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Mack ZE, Caserta LC, Renshaw RW, Nakagun S, Gerdes RS, Diel DG, Childs-Sanford SE, Peters-Kennedy J. Histopathologic and molecular characterization of Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 and Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2 infection in North American porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum). Vet Pathol 2023; 60:898-904. [PMID: 37264637 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 (EdPV1) and Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2 (EdPV2) are associated with cutaneous papillomas in North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum). This study defined gross, histopathologic, and molecular characteristics of viral papillomas in 10 North American porcupines submitted to the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center. Investigation for the presence of EdPV1 and EdPV2 DNA via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines, and all porcupines were investigated for the detection and localization of EdPV1 and EdPV2 E6 and E7 nucleic acid via chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 2 porcupines. Papillomas were diagnosed on the muzzle (n = 4), caudal dorsum (n = 1), upper lip (n = 1), chin (n = 1), gingiva (n = 2), and nasal planum (n = 1). Histologically, the lesions consisted of hyperplastic epidermis or epithelium with orthokeratotic keratin, prominent keratohyalin granules, and intranuclear inclusion bodies. PCR identified EdPV1 in 6 of 9 samples and EdPV2 in the remaining 3 samples. NGS resulted in 100% genome coverage of EdPV1 and 76.20% genome coverage of EdPV2 compared with GenBank reference sequences, with 99.8% sequence identity to the complete EdPV2 L1 gene of a novel subtype recently identified in France. Hybridization patterns in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines were characterized by strong nuclear signals in the superficial epidermis, with strong nuclear and punctate cytoplasmic signals in the stratum spinosum and basale. In one animal, CISH suggested dual EdPV1 and EdPV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Mack
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Shotaro Nakagun
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Rhea S Gerdes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Diego G Diel
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Pathological Similarities in the Development of Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer in Humans, Dogs, and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182390. [PMID: 36139250 PMCID: PMC9495210 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Papillomavirus (PV) infection affects many species, including humans and domestic animals, such as dogs and cats. Some of these infections involve the development of cancer due to the presence of PV. There are similarities in the pathology of these three PV-associated cancers, which may provide crucial insights into cancer development in these species, extrapolating both markers and possible treatment in the three species. For example, the oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are the main causes of the development of cancer associated with PV, and the possible therapies associated with the blockage or reduction of these oncoproteins can be of great benefit for the reduction and/or elimination of cancer associated with PV. Thus, our review focuses on the similarities in the context of pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancers associated with PV. We review the main biomarkers, E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins, and their overexpression in Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus and their association with the development of cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss that a potential treatment for PV-related cancer is the reduction or blocking of these oncoproteins. Abstract Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus are nonenveloped viruses that share similarities in the initiation and development of cancer. For instance, the three species overexpress the oncoproteins E6 and E7, and Canis familiaris and human papillomavirus overexpress the E5 oncoprotein. These similarities in the pathophysiology of cancer among the three species are beneficial for treating cancer in dogs, cats, and humans. To our knowledge, this topic has not been reviewed so far. This review focuses on the information on cancer research in cats and dogs comparable to that being conducted in humans in the context of comparative pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancer. We also focus on the possible benefit of treatment associated with the E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins for cancer in dogs, cats, and humans.
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Modeling HPV-Associated Disease and Cancer Using the Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091964. [PMID: 36146770 PMCID: PMC9503101 DOI: 10.3390/v14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of all human cancers are attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV-associated diseases and cancers remain a substantial public health and economic burden worldwide despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Current diagnosis and treatments for HPV-associated diseases and cancers are predominantly based on cell/tissue morphological examination and/or testing for the presence of high-risk HPV types. There is a lack of robust targets/markers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatments. Several naturally occurring animal papillomavirus models have been established as surrogates to study HPV pathogenesis. Among them, the Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model has become known as the gold standard. This model has played a pivotal role in the successful development of vaccines now available to prevent HPV infections. Over the past eighty years, the CRPV model has been widely applied to study HPV carcinogenesis. Taking advantage of a large panel of functional mutant CRPV genomes with distinct, reproducible, and predictable phenotypes, we have gained a deeper understanding of viral–host interaction during tumor progression. In recent years, the application of genome-wide RNA-seq analysis to the CRPV model has allowed us to learn and validate changes that parallel those reported in HPV-associated cancers. In addition, we have established a selection of gene-modified rabbit lines to facilitate mechanistic studies and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current review, we summarize some significant findings that have advanced our understanding of HPV pathogenesis and highlight the implication of the development of novel gene-modified rabbits to future mechanistic studies.
