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Botelho MT, Umbuzeiro GDA. Designing and applying a methodology to assess sperm cell viability and DNA damage in a model amphipod. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175318. [PMID: 39111426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Sperm quality is defined as the sperm cell ability to successfully fertilize eggs and allow normal embryo development. Few studies explore sperm quality using aquatic invertebrates. Parhyale hawaiensis is a marine amphipod with a circumtropical distribution and considered a model for evolution, development, and ecotoxicological studies. We aimed to develop a methodology to collect sperm cells of P. hawaiensis and evaluate their viability and DNA damage (comet assay). We directly exposed the sperm cells to different mutagenic agents to optimize/develop the protocols. Then, as a proof of concept, we exposed the males to mutagenic compounds (EMS, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), azo and anthraquinone dyes) at non-lethal concentrations verified by the proposed viability test and analyzed their sperm cells for DNA damage (comet assay). Organisms exposed to EMS presented a clear concentration response in the DNA damage response. We also showed that BaP was able to induce a statistically significant increase in DNA damage of the sperm cells. For the two dyes, although DNA damage increased, statistically differences were not observed. We believe we successfully developed a test to detect genotoxicity of chemicals in sperm cells using an invertebrate model. The protocol for sperm cell viability needs to be further explored with different chemicals to verify its utility as a toxicity endpoint. The developed genotoxicity test has the advantages to employ organisms that are easily cultivated in reduced space, use simple laboratory resources and reduced amount of material and reagents. Positive responses with this model could be used to disclose new germ cell mutagen candidates which could be further confirmed in vertebrates' systems.
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de Farias NO, Rodrigues AR, Botelho MT, Magalhães GR, Räisänen R, Freeman HS, Umbuzeiro GDA. The natural anthraquinone dye emodin: Eco/genotoxicological characterization for aquatic organisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114749. [PMID: 38768938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone secondary metabolite produced by several species of plants and fungi. Emodin is known for its pharmacological versatility, and, in the textile industry, for its good dyeing properties. However, its use in the textile industry can result in the formation and disposal of large volumes of wastewater. Emodin mutagenicity has been shown in bacteria and in human cells, but little is known about its possible toxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic effects in aquatic organisms. We have evaluated the eco/genotoxicity of emodin to aquatic organisms. Emodin was toxic to Daphnia similis (EC50 = 130 μg L-1) and zebrafish embryos (LC50 = 25 μg L-1). No toxicity was observed for Raphidocelis subcapitata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, or Parhyale hawaiensis. Additional biochemistry/molecular studies are needed to elucidate the toxic/mutagenic pathways of emodin in aquatic organisms. The PNEC value for emodin was 0.025 μg L-1. In addition to mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, emodin was mutagenic in the micronucleus assay in the amphipod P. hawaiensis. Among the anthraquinone dyes tested to date, natural or synthetic, emodin was the most toxic to aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Oliveira de Farias
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rocha Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Tenório Botelho
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Riikka Räisänen
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, UH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, NCSU, Raleigh, USA
| | - Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Hayes AW, Pressman P, Clemens R, Singer AW, Bauter MR. Evaluation of 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity of an aloe vera inner leaf gel beverage. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114726. [PMID: 38759713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite its popularity along with many proposed therapeutic applications, the safety profile of Aloe vera gel beverages remains unsettled. The putative toxicology concern has focused on the hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives (HADs) found in the latex portion of the Aloe leaf. Despite harvesting and processing designed to eliminate or significantly reduce these compounds, certain HADs, such as aloin, may be present and have been associated with carcinogenicity in non-decolorized whole leaf extract containing approximately 6400 ppm aloin A and 71 ppm aloin-emodin. Sprague Dawley rats had free access to drinking water or a commercially and widely available Aloe vera gel beverage (Forever Living Products) prepared from the inner leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller containing 3.43 ppm total aloin for 90 days. Under the conditions of the study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, there were no adverse test substance-related findings, including altered thyroid hormones. No histologic differences or histopathological changes were detected in the multiple tissues and organs examined. The Ki-67 proliferation assay demonstrated no increased cell proliferation in the liver, lungs, kidneys, or urinary bladder, which might have been attributed to the dietary administration of the Aloe vera gel beverage via drinking water for 90 days. These data lend increasing confidence regarding the safety of appropriately processed Aloe vera gel beverages, such as the beverage tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL and Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Roger Clemens
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark R Bauter
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
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Yli-Öyrä J, Herrala M, Kovakoski H, Huuskonen E, Toukola P, Räisänen R, Rysä J. In Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Cortinarius sanguineus Anthraquinone Aglycone Extract. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:369. [PMID: 38921356 PMCID: PMC11204901 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocolourants could be a sustainable option for dyes that require fossil-based chemicals in their synthesis. We studied the in vitro toxicity of anthraquinone aglycone extract obtained from Cortinarius sanguineus fungus and compared it to the toxicity of its two main components, emodin and previously studied dermocybin. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress responses in HepG2 liver and THP-1 immune cell lines were studied along with skin sensitisation. In addition, genotoxicity was studied with comet assay in HepG2 cells. Cellular viability was determined by MTT, propidium iodide, and lactate dehydrogenase assays, which showed that the highest doses of both the aglycone extract and emodin affected the viability. However, the effect did not occur in all of the used assays. Notably, after both exposures, a dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress factors was observed in both cell lines as measured by MitoSOX and dihydroethidium assays. C. sanguineus extract was not genotoxic in the comet assay. Importantly, both emodin and the extract activated the skin sensitisation pathway in the KeratinoSens assay, suggesting that they can induce allergy in humans. As emodin has shown cytotoxic and skin-sensitising effects, it is possible that the adverse effects caused by the extract are also mediated by it since it is the main component present in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Yli-Öyrä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.Y.-Ö.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Mikko Herrala
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.Y.-Ö.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Harri Kovakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.Y.-Ö.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Eevi Huuskonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.Y.-Ö.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Peppi Toukola
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Riikka Räisänen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (P.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.Y.-Ö.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (E.H.)
