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Oliveira TL, Rizzi C, da Cunha CEP, Dorneles J, Seixas Neto ACP, Amaral MG, Hartwig DD, Dellagostin OA. Recombinant BCG strains expressing chimeric proteins derived from Leptospira protect hamsters against leptospirosis. Vaccine 2019; 37:776-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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2
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Vijayachari P, Vedhagiri K, Mallilankaraman K, Mathur PP, Sardesai NY, Weiner DB, Ugen KE, Muthumani K. Immunogenicity of a novel enhanced consensus DNA vaccine encoding the leptospiral protein LipL45. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1945-53. [PMID: 26020621 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1047117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by an infection with a spirochete belonging to the genus Leptospira. In animals, leptospirosis displays a wide range of pathologies, including fever, abortion, icterus, and uveitis. Conversely, infection in humans is associated with multi-organ injury, resulting in an increased rate of fatalities. Pathogenic leptospires are able to translocate through cell monolayers at a rate significantly greater than that of non-pathogenic leptospires. Thus, vaccine approaches have been focused on targeting bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), lipoproteins, outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) and other potential virulence factors. Previous studies have indicated that leptospiral proteins elicit long-lasting immunological memory in infected humans. In the study reported here, the efficacy of a synthetic consensus DNA vaccine developed against the Leptospira membrane lipoprotein LipL45 was tested. After in vivo electroporation (EP) mediated intramuscular immunization with a synthetic LipL45 DNA vaccine (pLipL45) immunized mice developed a significant cellular response along with the development of anti-LipL45-specific antibodies. Specifically, the pLipL45 vaccine induced a significant Th1 type immune response, indicated by the higher production of IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokines. The results presented here are the first demonstration that a LipL45 based DNA immunogen has potential as a anti-Leptospira vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Center; Indian Council of Medical Research ; Port Blair , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , India
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3
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Forster KM, Hartwig DD, Oliveira TL, Bacelo KL, Schuch R, Amaral MG, Dellagostin OA. DNA prime-protein boost based vaccination with a conserved region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A and B proteins enhances protection against leptospirosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:989-95. [PMID: 26676320 PMCID: PMC4708018 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of
theLeptospira genus. Vaccination with bacterins has severe
limitations. Here, we evaluated the N-terminal region of the leptospiral
immunoglobulin-like B protein (LigBrep) as a vaccine candidate against leptospirosis
using immunisation strategies based on DNA prime-protein boost, DNA vaccine, and
subunit vaccine. Upon challenge with a virulent strain ofLeptospira
interrogans, the prime-boost and DNA vaccine approaches induced
significant protection in hamsters, as well as a specific IgG antibody response and
sterilising immunity. Although vaccination with recombinant fragment of LigBrep also
produced a strong antibody response, it was not immunoprotective. These results
highlight the potential of LigBrep as a candidate antigen for an effective vaccine
against leptospirosis and emphasise the use of the DNA prime-protein boost as an
important strategy for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine M Forster
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Daiane D Hartwig
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Thaís L Oliveira
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Kátia L Bacelo
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Schuch
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marta G Amaral
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Odir A Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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4
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Nikbakht Brujeni G, Gharibi D. Development of DNA-Designed Avian IgY Antibodies for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) and Anti-Hsp70 Antibodies in the Serum of Normal Cattle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:14-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Codon optimization of the major antigen encoding genes of diverse strains of influenza a virus. Interdiscip Sci 2011; 3:36-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-011-0055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Davies MN, Flower DR. Computational Vaccinology. BIOINFORMATICS FOR IMMUNOMICS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0540-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Okonkowski J, Kizer-Bentley L, Listner K, Robinson D, Chartrain M. Development of a Robust, Versatile, and Scalable Inoculum Train for the Production of a DNA Vaccine. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:1038-47. [PMID: 16080681 DOI: 10.1021/bp040041p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For many microbial fermentation processes, the inoculum train can have a substantial impact on process performance in terms of productivity, profitability, and process control. In general, it is understood that a well-characterized and flexible inoculum train is essential for future scale-up and implementation of the process in a pilot plant or manufacturing setting. A fermentation process utilizing E. coli DH5 for the production of plasmid DNA carrying the HIV gag gene for use as a vaccine is currently under development in our laboratory. As part of the development effort, we evaluated inoculum train schemes that incorporate one, two, or three stages. In addition, we investigated the effect of inoculum viable-cell concentrations, either thawed or actively growing, over a wide range (from 2.5 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(8) viable cells/mL or approximately 0.001% to 