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Wang W, Xu L, Cao Y, Liu G, Lin Q, Mao X. Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Selenium Complex on the Immune Functions in Beagle Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162037. [PMID: 36009627 PMCID: PMC9404450 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of pets is becoming a growing concern for the pet industry and its owners. Immunity is one of the foundational supports for health, thus developing a functional bioactive substance that can boost pets’ immunity is essential. Many studies have shown that casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and selenium (Se) can individually regulate immunity in many species, but there has been no reported research on the immunomodulatory function of casein phosphopeptide–selenium complex (CPP-Se). The objective of this study was to investigate the function of CPP-Se on immunomodulation in dogs. Twenty Beagle dogs were equally divided into two groups and fed either a control snack or a test snack supplemented with 0.03% CPP-Se for 30 days. Anticoagulated blood, serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were collected from dogs at 0 d, 10 d, 20 d and 30 d to detect the change in the number of immune cells and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs and proteins. PBL isolated from blood were exposed to CPP-Se in vitro to measure the proliferative responses and cytokine-related mRNAs expression. During the time the test snack was fed, the number of lymphocytes increased significantly, whereas neutrophils and monocytes remained unaltered. The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CD4 molecule (CD4) and CD8α molecule (CD8α) was up-regulated, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was down-regulated, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) declined initially and subsequently increased. ELISA detection revealed a significant increment in serum IL-4, IL-6, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IFN-γ, except for IgG. Furthermore, CPP-Se treatment increased the proliferation and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs in PBL cultured in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate that CPP-Se can improve immunity in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Wang
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianru Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Chongqing Sweet Pet Products Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
- Correspondence:
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Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Cabrias-Contreras LJ, Dennis MM, Escobar-Torres SM, Ghim SJ, Howerth EW, Landrau-Giovannetti N, Rivera-Guzmán AL, Rivera-Pérez CI, Joh JJ. Characterization of novel papillomavirus from free-ranging Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus with genital papillomatosis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:1-10. [PMID: 35510816 DOI: 10.3354/dao03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus is an Endangered species living along the Atlantic coasts of the Americas from Florida (USA), throughout the Caribbean, to Brazil. In July 2020, a manatee with multiple wounds due to boat-inflicted trauma was rescued from the coast east of Cayo Mata, Salinas, Puerto Rico. This manatee had neutropenia, leukopenia, and monocytosis associated with immunosuppression and nutritional deficiency anemia, as well as bacteria and fungi within the lesions. The manatee had genital lesions which included papules and linear plaques, microscopically characterized by mucosal hyperplasia with cytopathic changes typical of papillomavirus infection. Superficial epithelial cells had strong nuclear immunolabeling when examined using a monoclonal antibody specific to papillomavirus. The sequencing data of PCR products with papillomavirus-specific degenerative primers indicated that these lesions contained a novel manatee papillomavirus (Trichechus manatus papillomavirus, TmPV). The genomic DNA was amplified using a rolling circle amplification, and fully sequenced to be 7586 bp (GenBank accession no. OK073977). Other TmPVs were previously isolated from Florida manatees T. manatus latirostris. This novel virus was designated TmPV type 5 (TmPV5) based on its genomic characterization and sequence comparison. The TmPV5 genome shared 50.7, 48.9, 69.4, and 62.1% similarities with TmPV1, TmPV2, TmPV3, and TmPV4, respectively. TmPV5 is classified in the genus Rhopapillomavirus together with other manatee papillomaviruses. After 2.5 mo of veterinary treatment and rehabilitation, the manatee recovered and was released. This is the first report of papillomatosis in a free-ranging Antillean manatee.
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EVALUATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN TWO POPULATIONS OF GREEN SEA TURTLES (CHELONIA MYDAS) IN A DEGRADED VERSUS A NONDEGRADED HABITAT. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:761-772. [PMID: 34460917 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong correlation between degraded marine habitats and the prevalence of diseases such as green turtle fibropapillomatosis (GTFP) in coastal populations. In GTFP, small to large tumors grow on the turtle's soft tissues and shell, while internal nodules may also occur. The disease primarily affects juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) that reside in nearshore waters. As a link has been shown between environmental pollution and immune suppression in a variety of animals, the objective of our research was to compare innate and adaptive immune responsiveness in green sea turtles from a severely degraded and a more pristine habitat, which differ greatly in rates of GTFP. We quantified phagocytosis by flow cytometry and performed in vitro stimulation analysis to measure activity of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in wild-caught Florida green turtles. Sea turtles from the degraded environment, both with and without visible cutaneous tumors, exhibited significantly reduced phagocytosis and stimulation indices than did those from the less polluted environment. Our results suggest that environmental factors may contribute to the development of GTFP and thus can impact the health of sea turtle populations.
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Onen EA. Molecular typing of equine papillomavirus and autovaccination to treat horses with cutaneous papillomatosis. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:405-410. [PMID: 32390155 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate formalin-inactivated autovaccination to treat cutaneous papillomatosis and to perform molecular typing of the papillomavirus in four horses (two foals, one 3-year-old filly and a 5-year-old stallion). METHODS Histopathological slides of lesions were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to establish a diagnosis that was based on observation koilocytosis, which is a pathognomonic cytopathic change that is associated with papillomatosis, using light microscopy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were performed using the EPV-R and EPV-F primer set. RESULTS In histopathological examination, koilocyte formation and occasional intranuclear viral inclusions were detected in the papillomas. A 334-base pair (bp) fragment of the E2 and L2 genes from the EPV genome was amplified using the EPV-R and EPV-F primer set. This fragment contained 215 bp from the E2 gene and 56 bp from the L2 gene; these were found to be 98.78% to 98.97% identical to the known EcPV type-1 sequence (AF498323). CONCLUSION Three horses with cutaneous papillomatosis were administered two doses of a formalin-inactivated preparation of papillomatous lesions at 7-day intervals. The papillomatous lesions were observed to decrease gradually 1 week after the last vaccination, and all warts had resolved within 2-3 weeks. One horse with cutaneous papillomatosis was left as an unvaccinated control, and no changes to the lesions were noted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of EcPV type-1 infection, autovaccine preparation and molecular typing in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Onen