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5
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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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Moshawih S, Goh HP, Kifli N, Idris AC, Yassin H, Kotra V, Goh KW, Liew KB, Ming LC. Synergy between machine learning and natural products cheminformatics: Application to the lead discovery of anthraquinone derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:185-217. [PMID: 35490393 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cheminformatics utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques have opened up a new horizon in drug discovery. This is owing to vast chemical space expansion with rocketing numbers of expected hits and lead compounds that match druggable macromolecular targets, in particular from natural compounds. Due to the natural products' (NP) structural complexity, uniqueness, and diversity, they could occupy a bigger space in pharmaceuticals, allowing the industry to pursue more selective leads in the nanomolar range of binding affinity. ML is an essential part of each step of the drug design pipeline, such as target prediction, compound library preparation, and lead optimization. Notably, molecular mechanic and dynamic simulations, induced docking, and free energy perturbations are essential in predicting best binding poses, binding free energy values, and molecular mechanics force fields. Those applications have leveraged from artificial intelligence (AI), which decreases the computational costs required for such costly simulations. This review aimed to describe chemical space and compound libraries related to NPs. High-throughput screening utilized for fractionating NPs and high-throughput virtual screening and their strategies, and significance, are reviewed. Particular emphasis was given to AI approaches, ML tools, algorithms, and techniques, especially in drug discovery of macrocyclic compounds and approaches in computer-aided and ML-based drug discovery. Anthraquinone derivatives were discussed as a source of new lead compounds that can be developed using ML tools for diverse medicinal uses such as cancer, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the power of principal component analysis in understanding relevant protein conformations, and molecular modeling of protein-ligand interaction were also presented. Apart from being a concise reference for cheminformatics, this review is a useful text to understand the application of ML-based algorithms to molecular dynamics simulation and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Moshawih
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Azam Che Idris
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hayati Yassin
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vijay Kotra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Development of an LC-DAD-MS-Based Method for the Analysis of Hydroxyanthracene Derivatives in Food Supplements and Plant Materials. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061932. [PMID: 35335294 PMCID: PMC8955537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Products based on plants containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs)—such as Rheum, Cassia, and Aloe species—are widely used in food supplements or nutraceuticals due to their laxative effects. A more restricted control of HAD contents in food supplements has been implemented by EU Regulation 2021/468, in order to increase the safety of these preparations. Due to their toxicity, aloin A, aloin B, aloe emodin, emodin, and the synthetic derivative danthron have been listed as prohibited substances in food supplements, being tolerated in amounts < 1 mg kg−1 in marketed products. In this work, we report the development of a sensitive and fast LC−DAD−MS-based procedure for the determination of these five compounds in food supplements and plant materials or extracts. The entire procedure includes a simple sample preparation step, where target analytes are concentrated by means of solvent extraction and evaporative concentration (solid samples), or by lyophilisation (liquid samples). The average LOQ of 0.10 mg/L, LOD of 0.03 mg/L, accuracy, and precision with CVs below 12.72 were obtained for the studied analytes. This method is suitable for assessing the compliance of commercial products and raw materials with EU Regulation 2021/468. Furthermore, the proposed method can represent a starting point for the development of a unique and standardised analytical approach for the determination of other HADs under the attention of EU authorities.
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Cocchi V, Gasperini S, Lenzi M. Anthraquinones: Genotoxic until Proven Otherwise? A Study on a Substance-Based Medical Device to Implement Available Data for a Correct Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030142. [PMID: 35324767 PMCID: PMC8953541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A genotoxicological study was carried out on a substance-based medical device (SMD) containing anthraquinones in order to evaluate its potential mutagenic effect. The “In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test” was performed on human TK6 cells by flow cytometry. Cultures were treated with concentrations of SMD tested in the range of 0–2 mg/mL for short treatment time (3 h) both in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system, followed by a recovery period in fresh medium (23 h) and for extended treatment time (26 h) without an exogenous metabolic activation system. At the end of both treatment times, cytotoxicity, cytostasis, apoptosis and micronuclei (MNi) frequency were analysed in treated cultures and then compared with those measured in concurrent negative control cultures. The SMD did not induce a statistically significant increase MNi frequency under any of experimental conditions tested. The negative outcome shows that the SMD is non-mutagenic in terms of its ability to induce chromosomal aberrations both in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. The study ended by analyzing intracellular ROS levels to exclude the pro-oxidant ability, typically linked to DNA damage. On the contrary, our results demonstrated the ability the SMD to counteract oxidative stress.
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Cheemalamarri C, Batchu UR, Thallamapuram NP, Katragadda SB, Reddy Shetty P. A review on hydroxy anthraquinones from bacteria: crosstalk's of structures and biological activities. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:6186-6205. [PMID: 35175877 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2039920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQ), unveiling large structural diversity, among polyketides demonstrate a wide range of applications. The hydroxy anthraquinones (HAQ), a group of anthraquinone derivatives, are secondary metabolites produced by bacteria and eukaryotes. Plant-based HAQ are well-studied unlike bacterial HAQ and applied as herbal medicine for centuries. Bacteria are known to synthesize a wide variety of structurally diversified HAQ through polyketide pathways using polyketide synthases (I, II & III) principally through polyketide synthase-II. The actinobacteria especially the genus Streptomyces and Micromonospora represent a rich source of HAQ, however novel HAQ are reported from the rare actinobacteria genera (Salinospora, Actinoplanes, Amycoloptosis, Verrucosispora, Xenorhabdus, and Photorhabdus. Though several reviews are available on AQ produced by plants and fungi, however none on bacterial AQ. The current review focused on sources of bacterial HAQ and their structural diversity and biological activities along with toxicity and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Cheemalamarri
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Lab- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Rajeswari Batchu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Lab- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nagendra Prasad Thallamapuram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Lab- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Babu Katragadda
- Centre for natural products and traditional knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prakasham Reddy Shetty
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Lab- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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A Review of Recent Studies on the Antioxidant and Anti-Infectious Properties of Senna Plants. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6025900. [PMID: 35154569 PMCID: PMC8837466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6025900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of phytochemicals is gaining interest for the treatment of metabolic syndromes over the synthetic formulation of drugs. Senna is evolving as one of the important plants which have been vastly studied for its beneficial effects. Various parts of Senna species including the root, stem, leaves, and flower are found rich in numerous phytochemicals. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical experiments established that extracts from Senna plants have diverse beneficial effects by acting as a strong antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. In this review, Senna genus is comprehensively discussed in terms of its botanical characteristics, traditional use, geographic presence, and phytochemical profile. The bioactive compound richness contributes to the biological activity of Senna plant extracts. The review emphasizes on the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant and anti-infectious properties of the Senna plant. Preclinical studies confirmed the beneficial effects of the Senna plant extracts and its bioactive components in regard to the health-promoting activities. The safety, side effects, and therapeutic limitations of the Senna plant are also discussed in this review. Additional research is necessary to utilize the phenolic compounds towards its use as an alternative to pharmacological treatments and even as an ingredient in functional foods.
