygenated (methoxy- and keto-) mycolic acid was found to be more antigenic than alpha-mycolic acids. Synthetic methoxy-mycolic acids were the most antigenic, one containing a trans-cyclopropane apparently being somewhat more antigenic than the natural mixture. Trans-cyclopropane-containing keto- and hydroxy-mycolic acids were also found to be the most antigenic among each of these classes. However, none of the individual synthetic mycolic acids significantly and reproducibly distinguished the pooled serum of TB positive patients from that of TB negative patients better than the natural mixture of MA. This argues against the potential to improve the specificity of serodiagnosis of TB with a defined single synthetic mycolic acid antigen from this set, although sensitivity may be facilitated by using a synthetic methoxy-mycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Beukes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Madrey Deysel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Mark S. Baird
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Gani Koza
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Johan Grooten
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Gent University, Belgium
| | - Gianna Toschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lynne Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nsovo Mathebula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Anton C. Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 124202477; fax: +27 123625302.
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Muzael M, Koza G, Dulayymi JJA, Baird MS. The synthesis of a major α′-mycolic acid of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:678-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Characterization and identification of distinct Mycobacterium massiliense extracellular proteins from those of Mycobacterium abscessus. J Microbiol 2010; 48:502-11. [PMID: 20799093 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium massiliense is an emerging pathogen and very similar to Mycobacterium abscessus of rapidly growing mycobacteria in the phenotype and genotype. Pathogenic bacteria secrete a diversity of factors into extracellular medium which contribute to the bacterial pathogenicity. In the present study, we performed the comparative proteome analysis of culture filtrate proteins from a clinical isolate of M. massiliense and M. abscessus strains using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Interestingly, 9 proteins of M. massiliense were distinctly expressed from those of M. abscessus. Bioinformatic analysis of the identified proteins revealed that 3 unique proteins corresponded to serine/arginine rich protein, membrane protein from Streptomyces coelicolor, and one hypothetical protein from Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314, respectively. Culture filtrate proteins from M. massiliense induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages in a dose-dependent manner but not that from M. abscessus. Taken together, the functional study on the identified proteins uniquely produced from M. massiliense may provide not only the clues for the different pathogensis, but also help develop the diagnostic tools for the differentiation between two mycobacterial species.
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Agbaga MP, Mandal MNA, Anderson RE. Retinal very long-chain PUFAs: new insights from studies on ELOVL4 protein. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1624-42. [PMID: 20299492 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other mammalian tissues, retina is highly enriched in PUFA. Long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA; C18-C24) are essential FAs that are enriched in the retina and are necessary for maintenance of normal retinal development and function. The retina, brain, and sperm also contain very LC-PUFA (VLC-PUFA; >C24). Although VLC-PUFA were discovered more than two decades ago, very little is known about their biosynthesis and functional roles in the retina. This is due mainly to intrinsic difficulties associated with working on these unusually long polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains and their existence in small amounts. Recent studies on the FA elongase elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) protein, however, suggest that VLC-PUFA probably play some uniquely important roles in the retina as well as the other tissues. Mutations in the ELOVL4 gene are found in patients with autosomal dominant Stargardt disease. Here, we review the recent literature on VLC-PUFA with special emphasis on the elongases responsible for their synthesis. We focus on a novel elongase, ELOVL4, involved in the synthesis of VLC-PUFA, and the importance of these FAs in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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36