- Project Manager, Vaccine, Biotechnology and Experimental Animals R&D Laboratory, Kocak Farma Pharmaceutical Company, Tekirdag, Turkey
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Regalado Ibarra AM, Legendre L, Munday JS. Malignant Transformation of a Canine Papillomavirus Type 1-Induced Persistent Oral Papilloma in a 3-Year-Old Dog. J Vet Dent 2019; 35:79-95. [PMID: 29865982 DOI: 10.1177/0898756418774575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes a rare case of a persistent canine papillomavirus type 1 (CPV-1)-induced oral papilloma that underwent malignant transformation into an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever cross. Initially, the patient had multiple and multifocal verrucous lesions populating the oral cavity exclusively. The papillomas persisted despite multiple surgical ablations, azithromycin, interferon α-2b, alternative medicines, and off-label drug use of an immunostimulant. After 1 year and 6 months, an aggressive lesion developed at the level of the left mandibular first molar (309) and progressed to a well-differentiated invasive OSCC. The presence of CPV-1 DNA in the OSCC, and the known oncogenic abilities of CPV-1, suggests that this virus might have played a significant role in the emergence of the OSCC that ultimately led to the patient's euthanasia due to poor quality of life. This is the first well-documented case where OSCC has developed from an oral papilloma caused by CPV-1 in which the presence of coinfection by another papillomavirus was excluded by multiple polymerase chain reaction tests using various primers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Legendre
- 1 West Coast Veterinary Dental Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John S Munday
- 2 Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
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Donnelly KA, Papich MG, Zirkelbach B, Norton T, Szivek A, Burkhalter B, Impellizeri JA, Stacy NI. Plasma Bleomycin Concentrations during Electrochemotherapeutic Treatment of Fibropapillomas in Green Turtles Chelonia mydas. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:186-192. [PMID: 31100193 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis of sea turtles is traditionally treated with surgical debulking techniques that are often associated with prolonged healing and tumor recurrence. Electrochemotherapy was recently described for green turtles Chelonia mydas and can be an alternative to surgery and even general anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to replicate an electrochemotherapy protocol from a previous report and add plasma bleomycin analysis to the treatment. After bleomycin injection into similarly sized tumors of two green turtles and immediate electroporation at two time points, plasma bleomycin reached detectable concentrations that were considerably lower than those found in human studies. At 3 months posttherapy, no healing complications or recurrences were encountered and only scar tissue remained. This study adds further support that electrochemotherapy with bleomycin has the potential to be used as an effective alternative treatment for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Donnelly
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - Bette Zirkelbach
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, Florida, 33050, USA
| | - Terry Norton
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, Florida, 33050, USA
- Georgia Sea Turtle Center/Jekyll Island Authority, 214 Stable Road, Jekyll Island, Georgia, 31527, USA
| | - Anna Szivek
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, Florida, 33050, USA
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, The Sea Turtle Hospital, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St. Augustine, Florida, 32080, USA
| | - Joseph A Impellizeri
- Veterinary Oncology Services, 517 Route 211 East, Middletown, New York, 10941, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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Canuti M, Munro HJ, Robertson GJ, Kroyer ANK, Roul S, Ojkic D, Whitney HG, Lang AS. New Insight Into Avian Papillomavirus Ecology and Evolution From Characterization of Novel Wild Bird Papillomaviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31031718 PMCID: PMC6473165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the family Papillomaviridae have circular dsDNA genomes of approximately 5.7–8.6 kb that are packaged within non-enveloped, icosahedral capsids. The known papillomavirus (PV) representatives infect vertebrates, and there are currently more than 130 recognized PV species in more than 50 genera. We identified 12 novel avian papillomavirus (APV) types in wild birds that could represent five distinct species and two genera. Viruses were detected in paired oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs collected from six bird species, increasing the number of avian species known to harbor PVs by 40%. A new duck PV (DuPV-3) was found in mallard and American black duck (27.6% estimated prevalence) that was monophyletic with other known DuPVs. A single viral type was identified in Atlantic puffin (PuPV-1, 9.8% estimated prevalence), while a higher genetic diversity was found in other Charadriiformes. Specifically, three types [gull PV-1 (GuPV-1), -2, and -3] were identified in two gull species (estimated prevalence of 17% and 2.6% in American herring and great black-backed gull, respectively), and seven types [kittiwake PV-1 (KiPV-1) through -7] were found in black-legged kittiwake (81.3% estimated prevalence). Significantly higher DuPV-3 circulation was observed in spring compared to fall and in adults compared to juveniles. The studied host species’ tendencies to be in crowded environments likely affect infection rates and their migratory behaviors could explain the high viral diversity, illustrating how host behavior can influence viral ecology and distribution. For DuPV-3, GuPV-1, PuPV-1, and KiPV-2, we obtained the complete genomic sequences, which showed the same organization as other known APVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed evidence for virus–host co-divergence at the host taxonomic levels of family, order, and inter-order, but we also observed that host-specificity constraints are relaxed among highly related hosts as we found cross-species transmission within ducks and within gulls. Furthermore, the phylogeny of viruses infecting the Charadriiformes did not match the host phylogeny and gull viruses formed distinct monophyletic clades with kittiwake viruses, possibly reflecting past host-switching events. Considering the vast PV genotype diversity in other hosts and the large number of bird species, many more APVs likely remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Hannah J Munro
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, NL, Canada
| | - Ashley N K Kroyer
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sheena Roul
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hugh G Whitney
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Abstract
Preclinical infection model systems are extremely valuable tools to aid in our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression, prevention, and treatments. In this context, rodent papillomaviruses and their respective infection models are useful tools but remain underutilized resources in the field of papillomavirus biology. Two rodent papillomaviruses, MnPV1, which infects the Mastomys species of multimammate rats, and MmuPV1, which infects laboratory mice, are currently the most studied rodent PVs. Both of these viruses cause malignancy in the skin and can provide attractive infection models to study the lesser understood cutaneous papillomaviruses that have been frequently associated with HPV-related skin cancers. Of these, MmuPV1 is the first reported rodent papillomavirus that can naturally infect the laboratory strain of mice. MmuPV1 is an attractive model virus to study papillomavirus pathogenesis because of the ubiquitous availability of lab mice and the fact that this mouse species is genetically modifiable. In this review, we have summarized the knowledge we have gained about PV biology from the study of rodent papillomaviruses and point out the remaining gaps that can provide new research opportunities.