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11
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Jangra A, Sharma G, Sihag S, Chhokar V. The dark side of miracle plant-Aloe vera: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5029-5040. [PMID: 35092563 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), commonly known as Ghritkumari/Gwarpatha, is a member of the Liliaceae family, used in the traditional medicine system for ages. Aloe vera has made its importance as a therapeutic agent, acting as a cure for various diseases such as skin problems, lungs, and heart disorders, diabetes, ulcers, various microbial infections, and asthma. Despite its tremendous health benefits, the dark side of the plant is a reason of concern as there are several active compounds present in the plant, raising questions on its safe oral consumption and application. METHODS AND RESULTS The literature review was compiled from information resourced from various national and international journals available at Google Scholar and curated with Mendeley. The data mining was carried out during the period of January to May 2021. This study explored and summarized the dark side of Aloe vera, subjected to various secondary metabolites present in it. Aloin, the most active compound of Aloe vera, is a type of anthraquinone metabolized by human gut microflora, resulting in the formation of aloe-emodin anthraquinone, later being associated with several harmful effects such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and purgative. Besides this, several alkaloids and polysaccharides present in the plant are reported to cause hepatotoxicity and male infertility, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The harmful effects of the plants are not adequately discovered yet; hence there is a need to come up with some mechanism to understand and suppress the formation of such toxic compounds completely. This review examined the botany, active compounds, and adverse clinical effects in the range of metabolites associated with this herb - "Aloe vera".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jangra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sonia Sihag
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
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12
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Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7928200. [PMID: 35087619 PMCID: PMC8789423 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the important causes of death worldwide. Despite remarkable improvements in cancer research in the past few decades, several cancer patients still cannot be cured owing to the development of drug resistance. Natural sources might have prominence as potential drug candidates. Among the several chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones are characterized by their large structural variety, noticeable biological activity, and low toxicity. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. This compound has proven its antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative potential as well as ability to prevent cancer metastasis and potential in reversing multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The anticancer property of aloe emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, cell cycle arrest deterioration, initiation of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenic effect. In accordance with the strategy of developing potential drug candidates from natural products, aloe emodin's low bioavailability has been tried to be overcome by structural modifications and nanocarrier systems. Consequently, this review summarizes the antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic properties of aloe emodin, as well as the enhanced activity of its derivatives and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.
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Galli CL, Cinelli S, Ciliutti P, Melzi G, Marinovich M. Aloe-emodin, a hydroxyanthracene derivative, is not genotoxic in an in vivo comet test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104967. [PMID: 34062205 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, one of the molecules belonging to the group of hydroxyanthracene derivatives, was recently described as genotoxic in vivo. Indeed, the EFSA judged that aloe-emodin, together with other similar molecules (emodin and danthron) and extracts from the leaf of Aloe species containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives, could represent a risk factor for colorectal cancer mediated by a genotoxic effect. Given the marked uncertainty regarding the conclusions in the opinion of the EFSA ANS Panel and conflicts in the epidemiological data on which the opinion is based, a new in vivo study (in vivo alkaline comet assay in mice - OECD 489) was conducted to test the potential genotoxicity of aloe-emodin at doses of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day on preparations of single cells from the kidney and colon of treated male mice. Following treatment with the test item, no clinical signs were observed in animals in any treatment group. Slight body-weight loss was randomly observed in all groups treated with the test item and was more evident in the groups dosed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day. Under these experimental conditions, aloe-emodin showed no genotoxic activity. Possible oxidative damage to colon tissues could not be excluded based on the results obtained after repair enzyme treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado L Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Cinelli
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Ciliutti
- European Research Biology Center ERBC, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DISFeB), Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Marine Anthraquinones: Pharmacological and Toxicological Issues. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050272. [PMID: 34068184 PMCID: PMC8152984 DOI: 10.3390/md19050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine ecosystem, populated by a myriad of animals, plants, and microorganisms, is an inexhaustible reservoir of pharmacologically active molecules. Among the multiple secondary metabolites produced by marine sources, there are anthraquinones and their derivatives. Besides being mainly known to be produced by terrestrial species, even marine organisms and the uncountable kingdom of marine microorganisms biosynthesize anthraquinones. Anthraquinones possess many different biological activities, including a remarkable antitumor activity. However, due to their peculiar chemical structures, anthraquinones are often associated with toxicological issues, even relevant, such as genotoxicity and mutagenicity. The aim of this review is to critically describe the anticancer potential of anthraquinones derived from marine sources and their genotoxic and mutagenic potential. Marine-derived anthraquinones show a promising anticancer potential, although clinical studies are missing. Additionally, an in-depth investigation of their toxicological profile is needed before advocating anthraquinones as a therapeutic armamentarium in the oncological area.