4% of final working volume). The various inoculum trains were evaluated in terms of final plasmid yield, process time, reproducibility, robustness, and feasibility at large scale. The results of these studies show that final plasmid yield remained in the desired range, despite the number of stages or inoculation viable-cell concentrations comprising the inoculum train. On the basis of these observations and because it established a large database, the first part of these investigations supports an exceptional flexibility in the design of scalable inoculum trains for this DNA vaccine process. This work also highlighted that a slightly higher level of process reproducibility, as measured by the time for the culture to reach mid-exponential growth, was observed when using actively growing versus frozen cells. It also demonstrated the existence of a viable-cell concentration threshold for the one-stage process, since we observed that inoculation of the production stage with very low amounts of viable cells from a frozen source could lead to increased process sensitivity to external factors such as variation in the quality of the raw materials used in the medium formulation. However, our analysis indicates that, despite this slight disadvantage, a one-stage inoculum train was a viable option in many situations, especially if the inoculation viable-cell concentration was kept above 4.8 x 10(6) viable cells/mL. Because it leads to a reduction in process steps and eliminates some capital investments (i.e., inoculum fermenter), when feasible a one-stage process configuration will positively impact process economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Okonkowski
- Bioprocess R&D, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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9
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious infection disease caused by pathogenic strains of the Leptospira spirochetes, which affects not only humans but also animals. It has long been expected to find an effective vaccine to prevent leptospirosis through immunization of high risk humans or animals. Although some leptospirosis vaccines have been obtained, the vaccination is relatively unsuccessful in clinical application despite decades of research and millions of dollars spent. In this review, the recent advancements of recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccines, inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are reviewed. A comparison of these vaccines may lead to development of new potential methods to combat leptospirosis and facilitate the leptospirosis vaccine research. Moreover, a vaccine ontology database was built for the scientists working on the leptospirosis vaccines as a starting tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, PR China.
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10
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Toussaint JF, Dubois A, Dispas M, Paquet D, Letellier C, Kerkhofs P. Delivery of DNA vaccines by agarose hydrogel implants facilitates genetic immunization in cattle. Vaccine 2007; 25:1167-74. [PMID: 17084488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the interest of two slow-release systems as vaccination tools in cattle. Two experiments show that a first intradermal administration of one DNA vaccine dose combined with the slow-release of a second dose conduct to a priming of the bovine herpesvirus 1-specific immune response similar to the one generated by two discrete administrations 4 weeks apart. The first experiment demonstrates the efficacy of the slow-release system with well-characterized Alzet osmotic pumps, whereas the second experiment extends the same concept with innovative agarose hydrogel implants. These latter implants are cheaper and more convenient than the osmotic pumps or repeated intradermal administrations since they contribute to an efficient priming of the immune response in a single manipulation of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Toussaint
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Virology, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective and inexpensive prophylactic tool in veterinary medicine. Ideally, vaccines should induce a lifelong protective immunity against the target pathogen while not causing clinical or pathological signs of diseases in the vaccinated animals. However, such ideal vaccines are rare in the veterinary field. Many vaccines are either of limited effectiveness or have harmful side effects. In addition, there are still severe diseases with no effective vaccines. A very important criterion for an ideal vaccine in veterinary medicine is low cost; this is especially important in developing countries and even more so for poultry vaccination, where vaccines must sell for a few cents a dose. Traditional approaches include inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines and subunit vaccines. Recently, genetic engineering has been applied to design new, improved vaccines. Adenovirus vectors are highly efficient for gene transfer in a broad spectrum of cell types and species. Moreover, adenoviruses often induce humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses to antigens encoded by the inserted foreign genes. Thus, adenoviruses have become a vector of choice for delivery and expression of foreign proteins for vaccination. Consequently, the market requirements for adenovirus vaccines are increasing, creating a need for production methodologies of concentrated vectors with warranted purity and efficacy. This review summarizes recent developments and approaches of adenovirus production and purification as the application of these vectors, including successes and failures in clinical applications to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica/Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica IBET/ITQB, Oeiras, Portugal
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12
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Talaat AM, Stemke-Hale K. Expression library immunization: a road map for discovery of vaccines against infectious diseases. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7089-98. [PMID: 16239502 PMCID: PMC1273844 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7089-7098.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Talaat
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1581, USA.