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Koza G, Rowles R, Theunissen C, Al-Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. The synthesis of single enantiomers of trans-alkene-containing mycolic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Restrepo-Montoya D, Vizcaíno C, Niño LF, Ocampo M, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Validating subcellular localization prediction tools with mycobacterial proteins. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:134. [PMID: 19422713 PMCID: PMC2685389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The computational prediction of mycobacterial proteins' subcellular localization is of key importance for proteome annotation and for the identification of new drug targets and vaccine candidates. Several subcellular localization classifiers have been developed over the past few years, which have comprised both general localization and feature-based classifiers. Here, we have validated the ability of different bioinformatics approaches, through the use of SignalP 2.0, TatP 1.0, LipoP 1.0, Phobius, PA-SUB 2.5, PSORTb v.2.0.4 and Gpos-PLoc, to predict secreted bacterial proteins. These computational tools were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity and Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) using a set of mycobacterial proteins having less than 40% identity, none of which are included in the training data sets of the validated tools and whose subcellular localization have been experimentally confirmed. These proteins belong to the TBpred training data set, a computational tool specifically designed to predict mycobacterial proteins. RESULTS A final validation set of 272 mycobacterial proteins was obtained from the initial set of 852 mycobacterial proteins. According to the results of the validation metrics, all tools presented specificity above 0.90, while dispersion sensitivity and MCC values were above 0.22. PA-SUB 2.5 presented the highest values; however, these results might be biased due to the methodology used by this tool. PSORTb v.2.0.4 left 56 proteins out of the classification, while Gpos-PLoc left just one protein out. CONCLUSION Both subcellular localization approaches had high predictive specificity and high recognition of true negatives for the tested data set. Among those tools whose predictions are not based on homology searches against SWISS-PROT, Gpos-PLoc was the general localization tool with the best predictive performance, while SignalP 2.0 was the best tool among the ones using a feature-based approach. Even though PA-SUB 2.5 presented the highest metrics, it should be taken into account that this tool was trained using all proteins reported in SWISS-PROT, which includes the protein set tested in this study, either as a BLAST search or as a training model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Restrepo-Montoya
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No, 26-20 Bogotá DC, Colombia.
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Řezanka T, Sigler K. Odd-numbered very-long-chain fatty acids from the microbial, animal and plant kingdoms. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:206-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rafidinarivo E, Lanéelle MA, Montrozier H, Valero-Guillén P, Astola J, Luquin M, Promé JC, Daffé M. Trafficking pathways of mycolic acids: structures, origin, mechanism of formation, and storage form of mycobacteric acids. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:477-490. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800384-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sachdeva S, Musayev FN, Alhamadsheh MM, Scarsdale JN, Wright HT, Reynolds KA. Separate entrance and exit portals for ligand traffic in Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:402-12. [PMID: 18420147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH initiates type II fatty acid synthase-catalyzed formation of the long chain (C(16)-C(22)) acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) precursors of mycolic acids, which are major constituents of the bacterial cell envelope. Crystal structures of M. tuberculosis FabH (mtFabH) show the substrate binding site to be a buried, extended L-shaped channel with only a single solvent access portal. Entrance of an acyl-CoA substrate through the solvent portal would require energetically unfavorable reptational threading of the substrate to its reactive position. Using a class of FabH inhibitors, we have tested an alternative hypothesis that FabH exists in an "open" form during substrate binding and product release, and a "closed" form in which catalysis and intermediate steps occur. This hypothesis is supported by mass spectrometric analysis of the product profile and crystal structures of complexes of mtFabH with these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjot Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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41
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Sachdeva S, Musayev F, Alhamadsheh MM, Neel Scarsdale J, Tonie Wright H, Reynolds KA. Probing reactivity and substrate specificity of both subunits of the dimeric Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH using alkyl-CoA disulfide inhibitors and acyl-CoA substrates. Bioorg Chem 2007; 36:85-90. [PMID: 18096200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dimeric Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH (mtFabH) catalyses a Claisen-type condensation between an acyl-CoA and malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to initiate the Type II fatty acid synthase cycle. To analyze the initial covalent acylation of mtFabH with acyl-CoA, we challenged it with mixture of C6-C20 acyl-CoAs and the ESI-MS analysis showed reaction at both subunits and a strict specificity for C12 acyl CoA. Crystallographic and ESI-MS studies of mtFabH with a decyl-CoA disulfide inhibitor revealed a decyl chain bound in acyl-binding channels of both subunits through disulfide linkage to the active site cysteine. These data provide the first unequivocal evidence that both subunits of mtFabH can react with substrates or inhibitor. The discrepancy between the observed C12 acyl-CoA substrate specificity in the initial acylation step and the higher catalytic efficiency of mtFabH for C18-C20 acyl-CoA substrates in the overall mtFabH catalyzed reaction suggests a role for M. tuberculosis ACP as a specificity determinant in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjot Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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42