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15
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Suarez-Torres JD, Orozco CA, Ciangherotti CE. The numerical probability of carcinogenicity to humans of some pharmaceutical drugs: Alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors or poisons, and DNA intercalators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1069-1089. [PMID: 33772863 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonclinical branch of regulatory pharmacology has traditionally relied on the sensitivity and specificity of regulatorily recommended bioassays. Nonetheless, any predictive testing (eg, safety pharmacology) with less than 100% sensitivity or 100% specificity is prone to deliver false positive or negative results (namely, outcomes discordant to the clinical gold standard). It was recently suggested that the statistics-based and regulatory pertinent "predictive values approach" (PVA) might help to reach a more predictive use of preclinical testing data. To resolve the associated probability of carcinogenicity to humans, the PVA was applied to 37 pharmaceuticals bearing inadequate epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity, but identifiable as unequivocal mutagens. According to current knowledge, a 98.9% (or more) probability of carcinogenicity to humans was reckoned for those 37 genotoxic drugs. Accordingly, these pharmaceutical drugs might be either scientifically or regulatorily regarded as "carcinogenic to humans." In the USA, European Union, or Canada as examples, the great majority of these 37 pharmaceuticals are authorized for medical use in humans. From the results of the present appraisal, the following is suggested (1) for the pharmaceuticals listed in this report, to include significant carcinogenicity warnings in their prescribing information; (2) to conduct pharmacoepidemiology studies or risk-benefit analyses (if warranted), and (3) based on the respective risk-benefit analyses, to re-evaluate the authorization of hydralazine and phenoxybenzamine as antihypertensives, oxcarbazepine as an anticonvulsant, and phenazopyridine as a urinary tract antimicrobial or analgesic. For the four latter drugs (eg, phenoxybenzamine), a 99.5% probability of carcinogenicity to humans was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Suarez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Camilo A Orozco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos E Ciangherotti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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16
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Hu J, Lloyd M, Hobbs C, Cox P, Burke K, Pearce G, Streicker MA, Gao Q, Frankos V. Absence of genotoxicity of purified Aloe vera whole leaf dry juice as assessed by an in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay and an in vivo comet assay in male F344 rats. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:511-519. [PMID: 33747796 PMCID: PMC7973126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HAD) are naturally present in the latex layer of Aloe vera leaf, predominantly as aloins A, B and aloe-emodin. HAD are typically removed from commercial ingestible aloe products through activated charcoal filtration (decolorization). Current research aimed to evaluate genotoxic potential of a purified aloe whole leaf dry juice containing 0.3 ppm of total aloins and non-detectable aloe-emodin (LOD =0.01 ppm) in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay (MLA; OECD 490) and in vivo comet assay (OECD 489). No marked increases in mutant frequency at the tk locus were observed in the MLA at concentrations up to 5000 μg/mL for 3 h and 24 h (-S9), and up to a precipitating concentration of 3000 μg/mL for 3 h (+S9) compared to concurrent vehicle control. Relative total growth at the highest analyzable concentrations at 3 h (±S9) and 24 h (-S9) ranged from 64 to 133 %. In the comet assay, no statistically significant increases in DNA strand breaks were detected in the colon or kidney following oral gavage of 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day in male F344 rats for 2 days compared to concurrent vehicle control. Overall, these findings demonstrated the test article containing minimal HAD is not genotoxic under the described experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA, 90502, United States
| | - Mel Lloyd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Hobbs
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Morrisville, NC, 27560, United States
| | - Peter Cox
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Burke
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Morrisville, NC, 27560, United States
| | - Gareth Pearce
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | - Quanyin Gao
- Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA, 90502, United States
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Shukla V, Asthana S, Singh S. Role of anthraquinones in Cassia occidentalis induced hepato-myo-encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113431. [PMID: 33011371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The different plant parts of Cassia occidentalis Linn, (CO) such as root, leaves, seeds and pods have traditionally been used in multifarious medicines for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, fever, eczema, cancer and venereal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of literature has been done in books and scientific databases like Science Direct, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus etc. These sources were used to compile, analyze and review the information regarding the phytochemistry, toxicology and mechanism of toxicity of CO. The various references on this subject are cited in our review ranging from 1956 to 2019. RESULTS Unintentional exposure of CO causes serious pathological condition in children, known as hepato-myo-encephalopathy (HME). The toxicity after CO consumption is associated with the presence of anthraquinones (AQs), a class of secondary plant metabolites. These AQs at high concentrations are known to cause detrimental effects on essential vital organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle and reproductive organs. The animal studies in rodent models as well as clinical investigations have clearly revealed that CO toxicity is associated with enhanced hepatotoxicity serum markers (ALT, AST, and LDH) and presence of necrotic lesions in liver. Furthermore, CO also causes vacuolization in muscle tissue and increases the level of CPK which is a prominent muscle damage marker. Apart from these target organs, CO consumption also causes neuronal damage via disturbing the levels of different proteins such as (GFAP and b-tubulin III). The mechanistic studies show that AQs present in CO have the potential to disturb the cellular homeostasis via binding to DNA, increasing the production ROS and showing inhibitory effects on essential enzymes etc. Therefore, AQs have been observed to be the primary culprit agents contributing to the toxicity of CO in children and animals. CONCLUSION Despite its therapeutic potential, CO consumption can be detrimental if consumed in high amounts. A thorough analysis of literature reveals that AQs are the primary factors contributing to toxicity of CO seeds. Exposure to CO seeds causes HME, which is a serious life threatening condition for the malnourished children from lower strata. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the CO induced HME in patients. Lack of appropriate diagnostic measures and a poor understanding of the CO toxicity mechanism in humans and animals complicate the clinical management of CO poisoning subjects. Therefore, development of point of care diagnostic kits shall help in early diagnosis & suitable management of CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Somya Asthana
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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18
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Baldi A, Sommella E, Campiglia P, Daglia M. Aloe gel-base food products: Chemical, toxicological, and regulatory aspects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 119:104818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Sougiannis AT, Enos RT, VanderVeen BN, Velazquez KT, Kelly B, McDonald S, Cotham W, Chatzistamou I, Nagarkatti M, Fan D, Murphy EA. Safety of natural anthraquinone emodin: an assessment in mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:9. [PMID: 33509280 PMCID: PMC7845031 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, has shown potential as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases including cancer. However, its clinical development is hindered by uncertainties surrounding its potential toxicity. The primary purpose of this study was to uncover any potential toxic properties of emodin in mice at doses that have been shown to have efficacy in our cancer studies. In addition, we sought to assess the time course of emodin clearance when administered both intraperitoneally (I.P.) and orally (P.O.) in order to begin to establish effective dosing intervals. METHODS We performed a subchronic (12 week) toxicity study using 3 different doses of emodin (~ 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) infused into the AIN-76A diet of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 5/group/sex). Body weight and composition were assessed following the 12-week feeding regime. Tissues were harvested and assessed for gross pathological changes and blood was collected for a complete blood count and evaluation of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine. For the pharmacokinetic study, emodin was delivered intraperitoneally I.P. or P.O. at 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg doses to male and female mice (n = 4/group/sex/time-point) and circulating levels of emodin were determined at 1, 4 and 12 h following administration via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS We found that 12 weeks of low (20 mg/kg), medium (40 mg/kg), or high (80 mg/kg) emodin feeding did not cause pathophysiological perturbations in major organs. We also found that glucuronidated emodin peaks at 1 h for both I.P. and P.O. administered emodin and is eliminated by 12 h. Interestingly, female mice appear to metabolize emodin at a faster rate than male mice as evidenced by greater levels of glucuronidated emodin at the 1 h time-point (40 mg/kg for both I.P. and P.O. and 20 mg/kg I.P.) and the 4-h time-point (20 mg/kg I.P.). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our studies establish that 1) emodin is safe for use in both male and female mice when given at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg doses for 12 weeks and 2) sex differences should be considered when establishing dosing intervals for emodin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Sougiannis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Kandy T Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Brittany Kelly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Sierra McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - William Cotham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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20
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Zhu Y, Pi J, Zhang Y, Xu D, Yagci Y, Liu R. A new anthraquinone derivative as a near UV and visible light photoinitiator for free-radical, thiol–ene and cationic polymerizations. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a new photoinitiator Q4 which has excellent initiated properties, and can initiate diverse photopolymerization modes. This novel photoinitiator may find use in many specific curing applications due to its unique performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Junyi Pi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- 210023 Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
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21
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Verebová V, Beneš J, Staničová J. Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E5666. [PMID: 33271809 PMCID: PMC7731333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive compounds found in herbs have been reported in recent years as having a variety of interesting medicinal and biological activities. In this review, we focus on photosensitizers such as hypericin and its model compounds emodin, quinizarin, and danthron, which have antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antitumor effects. They can be utilized as potential agents in photodynamic therapy, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. We aimed to give a comprehensive summary of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting molecules, emphasizing their mechanism of action in relation to their different interactions with biomacromolecules, specifically with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Verebová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Jiří Beneš
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Staničová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Two Rheum Complete Chloroplast Genomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6490164. [PMID: 32685515 PMCID: PMC7327605 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6490164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheum species present a significant economic value. Traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb is an important medicinal material in China. It has a long history of use, with a record of use as early as two thousand years ago. Here, we determined the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Rheum nobile and Rheum acuminatum and comprehensively compared them to two other available Rheum cp genomes at the genome scale. The results revealed cp genomes ranging in size from 159,051 to 161,707 bp with a similar typical quadripartite and circular structure. The genome organization, gene numbers, gene order, and GC contents of these four Rheum cp genomes were similar to those of many angiosperm cp genomes. Repeats and microsatellites were detected in the R. nobile and R. acuminatum cp genomes. The Mauve alignment revealed that there were no rearrangements in the cp genomes of the four Rheum species. Thirteen mutational hotspots for genome divergence were identified, which could be utilized as potential markers for phylogenetic studies and the identification of Rheum species. The phylogenetic relationships of the four species showed that the members of Rheum cluster into a single clade, indicating their close relationships. Our study provides valuable information for the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analysis of Rheum.