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Bossart GD, Schaefer AM, McCulloch S, Goldstein J, Fair PA, Reif JS. Mucocutaneous lesions in free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the southeastern USA. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 115:175-184. [PMID: 26290502 DOI: 10.3354/dao02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucocutaneous lesions were biopsied from free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, and estuarine waters of Charleston (CHS), South Carolina, USA, between 2003 and 2013. A total of 78 incisional biopsies from 58 dolphins (n=43 IRL, n=15 CHS) were examined. Thirteen dolphins had 2 lesions biopsied at the same examination, and 6 dolphins were re-examined and re-biopsied at time intervals varying from 1 to 8 yr. Biopsy sites included the skin (n=47), tongue (n=2), and genital mucosa (n=29). Pathologic diagnoses were: orogenital sessile papilloma (39.7%), cutaneous lobomycosis (16.7%), tattoo skin disease (TSD; 15.4%), nonspecific chronic to chronic-active dermatitis (15.4%), and epidermal hyperplasia (12.8%). Pathologic diagnoses from dolphins with 2 lesions were predominately orogenital sessile papillomas (n=9) with nonspecific chronic to chronic-active dermatitis (n=4), TSD (n=3), lobomycosis (n=1), and epidermal hyperplasia (n=1). Persistent pathologic diagnoses from the same dolphins re-examined and re-biopsied at different times included genital sessile papillomas (n=3), lobomycosis (n=2), and nonspecific dermatitis (n=2). This is the first study documenting the various types, combined prevalence, and progression of mucocutaneous lesions in dolphins from the southeastern USA. The data support other published findings describing the health patterns in dolphins from these geographic regions. Potential health impacts related to the observed suite of lesions are important for the IRL and CHS dolphin populations, since previous studies have indicated that both populations are affected by complex infectious diseases often associated with immunologic disturbances and anthropogenic contaminants.
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Cavana P, Hubert B, Cordonnier N, Carlus M, Favrot C, Bensignor E. Generalized verrucosis associated with canine papillomavirus 9 infection in a dog. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:209-10. [PMID: 25665135 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cavana
- Parasitology-Mycology-Dermatology Department, Veterinary School of Alfort, PRES Paris Est, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Blaise Hubert
- Parasitology-Mycology-Dermatology Department, Veterinary School of Alfort, PRES Paris Est, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- Histology and Pathology Department, Veterinary School of Alfort, PRES Paris Est, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Marine Carlus
- Histology and Pathology Department, Veterinary School of Alfort, PRES Paris Est, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Department, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Bensignor
- Parasitology-Mycology-Dermatology Department, Veterinary School of Alfort, PRES Paris Est, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Alcântara BKD, Alfieri AA, Rodrigues WB, Otonel RA, Lunardi M, Headley SA, Alfieri AF. Identification of canine papillomavirus type 1 (CPV1) DNA in dogs with cutaneous papillomatosis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), also known as Canine Papillomavirus type 1 (CPV1), induces papillomas at the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and at the haired skin of dogs. The classification of Papillomavirus (PV) types is based on the L1 capsid protein and nucleotide sequence; so far, 14 CPV types have been described in several countries, but the molecular characterization of CPV in Brazil is lacking. This study investigated the presence of the PV in seven papillomas from four mixed breed dogs from Londrina/PR, Southern Brazil, by partial sequencing of the L1 gene. Seven exophytic cutaneous lesions were surgically removed and processed for histopathological and molecular characterization. Histopathology confirmed the lesions as viral papillomas due to typical histological features. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay using the FAP59 and FAP64 primers targeted the L1 gene followed by sequence analysis of the amplicons identified CPV1 in all evaluated papilloma samples. This study represents the first description of CPV1 DNA associated with canine papillomatosis in Brazil.
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Araldi RP, Giovanni DNS, Melo TC, Diniz N, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Sant'Ana TA, Carvalho RF, Beçak W, Stocco RC. Bovine papillomavirus isolation by ultracentrifugation. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:119-24. [PMID: 25102429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence of papillomas that regress spontaneously or persist and progress to malignancy. Currently, there are 13 types of BPVs described in the literature as well as 32 putative new types. This study aimed to isolate viral particles of BPV from skin papillomas, using a novel viral isolation method. The virus types were previously identified with new primers designed. 77 cutaneous papilloma samples of 27 animals, Simmental breed, were surgically removed. The DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR using Delta-Epsilon and Xi primers. The bands were purified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using software and compared to the GenBank database, by BLAST tool. The viral typing showed a prevalence of BPV-2 in 81.81% of samples. It was also detected the presence of the putative new virus type BR/UEL2 in one sample. Virus isolation was performed by ultracentrifugation in a single density of cesium chloride. The method of virus isolation is less laborious than those previously described, allowing the isolation of complete virus particles of BPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - D N S Giovanni
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T C Melo
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Leitão da Cunha, R. Botucatu, 740, São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - N Diniz
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - J Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T A Sant'Ana
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - R F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - W Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Av. Silvio Américo Sasdelli, 1842, Vila A, Ed. Comercial Lorivo, Foz do Iguaçú 85866-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - R C Stocco
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Seitz H, Müller M. Current perspectives on HPV vaccination: a focus on targeting the L2 protein. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Thirty years ago, human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 were isolated from cervical carcinomas, and it has been almost 10 years since the introduction of the first prophylactic virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. The VLP vaccines have already impacted the reduction of pre-malignant lesions and genital warts, and it is expected that vaccination efforts will successfully lower the incidence of cervical cancer before the end of the decade. Here we summarize the historical developments leading to the prophylactic HPV vaccines and discuss current advances of next-generation vaccines that aim to overcome certain limitations of the VLP vaccines, including their intrinsic narrow range of protection, stability and production/distribution costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Seitz
- National Institutes of Health, NCI/CCR/LCO, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, F035, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yaghoobi Yeganeh Manesh J, Shafiee R, Mohammad Bahrami A, Pourzaer M, Pourzaer M, Pedram B, Javanbakht J, Mokarizadeh A, Khadivar F. Cyto-histopathological and outcome features of the prepuce squamous cell carcinoma of a mixed breed dog. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:110. [PMID: 24903567 PMCID: PMC4080768 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5748771971272873
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Kim YJ, Byon CK, Kim ES, Kim HJ, Jeong IH, An WS, Lee SY, Lee SW, Chung WT. A Case of Condyloma Acuminata in a Virgin Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2014.21.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang Kyoo Byon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Il Hwan Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Won Suk An
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Yeob Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Won Tae Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Synonymous codon changes in the oncogenes of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus lead to increased oncogenicity and immunogenicity of the virus. Virology 2013; 438:70-83. [PMID: 23433866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses use rare codons with respect to the host. The reasons for this are incompletely understood but among the hypotheses is the concept that rare codons result in low protein production and this allows the virus to escape immune surveillance. We changed rare codons in the oncogenes E6 and E7 of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus to make them more mammalian-like and tested the mutant genomes in our in vivo animal model. While the amino acid sequences of the proteins remained unchanged, the oncogenic potential of some of the altered genomes increased dramatically. In addition, increased immunogenicity, as measured by spontaneous regression, was observed as the numbers of codon changes increased. This work suggests that codon usage may modify protein production in ways that influence disease outcome and that evaluation of synonymous codons should be included in the analysis of genetic variants of infectious agents and their association with disease.