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Laval F, Haites R, Movahedzadeh F, Lemassu A, Wong CY, Stoker N, Billman-Jacobe H, Daffé M. Investigating the function of the putative mycolic acid methyltransferase UmaA: divergence between the Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1419-1427. [PMID: 18006503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708859200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are major and specific lipid components of the cell envelope of mycobacteria that include the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, respectively. Subtle structural variations that are known to be crucial for both their virulence and the permeability of their cell envelope occur in mycolic acids. Among these are the introduction of cyclopropyl groups and methyl branches by mycolic acid S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases (MA-MTs). While the functions of seven of the M. tuberculosis MA-MTs have been either established or strongly presumed nothing is known of the roles of the remaining umaA gene product and those of M. smegmatis MA-MTs. Mutants of the M. tuberculosis umaA gene and its putative M. smegmatis orthologue, MSMEG0913, were created. The lipid extracts of the resulting mutants were analyzed in detail using a combination of analytical techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical degradation methods. The M. smegmatis mutants no longer synthesized subtypes of mycolates containing a methyl branch adjacent to either trans cyclopropyl group or trans double bond at the "proximal" position of both alpha- and epoxy-mycolates. Complementation with MSMEG0913, but not with umaA, fully restored the wild-type phenotype in M. smegmatis. Consistently, no modification was observed in the structures of mycolic acids produced by the M. tuberculosis umaA mutant. These data proved that despite their synteny and high similarity umaA and MSMEG0913 are not functionally orthologous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Laval
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France; Department Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ruth Haites
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Farahnaz Movahedzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France; Department Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil Stoker
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France; Department Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5089), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Rachman H, Kaufmann SHE. Exploring functional genomics for the development of novel intervention strategies against tuberculosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 297:559-67. [PMID: 17467338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious threat to humankind, and humans have encountered the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), for more than 10,000 years. Despite rapid advances in technology, efforts to besiege this robust pathogen seem to fail. The availability of genome sequences of several MTB complex strains open a new era of MTB research, the functional genomics, which will provide guidelines for novel control measures. In recent years, a series of methods have been developed to explore the mechanisms employed by MTB to persist and cause disease in the host. DNA array technology enables us to perform comparative genomics of different MTB strains and to examine the gene expression profiles of MTB growing under diverse living conditions. The generated transcriptome data can be exploited for design of new drugs, especially against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, development of more efficient vaccines, and identification of biomarkers for better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy Rachman
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstr. 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Owens RM, Hsu FF, VanderVen BC, Purdy GE, Hesteande E, Giannakas P, Sacchettini JC, McKinney JD, Hill PJ, Belisle JT, Butcher BA, Pethe K, Russell DG. M. tuberculosis Rv2252 encodes a diacylglycerol kinase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs). Mol Microbiol 2007; 60:1152-63. [PMID: 16689792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated lipids play important roles in biological systems, not only as structural moieties but also as modulators of cellular function. Phospholipids of pathogenic bacteria are known to play roles both as membrane components and as factors that modulate the infectious process. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is, however, noteworthy in that it has an extremely diverse repertoire of biologically active phosphorylated lipids that, in the absence of a specialized protein translocation system, appear to constitute the main means of communication with the host. Many of these lipids are derived from phosphatidylinositol (PI) that is differentially processed to give rise to phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) or lipoarabinomannan. In preliminary studies on the lipid processing enzymes associated with the bacterial cell wall, a kinase activity was noted that gave rise to a novel lipid species released by the bacterium. It was determined that this kinase activity was encoded by the ORF Rv2252. Rv2252 demonstrates the capacity to phosphorylate various amphipathic lipids of host and bacterial origin, in particular a M. tuberculosis derived diacylglycerol. Targeted deletion of the rv2252 gene resulted in disruption of the production of certain higher order PIM species, suggesting a role for Rv2252 in the biosynthetic pathway of PI, a PIM precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín M Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14053, USA