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Bhatia A, Arora S, Nagpal A, Singh B. Screening of rhizomes of Rheum emodi Wall. Ex. Meissen for antimutagenic potential employing Ames assay. THE NUCLEUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-020-00309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA, Tajuddeen N, Aliyu AB, Isah MB. Antidiabetic potential of anthraquinones: A review. Phytother Res 2019; 34:486-504. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
| | | | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of ChemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
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25
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Combined treatment with emodin and a telomerase inhibitor induces significant telomere damage/dysfunction and cell death. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:527. [PMID: 31296842 PMCID: PMC6624283 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex telomeric secondary structures represent natural replication fork barriers and must be resolved to permit efficient replication. Stabilization of telomeric G4 leads to telomere dysfunctions demonstrated by telomere shortening or damage, resulting in genome instability and apoptosis. Chemical compounds targeting G4 structures have been reported to induce telomere disturbance and tumor suppression. Here, virtual screening was performed in a natural compound library using PyRx to identify novel G4 ligands. Emodin was identified as one of the best candidates, showing a great G4-binding potential. Subsequently, we confirmed that emodin could stabilize G4 structures in vitro and trigger telomere dysfunctions including fragile telomeres, telomere loss, and telomeric DNA damage. However, this telomere disturbance could be rescued by subsequent elevation of telomerase activity; in contrast, when we treated the cells with the telomerase inhibitor BIBR1532 upon emodin treatment, permanent telomere disturbance and obvious growth inhibition of 4T1-cell xenograft tumors were observed in mice. Taken together, our results show for the first time that emodin-induced telomeric DNA damage can upregulate telomerase activity, which may weaken its anticancer effect. The combined use of emodin and the telomerase inhibitor synergistically induced telomere dysfunction and inhibited tumor generation.
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Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Zorzan M, Pezzani R, Redaelli M, Zagotto G, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Investigation of the molecular reactivity of bioactive oxiranylmethyloxy anthraquinones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900030. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
| | - Maira Zorzan
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM)University of PadovaPadova Italy
| | | | - Marco Redaelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadova Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
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Chandrasekhar C, Rajpurohit H, Javaji K, Kuncha M, Setti A, Ali AZ, Tiwari AK, Misra S, Kumar CG. Anti-hyperglycemic and genotoxic studies of 1- O-methyl chrysophanol, a new anthraquinone isolated from Amycolatopsis thermoflava strain SFMA-103. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:148-160. [PMID: 30614298 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1551406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The compound 1-O-methyl chrysophanol (OMC) which belongs to a class of hydroxyanthraquinones was isolated from Amycolatopsis thermoflava strain SFMA-103 and studied for their anti-diabetic properties. OMC was evaluated as an anti-diabetic agent based on in silico studies which initially predicted the binding energy with α-amylase (-188.81 KJ mol-1) and with α-glucosidase (70.53 KJ mol-1). Further, these results were validated based on enzyme inhibition assays where OMC demonstrated enzyme inhibitory activity towards α-amylase (IC50 3.4 mg mL-1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 38.49 μg mL-1). To confirm the anti-diabetic activity, in vivo studies (oral dose in Wistar rats) revealed that OMC inhibited significantly the increase in glucose concentration at 100 mg/kg as compared to starch control (p < 0.05). Further, to understand the safety of OMC as a therapeutic agent, the genotoxic analysis was performed in both in vitro Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (250, 500, and 1000 µM/mL) and in vivo Swiss albino mice (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). In vitro results showed that OMC concentration of up to 250 µM/mL did not elicit significant changes in CAs, MI, and MN counts in CHO cells. Similarly, in mice experiments (i.p. injection), no significant changes in CAs, MI, and MN induction were observed till 500 mg/kg of OMC when compared with chrysophanic acid (Cy) (200 mg/kg). In addition, mice that received the lowest dose of OMC (250 mg/kg) did not show any histological changes in liver, kidney, and heart. The study concluded that five times higher therapeutic dose (100 mg/kg) of OMC can be utilized against hyperglycemia with no genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheemalamarri Chandrasekhar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hemshikha Rajpurohit
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalpana Javaji
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhusudana Kuncha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aravind Setti
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Zehra Ali
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil Misra
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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Chen H, Zhao C, He R, Zhou M, Liu Y, Guo X, Wang M, Zhu F, Qin R, Li X. Danthron suppresses autophagy and sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to doxorubicin. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:345-353. [PMID: 30389604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the steady increase in survival observed for most cancer types, advances have been slow for pancreatic cancers. Current chemotherapy has limited benefits for patients with pancreatic cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective pancreatic cancer treatment strategies. At present, targeting the autophagic pathway is regarded as a promising new strategy for cancer treatment. Danthron (1,8-dihydroxyanthrquinone), a component from Rheum palmatum L. (polygonaceae), has several biological activities. However, the inhibition of autophagy by danthron has never been recognized, previously.Here we find that danthron may prevent autophagy, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Autophagy induced by doxorubicin plays a protective role in pancreatic cancer cells and inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or silencing autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) may chemosensitize pancreatic cancer cell lines to doxorubicin. Similarly, inhibition of autophagy by danthron also enhances toxicity of doxorubicin to pancreatic cancer cells. These results indicate that danthron has an anticancer effect and can sensitize the chemotherapeutic effect of doxorubicin on pancreatic cancer cells. These findings also suggest that inhibition of autophagy may be an effective way to promote the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunle Zhao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ruizhi He