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Masuda EK, Kommers GD, Rosa FB, Barros CS, Fighera RA, Piazer JV. Relação entre a linfopenia e a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em bovinos intoxicados crônica e espontaneamente por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Papilomavírus bovino tipo 4 (BPV-4) é responsável pelo desenvolvimento de papilomas no trato alimentar superior (TAS) de bovinos. Os passos necessários para o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a regressão dos papilomas estão intimamente relacionados com o estado imunológico do animal. A ingestão de samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) tem sido relacionada como o principal fator envolvido na persistência da infecção pelo BPV-4 no TAS. A teoria que estabelece a relação entre papilomatose alimentar e a formação de CCEs sugere a produção de um estado imunossupressivo crônico pela planta, permitindo a persistência dos papilomas no TAS. Os papilomas serviriam então como sítios de desenvolvimento dos CCEs através da interação entre as proteínas do BPV-4 e os carcinógenos da samambaia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e a papilomatose alimentar em casos de intoxicação espontânea crônica por P. aquilinum em bovinos com CCE no TAS. Quarenta bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram avaliados quanto à idade, à intensidade da papilomatose alimentar no TAS e ao leucograma. Três bovinos tinham leucopenia e um apresentava neutrofilia. A média de linfócitos foi de 5.395 (±1.696) na papilomatose leve, 4.560 (±1.561) na moderada e 5.007 (±1.786) na acentuada. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de papilomatose, a idade e a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes. Imunossupressão por linfopenia foi um achado esporádico (três casos) neste estudo. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia em bovinos não tem relação com a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e que talvez esteja relacionada a outros fatores imunológicos.
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Bounds CE, Hu J, Cladel NM, Balogh K, Christensen ND. Vaccine generated immunity targets an HPV16 E7 HLA-A2.1-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitope relocated to an early gene or a late gene of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) genome in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Vaccine 2010; 29:1194-200. [PMID: 21167863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The newly established HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model has proven useful for testing the immunogenicity of well known and computer-predicted A2-restricted epitopes. In the current study we compared the protective immunity induced to a preferred HPV16 E7 A2-restricted epitope that has been relocated to positions within the CRPV E7 gene and the CRPV L2 gene. Epitope expression from both the E7 protein and the L2 protein resulted in increased protection against viral DNA challenge of the HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits as compared to control-vaccinated rabbit groups. These data indicate that proteins expressed at both early and late time points during a natural papillomavirus infection can be targeted by epitope-specific immunity and indicate this immunity is increased to early rather than late expressed proteins of papillomaviruses. This study also highlights the broad utility of the HLAA2.1 transgenic rabbit model for testing numerous immunological factors involved in vaccine generated protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie E Bounds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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22
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Schmidt JM, North SM, Freeman KP, Ramiro-Ibañez F. Canine paediatric oncology: retrospective assessment of 9522 tumours in dogs up to 12 months (1993-2008). Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:283-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Hu J, Schell TD, Peng X, Cladel NM, Balogh KK, Christensen ND. Using HLA-A2.1 Transgenic Rabbit Model to Screen and Characterize New HLA-A2.1 Restricted Epitope DNA Vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 1. [PMID: 21572916 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have established an HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit /cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) infection model. Using this novel transgenic animal model, we reported earlier that a multivalent epitope DNA vaccine (CRPVE1ep1-5) containing five HLA-A2.1 restricted epitopes from CRPVE1 (42-50, 149-157, 161-169, 245-253 and 303-311) was successful in providing strong and specific protective and therapeutic immunity. Among these five epitopes, two (161-169 and 303-311) have been proven to stimulate strong immunity in both HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse and rabbit models. In the current study, we further identified the remaining three epitopes (CRPVE1/42-50,149-157, 245-253) in both animal models. CRPVE1/149-157 was able to induce specific CTL responses in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice by DNA immunization but undetectable by peptide immunization. CRPVE1/42-50 and 245-253 failed to respond in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice either by peptide or DNA immunization. All the three epitopes when administrated as DNA vaccines, however, were able to stimulate strong protective immunity in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits in a dose dependent manner. Among the five epitopes, two (CRPVE1/ 303-311and CRPVE1/149-157) DNA vaccines also showed specific therapeutic effects in CRPV-infected HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Taken together, the HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model recognized more epitopes than did the HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse model. Our data demonstrate that the HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model can complement the HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse model for the development and testing of new HLA-A2.1 restricted prophylactic and therapeutic T cell based DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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25
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Brandsma JL, Shlyankevich M, Su Y, Zelterman D, Rose JK, Buonocore L. Reversal of papilloma growth in rabbits therapeutically vaccinated against E6 with naked DNA and/or vesicular stomatitis virus vectors. Vaccine 2009; 28:8345-51. [PMID: 19615481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the greatest risk factor for the development of HPV-associated cancers. In this study rabbits bearing persistent and potentially malignant papillomas were used to test the efficacy of vaccination with a recombinant DNA and/or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) targeting the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 protein. Immune responses were primed with either vector and boosted twice with the homologous or heterologous E6 vector. Over the course of 18 weeks, E6 vaccination reduced papilloma volumes to one third the volume in the controls, and the rabbits boosted with an heterologous vector tended to mount stronger responses. Small and medium-sized papillomas responded significantly but only slightly better than large papillomas. Finally the initial papilloma burden per rabbit, ranging from <100 mm(3) to >1000 mm(3), was not prognostic of antitumor efficacy. In summary both E6 vaccines elicited significant therapeutic immunity, and their sequential use tended to be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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26