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13
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Huntley JF, Stabel JR, Paustian ML, Reinhardt TA, Bannantine JP. Expression library immunization confers protection against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6877-84. [PMID: 16177367 PMCID: PMC1230947 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6877-6884.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, paratuberculosis vaccines are comprised of crude whole-cell preparations of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Although effective in reducing clinical disease and fecal shedding, these vaccines have severe disadvantages as well, including seroconversion of vaccinated animals and granulomatous lesions at the site of vaccination. DNA vaccines can offer an alternative approach that may be safer and elicit more protective responses. In an effort to identify protective M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis sequences, a genomic DNA expression library was generated and subdivided into pools of clones (approximately 1,500 clones/pool). The clone pools were evaluated to determine DNA vaccine efficacy by immunizing mice via gene gun delivery and challenging them with live, virulent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Four clone pools resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from mouse tissues compared to mice immunized with other clone pools and nonvaccinated, infected control mice. One of the protective clone pools was further partitioned into 10 clone arrays of 108 clones each, and four clone arrays provided significant protection from both spleen and mesenteric lymph node colonization by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The nucleotide sequence of each clone present in the protective pools was determined, and coding region functions were predicted by computer analysis. Comparison of the protective clone array sequences implicated 26 antigens that may be responsible for protection in mice. This study is the first study to demonstrate protection against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection with expression library immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Huntley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, 50010, USA
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14
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Branger C, Chatrenet B, Gauvrit A, Aviat F, Aubert A, Bach JM, André-Fontaine G. Protection against Leptospira interrogans sensu lato challenge by DNA immunization with the gene encoding hemolysin-associated protein 1. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4062-9. [PMID: 15972494 PMCID: PMC1168576 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4062-4069.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of DNA constructs encoding leptospiral proteins is a promising new approach for vaccination against leptospirosis. In previous work we determined that immunization with hemolysis-associated protein 1 (Hap1) (LipL32) expressed by adenovirus induced significant protection against a virulent Leptospira challenge in gerbils. To avoid the use of the adenovirus vector, we checked for clinical protection against lethal challenge by DNA vaccination. A DNA vaccine expressing Hap1 was designed to enhance the direct gene transfer of this protein into gerbils. A challenge was performed 3 weeks after the last immunization with a virulent strain of serovar canicola. Our results show that the cross-protective effect with pathogenic strains of Leptospira, shared by Hap1, could be mediated by the DNA plasmid vector. This finding should facilitate the design and development of a new generation of vaccines against bacteria, particularly Leptospira interrogans sensu lato.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Branger
- Leptospira Medical and Molecular Bacteriology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, France
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15
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Tudor D, Dubuquoy C, Gaboriau V, Lefèvre F, Charley B, Riffault S. TLR9 pathway is involved in adjuvant effects of plasmid DNA-based vaccines. Vaccine 2005; 23:1258-64. [PMID: 15652668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial plasmids is thought to provide necessary immunoadjuvant signals to DNA vaccination. We took advantage of CpG-unresponsive toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) knock-out mice to study whether this pathway was required to generate immune responses to DNA vaccination. We compared two vectors, one encoding the surface glycoprotein C of pseudorabies virus shown to protect target animals against challenge, and the other encoding the cytoplasmic enzyme beta-galactosidase. In the absence of TLR9, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells lost their ability to secrete IL-12 and type I IFN in response not only to CpG as expected but also to the plasmids used for vaccination. In contrast, DNA vaccination experiments showed that TLR9-deficient mice were able to mount Th1-biased antigen-specific antibody and IFN-gamma responses, albeit at lower levels than normal mice. Thus, TLR9 signaling is not needed for eliciting T- and B-cell responses to DNA encoded antigens. However, TLR9 signaling tended to enhance plasmid-adjuvant effects on antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tudor
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Barfoed AM, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Jensen MH, Bøtner A, Kamstrup S. DNA vaccination of pigs with open reading frame 1-7 of PRRS virus. Vaccine 2004; 22:3628-41. [PMID: 15315842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We cloned all open reading frames of a Danish isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in DNA vaccination vectors. Pigs were vaccinated using a gene gun with each single construct (ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5, ORF6, or ORF7) or combinations thereof. Vaccination with ORF7 consistently induced antibodies after three vaccinations, while antibodies were only sporadically detected in the remaining groups. After six vaccinations, all pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus and the post-inoculation antibody response was studied. Pigs vaccinated with ORF1 or ORF4 were primed for antibody response against NSP2 or GP4, respectively. Neutralising antibodies were detected in all pigs, with ORF5 vaccinated pigs showing the highest titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Malene Barfoed