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xingjun Guo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Renyi Qin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Dong X, Ni B, Fu J, Yin X, You L, Leng X, Liang X, Ni J. Emodin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepaRG cells via the mitochondrial caspase‑dependent pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1985-1993. [PMID: 30106438 PMCID: PMC6111625 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro has been gaining increasing attention. However, the exact molecular pathways underlying these effects remain poorly clarified. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of emodin on HepaRG cells and to define the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that emodin evidently inhibited HepaRG cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner by blocking cell cycle progression in the S and G2/M phase and by inducing apoptosis. Emodin treatment also resulted in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which abrogated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The above effects were all suppressed by antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Further studies by western blot analysis howed that emodin upregulated p53, p21, Bax, cyclin E, cleaved caspase-3, 8 and 9, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). However, the protein expression of Bcl-2, cyclin A and CDK2 was downregulated. Taken together, our results suggest that emodin induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through cell cycle arrest and ROS generation in HepaRG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Boran Ni
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Shanghai Binuo Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
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Drug Delivery System for Emodin Based on Mesoporous Silica SBA-15. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8050322. [PMID: 29757198 PMCID: PMC5977336 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study mesoporous silica SBA-15 was evaluated as a vehicle for the transport of cytotoxic natural product emodin (EO). SBA-15 was loaded with different quantities of EO (SBA-15|EO1–SBA-15|EO5: 8–36%) and characterized by traditional methods. Several parameters (stabilities) and the in vitro behavior on tumor cell lines (melanoma A375, B16 and B16F10) were investigated. SBA-15 suppresses EO release in extremely acidic milieu, pointing out that EO will not be discharged in the stomach. Furthermore, SBA-15 protects EO from photodecomposition. In vitro studies showed a dose dependent decrease of cellular viability which is directly correlated with an increasing amount of EO in SBA-15 for up to 27% of EO, while a constant activity for 32% and 36% of EO in SBA-15 was observed. Additionally, SBA-15 loaded with EO (SBA-15|EO3) does not disturb viability of peritoneal macrophages. SBA-15|EO3 causes inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis, connected with caspase activation, upregulation of Bax, as well as Bcl-2 and Bim downregulation along with amplification of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) cleavage fragment. Thus, the mesoporous SBA-15 is a promising carrier of the water-insoluble drug emodin.
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Özenver N, Saeed M, Demirezer LÖ, Efferth T. Aloe-emodin as drug candidate for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17770-17796. [PMID: 29707146 PMCID: PMC5915154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading cause of global mortality, cancer frequently cannot be cured due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, novel drugs are required. Naturally occurring anthraquinones are mostly present in Rumex and Rhamnus species and are of interest because of their structural similarity to anthracyclines as well established anticancer drugs. In the present study, we focused on the structural elucidation of phytochemicals from R. acetosella as well as the investigation of cytotoxicity and modes of action of the main anthraquinone aglycons (emodin, Aloe-emodin, physcion, rhein). Resazurin reduction and protease viability marker assays were conducted to test their cytotoxicity. Microarray-based gene expression profiling was performed to identify cellular pathways affected by the compounds, which was validated by qPCR analyses and functional assays. Flow cytometry was used to measure cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and necrosis, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The comet assay was used to detect DNA damage. Aloe-emodin as the most cytotoxic compound revealed IC50 values from 9.872 μM to 22.3 μM in drug-sensitive wild-type cell lines and from 11.19 μM to 33.76 μM in drug-resistant sublines, was selected to investigate its mechanism against cancer. Aloe-emodin-induced S phase arrest, ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Microarray hybridization revealed a profile of deregulated genes in Aloe-emodin-treated CCRF-CEM cells with diverse functions such as cell death and survival, cellular growth and proliferation, cellular development, gene expression, cellular function and maintenance. Aloe-emodin as well as R. acetosella deserve further investigations as possible antineoplastic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadire Özenver
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohamed Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lütfiye Ömur Demirezer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Kuhnle GG, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Andrade RJ, Fortes C, Mosesso P, Restani P, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Papaioannou A, Wright M. Safety of hydroxyanthracene derivatives for use in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05090. [PMID: 32625659 PMCID: PMC7009633 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of hydroxyanthracene derivatives and to provide advice on a daily intake that does not give rise to concerns about harmful effects to health. Hydroxyanthracene derivatives are a class of chemical substances naturally occurring in different botanical species and used in food to improve bowel function. The ANS Panel reviewed the available scientific data on a possible relationship between hydroxyanthracene derivatives exposure and genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. On the basis of the data currently available, the Panel noted that emodin, aloe-emodin and the structurally related substance danthron have shown evidence of in vitro genotoxicity. Aloe extracts have also been shown to be genotoxic in vitro possibly due to the presence of hydroxyanthracene derivatives in the extract. Furthermore, aloe-emodin was shown to be genotoxic in vivo and the whole-leaf aloe extract and the structural analogue danthron were shown to be carcinogenic. Epidemiological data suggested an increased risk for colorectal cancer associated with the general use of laxatives, several of which contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives. Considering the possible presence of aloe-emodin and emodin in extracts, the Panel concluded that hydroxyanthracene derivatives should be considered as genotoxic and carcinogenic unless there are specific data to the contrary, such as for rhein, and that there is a safety concern for extracts containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives although uncertainty persists. The Panel was unable to provide advice on a daily intake of hydroxyanthracene derivatives that does not give rise to concerns about harmful effects to health.