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Hu J, Cladel NM, Budgeon L, Balogh KK, Christensen ND. Papillomavirus DNA complementation in vivo. Virus Res 2009; 144:117-22. [PMID: 19379784 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent phylogenic studies indicate that DNA recombination could have occurred in ancient papillomavirus types. However, no experimental data are available to demonstrate this event because of the lack of human papillomavirus infection models. We have used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)/rabbit model to study pathogenesis and immunogenicity of different mutant genomes in vivo. Although the domestic rabbit is not a natural host for CRPV infection, it is possible to initiate infection with naked CRPV DNA cloned into a plasmid and monitor papilloma outgrowth on these animals. Taking advantage of a large panel of mutants based on a CRPV strain (Hershey CRPV), we tested the hypothesis that two non-viable mutant genomes could induce papillomas by either recombination or complementation. We found that co-infection with a dysfunctional mutant with an E2 transactivation domain mutation and another mutant with an E7 ATG knock out generated papillomas in rabbits. DNA extracted from these papillomas contained genotypes from both parental genomes. Three additional pairs of dysfunctional mutants also showed similar results. Individual wild type genes were also shown to rescue the function of corresponding dysfunctional mutants. Therefore, we suggest that complementation occurred between these two non-viable mutant PV genomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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27
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Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, Thönes N, Gissmann L, Müller H, Müller M. Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:138-147. [PMID: 18089737 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibrosarcoma-like skin tumours with a prevalence of approximately 1-2 %. Strong evidence exists for a causative role of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or type 2 in the development of sarcoids. No effective treatment of equine sarcoid is available and after surgical excision relapse of the tumours is very frequent. We developed chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) of BPV 1 L1-E7 for the immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. In a phase I clinical trial 12 horses suffering from equine sarcoid with an average number of more than 22 tumours per animal were vaccinated in a dose-escalation setting. The animals were followed-up for 63 days, eight of the twelve horses were followed-up for more than a year and side-effects, humoral immune responses and tumour appearance were recorded. BPV DNA was detected in tumours of 11 cases. CVLPs were well tolerated in all dose groups, a robust anti-L1 antibody response was induced in all but one of the horses. Anti-E7 antibodies were detected in five of the 12 animals at low titres. Two animals showed a clear improvement of the clinical status after treatment, i.e. the number of the tumours per horse was reduced. In another horse regression of five sarcoids was observed; three of them relapsed during the study. Two animals showed tumour regression as well as growth of new sarcoids. In two horses the clinical status remained unchanged, in another two horses growth of existing tumours or growth of additional tumours was observed. The remaining three animals showed simultaneously regression and growth of existing tumours. Neither the humoral immune responses nor the observed effects on the tumours was correlated with the dose group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mattil-Fritz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Chirurgische Tierklinik, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Thönes
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Institut für Virologie Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Börkü MK, Atalay O, Kibar M, Cam Y, Atasever A. Ivermectin is an effective treatment for bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:360-3. [PMID: 17368494 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ivermectin on the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Twenty-four Holstein calves between 9 and 17 months of age with cutaneous papillomatosis were placed into three groups with six in group I, and nine in groups II and III. Group I served as a control group and received no treatment. Ivermectin at a dose of 0.2mg/kg was administered subcutaneously as a single dose to the animals in Group II and twice with 15 days intervals to animals in Group III. The first ivermectin application was considered as the 0th day Animals were monitored at 15 days intervals up to 3 months. No remission was observed in the control group (Group I). In Group II eight out of nine animals (88.8%) and in Group III seven out of nine animals (77.7%) showed complete recovery within 3 month observation period. It was concluded that ivermectin, as either single or double dose applications, is effective as a treatment for cutaneous papillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Börkü
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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29
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Rector A, Lemey P, Tachezy R, Mostmans S, Ghim SJ, Van Doorslaer K, Roelke M, Bush M, Montali RJ, Joslin J, Burk RD, Jenson AB, Sundberg JP, Shapiro B, Van Ranst M. Ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in Felidae. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R57. [PMID: 17430578 PMCID: PMC1896010 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary rate of feline papillomaviruses is inferred from the phylogenetic analysis of their hosts, providing evidence for long-term virus-host co-speciation Background Estimating evolutionary rates for slowly evolving viruses such as papillomaviruses (PVs) is not possible using fossil calibrations directly or sequences sampled over a time-scale of decades. An ability to correlate their divergence with a host species, however, can provide a means to estimate evolutionary rates for these viruses accurately. To determine whether such an approach is feasible, we sequenced complete feline PV genomes, previously available only for the domestic cat (Felis domesticus, FdPV1), from four additional, globally distributed feline species: Lynx rufus PV type 1, Puma concolor PV type 1, Panthera leo persica PV type 1, and Uncia uncia PV type 1. Results The feline PVs all belong to the Lambdapapillomavirus genus, and contain an unusual second noncoding region between the early and late protein region, which is only present in members of this genus. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the evolutionary relationships between feline PVs perfectly mirror those of their feline hosts, despite a complex and dynamic phylogeographic history. By applying host species divergence times, we provide the first precise estimates for the rate of evolution for each PV gene, with an overall evolutionary rate of 1.95 × 10-8 (95% confidence interval 1.32 × 10-8 to 2.47 × 10-8) nucleotide substitutions per site per year for the viral coding genome. Conclusion Our work provides evidence for long-term virus-host co-speciation of feline PVs, indicating that viral diversity in slowly evolving viruses can be used to investigate host species evolution. These findings, however, should not be extrapolated to other viral lineages without prior confirmation of virus-host co-divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ruth Tachezy