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Konishi E, Terazawa A, Fujii A. Evidence for antigen production in muscles by dengue and Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccines and a relation to their immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:3713-20. [PMID: 12922102 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated viral antigen production in muscle tissues following inoculation with DNA vaccines and examined its relation to antibody induction in mice using the flavivirus system. To achieve detectable levels of antigen production, we used a needle-free jet injector and examined 10% homogenate of quadriceps muscle for viral antigens in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared DNA vaccines against dengue type 1 (designated pcD1ME), dengue type 2 (pcD2ME) and Japanese encephalitis (pcJEME). The amounts of viral envelope (E) antigen contained in muscle homogenate 1, 2, 3 and 4 days following inoculation with 50 microg of pcJEME were 1.1, 1.0, 0.3 and <0.1 ng/ml, respectively. Muscles from pcD2ME- and pcD1ME-inoculated mice did not contain detectable levels of E antigen (<0.1 ng/ml) during 4 days following inoculation. The E amounts released from Vero cells transfected with DNAs were in the order pcJEME>pcD2ME>pcD1ME. Levels of neutralizing antibody induced by two immunizations with 100 microg of each DNA vaccine using needle-free or normal needle/syringe injection systems also were in the order pcJEME>pcD2ME>pcD1ME, 2-11 weeks after the first immunization. However, the difference in antibody levels among three DNA vaccines 14-18 weeks after immunization was smaller than that in the early phase of immunization. These results provide fundamental information useful for developing combination DNA vaccines, such as a dengue tetravalent DNA vaccine, which require adjustment of immunogenicity of each component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Konishi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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Shkreta L, Talbot BG, Lacasse P. Optimization of DNA vaccination immune responses in dairy cows: effect of injection site and the targeting efficacy of antigen-bCTLA-4 complex. Vaccine 2003; 21:2372-82. [PMID: 12744868 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of immunization site and antigen presenting cell targeting on cattle immune responses to DNA immunization. Cows were vaccinated with the plasmid expression vector pCI alone, pCI encoding the bacterial antigen beta-galactosidase (pCI-beta-gal) or pCI encoding bCTLA 4 fused to beta-gal (pCI-bCTLA-hIgG-beta-gal). The plasmids were delivered by intramuscular, intradermal, intramammary gland, or intra supramammary lymph node needle-injection. Both vaccines induced significant humoral and cellular immune responses. pCI-beta-gal elicited a higher IgG response than immunization with pCI-bCTLA-hIgG-beta-gal. Cows injected intramuscularly and intramammary had higher IgG and IgG-1 humoral responses than cows immunized intradermaly or in the lymph nodes. The injection site did not significantly affect the magnitude of the IgG2 and IgM antibody responses, although a trend similar to the IgG results was observed. The lymphocyte proliferation index was higher with pCI-beta-gal but was not affected by the injection site. These results suggest that in bovine, the injection site can affect immune responses but they do not provide evidence that bCTLA-4-hIgG-antigen targeting is effective in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulzim Shkreta
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K 2R1
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19
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Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN. Development of vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle and relationship to vaccine development for other intracellular pathogens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:555-66. [PMID: 12782055 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be an important strategy for the control of disease either where there is a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection or in developing countries where it is not economically feasible to implement a 'test and slaughter' control program. Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to M. bovis infection in cattle and the advent of new molecular biological techniques, coupled with the sequencing of the M. bovis genome have provided opportunities for the rational development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines are under development and many are being assessed in cattle. Recent results have revealed several promising vaccine candidates and vaccination strategies. Ways of distinguishing between vaccinated and infected cattle are becoming available and the possibility of new approaches to the eradication of tuberculosis from domestic livestock is discussed. Similarities between the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. bovis and against other intracellular parasites continue to be found and discoveries from vaccine studies on bovine tuberculosis may provide helpful insights into requirements for vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cattle
- Developing Countries
- Genome, Bacterial
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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20