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Shukla V, Asthana S, Gupta P, Dwivedi PD, Tripathi A, Das M. Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Anthraquinones. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812522-9.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Malik EM, Müller CE. Anthraquinones As Pharmacological Tools and Drugs. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:705-48. [PMID: 27111664 DOI: 10.1002/med.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoanthracenes) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications. Besides their utilization as colorants, anthraquinone derivatives have been used since centuries for medical applications, for example, as laxatives and antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. Current therapeutic indications include constipation, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, biologically active anthraquinones derived from Reactive Blue 2 have been utilized as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological studies. They may serve as lead structures for the development of future drugs. However, the presence of the quinone moiety in the structure of anthraquinones raises safety concerns, and anthraquinone laxatives have therefore been under critical reassessment. This review article provides an overview of the chemistry, biology, and toxicology of anthraquinones focusing on their application as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:77-96. [PMID: 26986231 PMCID: PMC6349368 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Nan Mei
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Neamsuvan O, Madeebing N, Mah L, Lateh W. A survey of medicinal plants for diabetes treating from Chana and Nathawee district, Songkhla province, Thailand. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:82-90. [PMID: 26256315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which cannot be cured and must be suffered for whole life. Nowadays, many patients wanting to treat themselves by herbal medicine are increasing. Therefore, surveying of medicinal plants for treating diabetes and disseminating the knowledge, might give people more choice to consume herbs. The purposes of this qualitative study were to compile the medicinal plants and their folk use to treat diabetes by local healers in Chana and Nathawee district, Songkhla province. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews were used to gather about the local names, parts of plants used, preparation and use method, and local properties. Descriptive statistics, use value and interpretation were used to analyze the data. RESULTS A total of 38 species belonging to 37 genera in 28 families were used as herbs for treating diabetes. The family mostly used as herbal medicine was Rubiaceae (4 species; 10.53%). The part of herbal medicine mostly used was the root (8 speciess; 21.05%). Decoction and drinking were the most favorite preparation form and use method. Interestingly, the most used herbal plant is Lagerstraemia speciose Pers (0.83 of Use Value). CONCLUSION It was found that the local healers possess the different knowledge based on their experience received secretly from the family and adapted by themselves. Thus, this study is important due to assistance for collecting the variety of knowledge before disappearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oratai Neamsuvan
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Nareerat Madeebing
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Latepah Mah
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wasana Lateh
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Toxicity and antioxidant capacity of Frangula alnus Mill. bark and its active component emodin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:923-9. [PMID: 26399165 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study toxicity of Frangula alnus Mill. bark, widely used as laxative, was investigated. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) were treated with F. alnus bark extract or emodin (emodin is bark component with laxative property), and cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and parameters of oxidative stress were assessed. Also, polyphenol content of bark extract and antioxidant activity of the extract and emodin measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods were examined. The bark extract (500 μg/ml) produced cell death and DNA damage, while level of ROS changed at 250 μg/ml. Emodin induced cell death and DNA damage at 150 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml, respectively, and the increase of ROS was observed at 25 μg/ml. These results suggest that both, bark extract and emodin, are cyto/genotoxic to HPBLs and that oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of their toxicity. The results on antioxidant activity showed that, unlike emodin, bark extract possess moderate antioxidant capacity (44.6%, 46.8% and 2.25 mmol Fe(2+)/g measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, respectively) that can be related to relatively high phenolic content (116.07 mg/g). However, due to toxicological properties use of F. alnus bark as well as emodin-containing preparations should be taken with caution.
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Involvement of PPARγ in emodin-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:228-33. [PMID: 25448808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emodin, a major compound in total rhubarb anthraquinones (TRAs), has exhibited nephrotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats and cytotoxicity to HK-2 cells, a human proximal tubular epithelial cell line, in our previous study. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying emodin-induced cytotoxicity remain undefined. In this study, the exposure of HK-2 cells to emodin led to decreased cell viability, caspase 3 cleavage and activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DWm), and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol. Meanwhile, the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA and protein expression were elevated. GW9662, an antagonist of PPARγ, dramatically ameliorated the release of cytochrome c, the activation of caspase 3, and the reduction of cell viability induced by emodin. Importantly, emodin at the concentration causing apoptosis enhanced the stability of PPARγ mRNA. Taken together, these findings suggest that PPARγ might mediate, at least in part, emodin-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.
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40
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Ramakrishnan S, Partricia S, Mathan G. Overview of high-risk HPV's 16 and 18 infected cervical cancer: Pathogenesis to prevention. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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De Bruyn F, Maertens J, Beauprez J, Soetaert W, De Mey M. Biotechnological advances in UDP-sugar based glycosylation of small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:288-302. [PMID: 25698505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small molecules like specialized (secondary) metabolites has a profound impact on their solubility, stability or bioactivity, making glycosides attractive compounds as food additives, therapeutics or nutraceuticals. The subsequently growing market demand has fuelled the development of various biotechnological processes, which can be divided in the in vitro (using enzymes) or in vivo (using whole cells) production of glycosides. In this context, uridine glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of various small molecules, hereby using uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars as activated glycosyldonors. This review gives an extensive overview of the recently developed in vivo production processes using UGTs and discusses the major routes towards UDP-sugar formation. Furthermore, the use of interconverting enzymes and glycorandomization is highlighted for the production of unusual or new-to-nature glycosides. Finally, the technological challenges and future trends in UDP-sugar based glycosylation are critically evaluated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Maertens
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Beauprez
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Liu X, Liu Y, Qu Y, Cheng M, Xiao H. Metabolomic profiling of emodin-induced cytotoxicity in human liver cells and mechanistic study. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolomics approach was used to explore emodin-induced liver cells toxicology and a new mechanism was tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Yang Qu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
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43