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice, 128 22 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Mostmans
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shin-Je Ghim
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Melody Roelke
- Basic Research Program-SAIC Frederick-National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Mitchell Bush
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation and Research Center, Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | | | - Janis Joslin
- Phoenix Zoo, Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alfred B Jenson
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Main Street, Bar Harbor, MA 04609-1500, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Claus MP, Vivian D, Lunardi M, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Análise filogenética de papilomavírus bovino associado com lesões cutâneas em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2007000700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A infecção pelo papilomavírus bovino (BPV) causa lesões hiperplásicas no epitélio cutâneo dos animais. De acordo com a localização e as características morfológicas das lesões, os seis tipos de BPV são classificados em dois sub-grupos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar os tipos de BPV presentes em lesões cutâneas em bovinos de rebanhos do Estado do Paraná. Os primers degenerados FAP59 e FAP64 foram utilizados para a amplificação de um fragmento com 478 pb do gene L1 do BPV bovino em nove amostras de papilomas cutâneos obtidos de seis animais provenientes de quatro rebanhos bovinos do Estado. Em todas as amostras foi possível a amplificação de um produto com a massa molecular esperada. Por meio da análise filogenética das seqüências dos amplicons foi possível identificar o BPV-2 em três amostras, o BPV-1 em uma e o BPV-6 em cinco amostras de papilomas. O BPV-6 foi encontrado tanto em papilomas localizados no teto quanto em outras partes do corpo. Em um dos animais, do qual foram colhidas mais de uma amostra, foi detectada infecção concomitante do BPV-1 com o BPV-2. As cinco amostras positivas para o BPV-6 apresentaram 100% de identidade de nucleotídeos com a amostra padrão disponível no GenBank. No entanto, foram identificadas diferenças entre as amostras do BPV-2 e BPV-1 e aquelas depositadas neste banco de dados. Esse estudo demonstrou a diversidade de tipos do BPV circulantes em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná.
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Hu J, Peng X, Budgeon LR, Cladel NM, Balogh KK, Christensen ND. Establishment of a cottontail rabbit papillomavirus/HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model. J Virol 2007; 81:7171-7. [PMID: 17459918 PMCID: PMC1933279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00200-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three transgenic rabbit lines that express a well-characterized human major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) gene (HLA-A2.1) have been established. All three lines carry the HLA-A2.1 heavy chain and are able to pass the transgene to their offspring with both the outbred and the inbred EIII/JC genetic background. HLA-A2.1 colocalizes exclusively with rabbit MHC-I on the cell surfaces. These HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits demonstrated infection patterns similar to those found after cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) challenge when compared with results in normal rabbits, although higher regression rates were found in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Because the CRPV genome can accommodate significant modifications, the CRPV/HLA-A2.1 rabbit model has the potential to be used to screen HLA-A2.1-restricted immunogenic epitopes from human papillomaviruses in the context of in vivo papillomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, 500 University Dr., Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Wilhelm S, Degorce-Rubiales F, Godson D, Favrot C. Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical study of feline viral plaques and bowenoid in situ carcinomas. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:424-31. [PMID: 17083574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feline viral plaques (FVP) induced by papillomavirus (PV) are often hyperpigmented and flat warts. The fact that up to 47% of bowenoid in situ carcinomas (BISC), which also usually occur in the form of hyperpigmented plaques, are positive for PV antigen in immunochemistry suggests that BISC could evolve from FVP. The relationship between the presence of PV antigens and the clinical and histological features of 26 cases of feline dermatoses (clinically described as pigmented plaques and with histological diagnosis of FVP and/or BISC) was therefore determined. The cases were classified into one of the three following groups: FVP, FVP + BISC or BISC. Immunohistological detection of papillomavirus group-specific antigen was performed using a polyclonal rabbit antibovine papillomavirus antiserum. Of the seven cases in the FVP group, six were deemed positive by immunohistology as were all 10 cats in the FVP + BISC group. On the other hand, only one of the nine BISC cats was positive. The presence of both FVP and BISC lesions in some cats and the high detection rate of PV antigens in the FVP and FVP + BISC groups suggest that both conditions might have the same viral cause and that some BISC may evolve from FVP. The low rate of viral antigen detection in the BISC group indicates another cause or a loss of viral replication during the cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Wilhelm