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45
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Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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46
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Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Roberts E, Minnikin DE. The synthesis of single enantiomers of meromycolic acids from mycobacterial wax esters. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Al-Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Mohammed H, Roberts E, Clegg W. The synthesis of one enantiomer of the α-methyl-trans-cyclopropane unit of mycolic acids. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Boissier F, Bardou F, Guillet V, Uttenweiler-Joseph S, Daffé M, Quémard A, Mourey L. Further Insight into S-Adenosylmethionine-dependent Methyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4434-45. [PMID: 16356931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510250200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are major and specific components of the cell envelope of Mycobacteria that include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Their metabolism is the target of the most efficient antitubercular drug currently used in therapy, and the enzymes that are involved in the production of mycolic acids represent important targets for the development of new drugs effective against multidrug-resistant strains. Among these are the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases (SAM-MTs) that catalyze the introduction of key chemical modifications in defined positions of mycolic acids. Some of these subtle structural variations are known to be crucial for both the virulence of the tubercle bacillus and the permeability of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We report here the structural characterization of the enzyme Hma (MmaA4), a SAM-MT that is unique in catalyzing the introduction of a methyl branch together with an adjacent hydroxyl group essential for the formation of both keto- and methoxymycolates in M. tuberculosis. Despite the high propensity of Hma to proteolytic degradation, the enzyme was produced and crystallized, and its three-dimensional structure in the apoform and in complex with S-adenosylmethionine was solved to about 2 A. Thestructuresshowtheimportantroleplayedbythemodificationsfound within mycolic acid SAM-MTs, especially thealpha2-alpha3 motif and the chemical environment of the active site. Essential information with respect to cofactor and substrate binding, selectivity and specificity, and about the mechanism of catalytic reaction were derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Boissier
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS et de l'Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Roberts E. The synthesis of a single enantiomer of a major α-mycolic acid of M. tuberculosis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Singh A, Gupta R, Vishwakarma RA, Narayanan PR, Paramasivan CN, Ramanathan VD, Tyagi AK. Requirement of the mymA operon for appropriate cell wall ultrastructure and persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the spleens of guinea pigs. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4173-86. [PMID: 15937179 PMCID: PMC1151731 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.12.4173-4186.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We had recently reported that the mymA operon (Rv3083 to Rv3089) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regulated by AraC/XylS transcriptional regulator VirS (Rv3082c) and is important for the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we further show that a virS mutant (MtbdeltavirS) and a mymA mutant (Mtbmym::hyg) of M. tuberculosis exhibit reduced contents and altered composition of mycolic acids along with the accumulation of saturated C24 and C26 fatty acids compared to the parental strain. These mutants were markedly more susceptible to major antitubercular drugs at acidic pH and also showed increased sensitivity to detergent (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and to acidic stress than the parental strain. We show that disruption of virS and mymA genes impairs the ability of M. tuberculosis to survive in activated macrophages, but not in resting macrophages, suggesting the importance of the mymA operon in protecting the bacterium against harsher conditions. Infection of guinea pigs with MtbdeltavirS, Mtbmym::hyg, and the parental strain resulted in an approximately 800-fold-reduced bacillary load of the mutant strains compared with the parental strain in spleens, but not in the lungs, of animals at 20 weeks postinfection. Phenotypic traits were fully complemented upon reintroduction of the virS gene into MtbdeltavirS. These observations show the important role of the mymA operon in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis at later stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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