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Abstract
We have developed a simple method of transfecting avian embryos in ovo with various plasmid vectors that results in protein expression in the embryo. Using the chloramphenicol acetyl transferease (CAT) reporter gene, we were able to show that transfecting avian embryos with a plasmid/neutral lipid/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) mixture delivered to the air cell, is better than transfecting naked DNA or cationic lipid encapsulated DNA, using DMSO (P < 0.05). This method resulted in CAT expression in several avian embryonic tissues of all the embryos inoculated. We found that both the cytomegalovirus (CMV) and chicken beta actin promoters worked significantly better (P < 0.05) than the Rous sarcoma virus promoter in vitro for reporter gene expression after cationic liposome-mediated transfection. However, after in ovo delivery with neutral lipid encapsulation and DMSO mediated delivery, no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the various promoters could be determined. We believe this neutral lipid encapsulation method may represent an important platform for delivery of DNA to the avian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Oshop
- VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Dr, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne A Babiuk
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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22
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Hein WR, Griebel PJ. A road less travelled: large animal models in immunological research. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:79-84. [PMID: 12511878 DOI: 10.1038/nri977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main advances in immunology have been forged or underpinned by animal experiments. However, animal research now focuses excessively on one laboratory species, and there is too much redundant repetition and too few transfers from basic discovery to successful clinical application. These features can be improved markedly by placing more emphasis on biological relevance when evaluating animal models and by taking greater advantage of the unique experimental opportunities that are offered by large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Hein
- AgResearch Limited, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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23
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Héchard C, Grépinet O, Rodolakis A. Evaluation of protection against Chlamydophila abortus challenge after DNA immunization with the major outer-membrane protein-encoding gene in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:35-40. [PMID: 12488563 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.04983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of DNA vaccination with the gene encoding the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydophila abortus has been studied in non-pregnant and pregnant mouse models after chlamydial challenge. OF1 outbred mice were vaccinated intramuscularly three times every 3 weeks, mated and challenged with C. abortus 2 weeks after the last injection of DNA. In non-pregnant mice, the MOMP DNA vaccine elicited a specific humoral response with predominantly IgG2a antibodies, suggesting a Th1-type immune response. The induced antibodies showed no in vitro neutralizing effect on C. abortus infectivity. Moreover, immunization with the momp gene showed no reduction in the mean splenic bacterial counts of non-pregnant or pregnant mice or in the mean placental bacterial counts of pregnant mice after the C. abortus challenge. Nevertheless, the MOMP DNA immunization induced a non-specific and partial protection in fetuses against challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Spontaneous/immunology
- Abortion, Spontaneous/microbiology
- Abortion, Spontaneous/prevention & control
- Animals
- Animals, Outbred Strains
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Chlamydophila/immunology
- Chlamydophila Infections/immunology
- Chlamydophila Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- Fetus/immunology
- Fetus/microbiology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Placenta/microbiology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Spleen/microbiology
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Héchard
- Unité de Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, INRA - Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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24
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Abstract
Conventional vaccines have been used for some 200 years, primarily to control infectious diseases. It is envisaged that such vaccines will continue to be used and new ones developed using conventional technology. However, in addition to conventional vaccines, novel approaches using biotechnology are already in use and many more are in various stages of development. These novel vaccines are not only being used to control infectious diseases, but also to improve productivity of livestock by modulating hormones, for gender selection, as well as in controlling ectoparasites. The recent developments in vaccination technology in all of these areas are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Babiuk
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
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25
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Abstract
Inoculation of naked DNA represents a novel approach to vaccine and immune therapeutic development. DNA vaccines or genetic immunization offers several advantages over the conventional vaccines for specific immune activation. Although a large number of vaccines have been made and are being used in the poultry industry, there have been no major advances in vaccine technology for this animal industry sector for decades. The potential advantages of DNA vaccines, such as over coming maternal immunity, in ovo delivery and absence of requirement for a cold-chain, combined with immunological efficacy make this new vaccine technology very attractive for the poultry industry. This review lists all of the published reports of experimental DNA vaccines developed for use in poultry and focuses on the trends, potentials and remaining barriers in the development of this new revolution in poultry vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Oshop