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Guo X, Zhang S, Dial SL, Boudreau MD, Xia Q, Fu PP, Levy DD, Moore MM, Mei N. In vitro investigation of the mutagenic potential of Aloe vera extracts. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 3:487-496. [PMID: 33953902 DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year cancer bioassay in rodents with a preparation of Aloe vera whole leaf extract administered in drinking water showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity. To provide insight into the identity and mechanisms associated with mutagenic components of the Aloe vera extracts, we used the mouse lymphoma assay to evaluate the mutagenicity of the Aloe vera whole leaf extract (WLE) and Aloe vera decolorized whole leaf extract (WLD). The WLD extract was obtained by subjecting WLE to activated carbon-adsorption. HPLC analysis indicated that the decolorization process removed many components from the WLE extract, including anthraquinones. Both WLE and WLD extracts showed cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in mouse lymphoma cells but in different concentration ranges, and WLD induced about 3-fold higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species than WLE. Molecular analysis of mutant colonies from cells treated with WLE and WLD revealed that the primary type of damage from both treatments was largely due to chromosome mutations (deletions and/or mitotic recombination). The fact that the samples were mutagenic at different concentrations suggests that while some mutagenic components of WLE were removed by activated carbon filtration, components with pro-oxidant activity and mutagenic activity remained. The results demonstrate the utility of the mouse lymphoma assay as a tool to characterize the mutagenic activity of fractionated complex botanical mixtures to identify bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Suhui Zhang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Stacey L Dial
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Mary D Boudreau
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dan D Levy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Martha M Moore
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Chen R, Zhang J, Hu Y, Wang S, Chen M, Wang Y. Potential antineoplastic effects of Aloe-emodin: a comprehensive review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:275-88. [PMID: 24707862 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE), a bioactive anthraquinone derived from both Aloe vera and Rheum officinale, has recently been demonstrated to have various pharmacological activities. With the widespread popularity of natural products, such as antineoplastic drugs, AE has attracted much attention due to its remarkable antineoplastic activity on multiple tumor cells involving multi-channel mechanisms, including the disruption of cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, anti-metastasis, antiangiogenic, and strengthening of immune function. Experimental data have revealed AE as a potentially potent anti-cancer candidate. Despite this, the pharmaceutical application of AE is still in a fledging period as most research has concentrated on the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of action of existing treatments, rather than the development of novel formulations. Therefore, the present review summarizes the potential toxicity, molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and pharmaceutical development of AE as an antineoplastic agent. This is based on its physicochemical properties, in an attempt to encourage further research on AE as a potential anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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45
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Ding WJ, Wu XF, Zhong JS, Wan JZ. Effects of temperature, pH and light on the stability of aloin A and characterisation of its major degradation products. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wu
- Analysis and Testing Center; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Haikou 571101 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Haikou 571101 China
| | - Jia-Sheng Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jin-Zhi Wan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
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Shrimali D, Shanmugam MK, Kumar AP, Zhang J, Tan BKH, Ahn KS, Sethi G. Targeted abrogation of diverse signal transduction cascades by emodin for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:139-49. [PMID: 23962559 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is a natural occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from roots and barks of numerous plants, molds, and lichens. It is found as an active ingredient in different Chinese herbs including Rheum palmatum and Polygonam multiflorum, and has diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of emodin have been exhibited in various in vitro as well as in vivo models of inflammation including pancreatitis, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis and glomerulonephritis. As an anti-cancer agent, emodin has been shown to suppress the growth of various tumor cell lines including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, breast, colorectal, leukemia, and lung cancers. Emodin is a pleiotropic molecule capable of interacting with several major molecular targets including NF-κB, casein kinase II, HER2/neu, HIF-1α, AKT/mTOR, STAT3, CXCR4, topoisomerase II, p53, p21, and androgen receptors which are involved in inflammation and cancer. This review summarizes reported anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of emodin, and re-emphasizes its potential therapeutic role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Shrimali
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Toxicologic assessment of a commercial decolorized whole leaf aloe vera juice, lily of the desert filtered whole leaf juice with aloesorb. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:802453. [PMID: 23554812 PMCID: PMC3608129 DOI: 10.1155/2013/802453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera, a common ingredient in cosmetics, is increasingly being consumed as a beverage supplement. Although consumer interest in aloe likely stems from its association with several health benefits, a concern has also been raised by a National Toxicology Program Report that a nondecolorized whole leaf aloe vera extract taken internally by rats was associated with intestinal mucosal hyperplasia and ultimately malignancy. We tested a decolorized whole leaf (DCWL) aloe vera, treated with activated charcoal to remove the latex portion of the plant, for genotoxicity in bacteria, acute/subacute toxicity in B6C3F1 mice, and subchronic toxicity in F344 rats. We found this DCWL aloe vera juice to be nongenotoxic in histidine reversion and DNA repair assays. Following acute administration, mice exhibited no adverse signs at 3- or 14-day evaluation periods. When fed to male and female F344 rats over 13 weeks, DCWL aloe led to no toxicity as assessed by behavior, stools, weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights, and hematologic or clinical chemistry profiles. These rats had intestinal mucosal morphologies—examined grossly and microscopically—that were similar to controls. Our studies show that oral administration of this DCWL aloe juice has a different toxicology profile than that of the untreated aloe juice at exposures up to 13 weeks.
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48
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Sehgal I, Winters WD, Scott M, Kousoulas K. An in vitro and in vivo toxicologic evaluation of a stabilized aloe vera gel supplement drink in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:363-70. [PMID: 23376510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aloe vera gel is increasingly consumed as a beverage dietary supplement. The purpose of this study was to determine potential toxicity of a stabilized aloe vera gel derived from the inner gel fillet and marketed as a drink. The gel juice was assessed through assays of genotoxicity in vivo and acute and subchronic toxicity in B6C3F1 mice. Aloe vera did not increase the SOS DNA repair response in Escherichia coli and at 1× and 0.25× it did not increase mutagenesis of Salmonella TA100 resulting in histidine biosynthesis. At 3 and 14days following acute exposure, male and female mice gavaged with the stabilized aloe gel had daily appearances, total body weight gain, selected organ weights, necropsy and hematology tests similar to control mice gavaged with water. After a 13-week aloe gel feed study, male and female mice evaluated by the same criteria as the acute study plus feed consumption and serum chemistry tests were found to be equivalent to control groups. These data indicate that a commercial stabilized aloe gel consumed as a beverage was not genotoxic or toxic in vivo. These results contrast with those obtained using preparations containing aloe latex phenolic compounds such as anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Sehgal
- LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Wiart C. A note on the relevance of chrysophanol to food and anticancer research. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:843. [PMID: 22707259 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201270044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus assay has now been applied in many laboratories. This endpoint is useful in biomonitoring or ecotoxicology, as a sensitivity measure of human cells in cancer treatment and also to replace or supplement other in vitro genotoxicity assays. Learning more about the mechanisms of micronucleus formation allows conclusions about its biological significance. It has been demonstrated that disturbance of the mitotic apparatus (spindle, kinetochores) as well as impaired function of topoisomerase II can be involved in micronucleus formation. In addition, the roles of changes in DNA-conformation that are induced by alterations in the status of cytosine-methylation and of the cellular DNA repair capacity have been shown. The fate of micronucleus-containing cells is not known: the cells may theoretically be cytostatic and micronucleus-formation may therefore be a way of the organism to eliminate genetic damage or the cells may survive the loss of that chromosomal material and develop into transformed cells. Published data and ideas of selected areas within this field are reviewed.
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