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA
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26
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Heckert RA, Elankumaran S, Oshop GL, Vakharia VN. A novel transcutaneous plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide delivery technique for avian nucleic acid immunization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:67-81. [PMID: 12208052 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we show that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) enhances liposome-mediated transfection of nucleic acid in chicken macrophage cells and that this could be exploited for the transcutaneous delivery of naked DNA through the intact skin of chickens. We found that DMSO enhanced transfection efficiencies of lipofectamine and polyethyleneimine in HD-11 chicken macrophage cells. Based on this principle, we showed that transcutaneous delivery of a DNA plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide mixture (1:1) to untreated skin of chickens results in a wide distribution of the plasmid in the body. Distribution studies were done using plasmids encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and a bivalent DNA vaccine coding for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) immunogenic protein genes. This bivalent vaccine induced mucosal and systemic immune responses, as evidenced by IgA and IgM production in the tears and serum of vaccinated chickens. Mucosal immune responses in the tears after topical vaccination were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than after i.m. delivery of the same DNA vaccine and were characterized by the absence of an IgG response. The biodistribution of plasmid indicated that topical delivery with DMSO resulted in a wide distribution and persistence of the plasmid until 15 weeks post-primary vaccination. Both delivery methods resulted in insert-specific message being made in several body tissues, but after topical delivery the virus-specific mRNA could be detected in the bone marrow of one out of three chickens until 15 weeks post-primary vaccination. Furthermore, transcutaneous delivery of this DNA vaccine using DMSO conferred protection from challenge with virulent IBDV (86% survival) and NDV (86% survival). This novel transcutaneous method of delivery of a DNA vaccine shows promise as being an easy and effective way to deliver nucleic acids through intact skin for vaccination or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Heckert
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA.
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27
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Buddle BM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN, Collins DM, de Lisle GW. New generation vaccines and delivery systems for control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and wildlife. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 87:177-85. [PMID: 12072232 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to tuberculosis are providing opportunities for the rational development of improved vaccines for bovine tuberculosis. Protection requires activation of macrophages through stimulation of a Th 1 type immune response. Ideally, a vaccine for cattle should induce protection without causing animals to react in a tuberculin test when exposed to Mycobacterium bovis. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines have been developed and many of these are being assessed in cattle. The requirements for a tuberculosis vaccine for wildlife differ from those for cattle. The major goal of a wildlife vaccine is to prevent the transmission of M. bovis to cattle and other wildlife. Although there are a number of technical problems associated with the development of a vaccine delivery system for wildlife, attenuated M. bovis vaccines administered via oral baits or aerosol spray to possums have already been shown to reduce the severity of a subsequent M. bovis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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28
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Lorenzen N, Lorenzen E, Einer-Jensen K, LaPatra SE. DNA vaccines as a tool for analysing the protective immune response against rhabdoviruses in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 12:439-453. [PMID: 12194454 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2002.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines based on the glycoprotein genes of the salmonid rhabdoviruses VHSV and IHNV have been demonstrated to be very efficient in inducing a protective immune response against the respective diseases in rainbow trout. Nanogram doses of plasmid DNA delivered by intramuscular injection are sufficient to induce high levels of immunity in fingerling-size fish, whereas larger fish require more vaccine for protection. The protection is long lasting and, more surprisingly, is partly established already 4 days post vaccination. The early protection involves cross-protective anti-viral defence mechanisms, while the long duration immunity is highly specific. The nature of these immune response mechanisms is discussed and it is suggested that the efficacy of the vaccines is related to their ability to activate the innate immune system as it is activated by live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lorenzen
- Danish Veterinary Institute, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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29
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Oumouna M, Jaso-Friedmann L, Evans DL. Activation of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and bacterial genomic DNA: binding, specificity and identification of unique immunostimulatory motifs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:257-269. [PMID: 11755675 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the effects of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (sODNs) and bacterial DNA (bDNA) on the in vitro activation of NCC. Teleost NCC recognition of DNA appeared to differ from that which occurs in higher vertebrates. NCC contain at least two different receptor specificities for DNA. Both oligodeoxyguanosine 20-mers (dG20) and 5'-TGCTGCTTGTGCTTGTGCTT-3' (4GC-2T) bound specifically to NCC. The existence of different receptor specificities was indicated by reciprocal cold target inhibition experiments. dG20 competed with 4GC-2T binding but sODNs composed of GpC or CpG nests did not compete with recognition by NCC of the dG20. ODN binding by NCC primarily depended on the presence of GpC or CpG nests with a preference for -G- serving as the anchor nucleotide. Secondarily, and similar to models of ODN activation in mammals, palindrome sequences of pu-pu-CpG-py-py activated NCC cytotoxicity. Additional analysis of the requirements for ODN activation indicated that guanosine could not substitute for adenosine as a purine spacer and that CpG motifs containing flanking thymidine (i.e.-GTCpGTT-) augmented the activity of the sODN containing this flanking base. Other evidence for the participation of both G and C in the recognition of specific nucleotides by NCC was that poly-dC20, dA20 or dT20 had no activating properties. Methylation of all cytosine nucleotides within an ODN abrogated activation. A canonical ODN motif of 5'-C/AT/AGCTT-3' can now be suggested for teleosts. Additional studies were done to examine the effects of in vitro treatment of NCC with bDNA. bDNA from three different disease isolates of Streptococcus iniae activated NCC cytotoxicity. Treatment of the bDNA with DNase abrogated the enhancement of cytotoxicity. Also, treatment of NCC with eukaryotic DNA had no effects on cytotoxicity. These studies suggested that NCC recognize bacterial nonmethylated DNA. The consequences of these interactions may be increased innate and acquired anti-bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oumouna
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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30
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Liu C, Kokuho T, Kubota T, Watanabe S, Inumaru S, Yokomizo Y, Onodera T. DNA mediated immunization with encoding the nucleoprotein gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virus Res 2001; 80:75-82. [PMID: 11597750 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to a naked plasmid DNA encoding the nucleoprotein (N protein) of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was investigated in this study. A complementary DNA of the entire N gene was amplified by RT-PCR, and inserted into a mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) to construct a recombinant plasmid (pcDNA/N). To evaluate the immunogenicity of the construct, BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with different doses (50, 100 and 200 microg/mouse) of pcDNA/N twice at a 5-week interval. An optimal antibody response was achieved with 100 microg of pcDNA/N. The response lasted at least 11 weeks after primary immunization. By western blotting analysis, the antibodies specifically recognized a 47 kDa protein corresponding to the viral N protein, but they did not reveal neutralizing activity against infectious TGEV in vitro. Immunoglobulin G2a was predominant among these antibodies, which was indicative of Th1 type cell activation in pcDNA/N immunized mice. Moreover, spleen cells from these mice showed stronger immune responses than those from live vaccine or parental vector immunized mice. These results suggest that the construct can elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses against TGEV N protein in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan
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31
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Loehr BI, Rankin R, Pontarollo R, King T, Willson P, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Suppository-mediated DNA immunization induces mucosal immunity against bovine herpesvirus-1 in cattle. Virology 2001; 289:327-33. [PMID: 11689054 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the primary sites for the transmission of infectious agents including viruses, so effective vaccines generally should induce mucosal immunity. Furthermore, noninvasive delivery is desirable because of the ease of application, the high degree of patient compliance, and the improved safety for patients and clinicians due to the elimination of needles. Unfortunately, most of the conventional vaccines are parenterally administered and result in systemic rather than mucosal immunity. Here we present the first report of mucosal immunity by noninvasive DNA immunization in a target species. As an approach to induce mucosal immunity against bovine herpesvirus-1, cows were immunized intravaginally with suppositories containing plasmid coding for glycoprotein D. Serum IgG, as well as IgA both in the serum and in the nasal fluids, were detected, which supports the contention of a common mucosal immune system. This level of immunity was of sufficient magnitude to minimize weight loss and significantly reduce the duration of virus shedding after intranasal viral challenge, which demonstrates the efficacy of suppository-based administration of DNA vaccines to target species. As this is a very practical method of delivery, it has great potential to be applied as vaccine or therapy in a variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Loehr
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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