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Unit, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Johnston KB, Monteiro JM, Schultz LD, Chen L, Wang F, Ausensi VA, Dell EC, Santos EB, Moore RA, Palker TJ, Stanley MA, Jansen KU. Protection of beagle dogs from mucosal challenge with canine oral papillomavirus by immunization with recombinant adenoviruses expressing codon-optimized early genes. Virology 2005; 336:208-18. [PMID: 15892962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Replication-deficient adenoviral (rAd5) vaccines containing codon-optimized E1, E2, E4, and E7 genes of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) were tested singly or in combination to determine which vaccines could protect against mucosal challenge with COPV. In three studies, groups of 4-6 beagle dogs were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with 10(11) rAd5 at 8-10 weeks and 4-6 weeks prior to challenge with infectious COPV particles at multiple oral mucosal sites. Control dogs were immunized with equivalent doses of rAd5 expressing human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 L1 (rAd5-HPV-16 L1). In the first study, complete protection from COPV-induced papillomas was achieved by immunization with rAd5 vaccine combinations expressing either E1 + E2 or E1 + E2 + E4 + E7; whereas two of six dogs immunized with rAd5-E4 + rAd5-E7 and six of six rAd5-HPV16-L1-immunized control dogs developed oral papillomas. In two subsequent studies, rAd5-E1 and rAd5-E2 vaccines were tested singly or in combination to assess levels of protective immunity to COPV challenge. Subcutaneous immunization with either one or two doses of rAd5 expressing the COPV E1 and E2 genes could protect > 90% of challenged dogs from wart formation. In contrast, all eight dogs immunized with rAd5-HPV-16 L1 developed papillomas at multiple sites. Protection was accompanied by significant IFN-gamma responses to COPV E1 and E2 peptides. Partial protection was conferred by two immunizations with either rAd5-E1 (6 of 9 protected) or rAd5-E2 (8 of 9 protected). These data indicate that rAd5 expressing papillomavirus E1 and E2 proteins can induce strong protective responses even in outbred populations under practical immunization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Johnston
- Vaccines and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a leading cause of virus-associated cancers of the anogenital, oropharyneal and cutaneous epithelium. The most prevalent of these is cervical cancer, which is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. A group of about 15 serologically unrelated 'high-risk' HPV types are responsible for almost all HPV-associated cancers. Prevention of papillomavirus infection can be achieved by induction of capsid-specific neutralising antibodies in preclinical animal papillomavirus models and in recent human clinical trials. High titres of conformationally-dependent, type-specific HPV-neutralising antibodies are triggered by HPV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Overcoming the problems of type-specificity of the responses to these VLP vaccines is a potentially important area of current HPV vaccine research, with an emphasis on induction of more broadly cross-protective neutralising responses. Viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are continuously present in HPV-associated cancers and are prime targets for HPV therapeutic vaccines. A variety of approaches are being tested in therapeutic vaccine clinical trials and in various preclinical animal papillomavirus models for efficacy. Approaches include genetic vaccines, recombinant virus vaccines, dendritic cell-based strategies, immunomodulatory strategies and various combination strategies to maximise cell-mediated immunity to papillomavirus proteins present in HPV infections and cancers. The success of preventive HPV VLP vaccines in clinical trials is clear. However, current therapeutic vaccine trials are less effective with respect to disease clearance. Nevertheless, a series of combination approaches have shown significant therapeutic enhancement in preclinical papillomavirus models and await testing in patient populations to determine the most effective strategy. There is much encouragement that HPV vaccines will be the most effective approach to prevention and cure of infections caused by this group of viruses, which re-present a significant human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Avki S, Turutoglu H, Simsek A, Unsal A. Clinical and immunological effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine on bovine papillomatosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 98:9-16. [PMID: 15127837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has antineoplastic and immunostimulatory properties, and it is currently being clinically tested in anticancer therapy. In order to analyze the immunostimulatory effects of NDV on bovine papillomatosis, we inoculated 14 cows subcutaneously with an attenuated vaccine containing the LaSota strain of NDV (LS-NDV). Four cows with papillomatosis served as controls. Serum samples were collected from each animal 1 h before and, 7 and 21 days after inoculation. In inoculated cows, on days 7 and 21 the mean antibody titers were log2 2.43 +/- 0.92 and log2 5.57 +/- 0.72 by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), and the mean levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were 5.80 +/- 4.19 and 5.39 +/- 2.66 ng/ml by WEHI-164 cytotoxicity assay. Significant differences between inoculated and control animals were evident for antibody titers on day 21 and clinical scores on day 60. A correlation was evident between the TNF-alpha activities and clinical scores on day 21. The clinical observations at day 60 showed that the papillomas in five cows were completely resolved (36%), one animal had no alterations on clinical appearance of the tumor (7%), and papillomas in eight cows were regressed (57%). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that inoculation of LS-NDV vaccine stimulates an antibody response and limited increase in TNF-alpha activity and may enhance clinical recovery in bovine papillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirri Avki
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Akdeniz, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.
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Abstract
This article briefly reviews the concepts of immunodeficiency and immunomodulation as they relate to selected skin diseases in the dog and cat. Immunodeficiency states are uncommon and may be associated with a subnormal or down-regulated immune system, including humoral deficiencies, such as IgA, and abnormal lymphocyte or neutrophil function. Establishing a causal relationship between a skin disease and presumed immunodeficient state has been difficult due to the rarity of such conditions, and the limited nature of the techniques used to characterise the immune system response. Severe combined immunodeficiency in dogs is a well characterised primary immunodeficiency state involving lymphocytes; retrovirus infection in cats may lead to an acquired immunodeficient state with some association with certain dermatological conditions although it remains unclear that infection is causally linked with disease. Immunomodulation usually implies stimulating the immune system along a beneficial pathway. Such a therapeutic approach may involve a wide variety of agents, for example intravenous immunoglobulin. There are few randomised controlled trials with veterinary patients that unequivocally demonstrate beneficial responses to immunomodulatory agents. Interferons are cytokines of major interest in human and veterinary medicine for their antiviral, anti-tumour and immunomodulatory effects. The advent of veterinary-licensed products containing recombinant interferon may enable demonstration of the efficacy of interferons for conditions such as canine papillomatosis and feline eosinophilic granuloma complex. Canine pyoderma has been treated with a number of presumed immunomodulatory agents with limited success. With more detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of pyoderma it may be possible to develop efficacious immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden P Foster
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, UK.
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Abstract
The effects of fig tree latex in treating teat papillomatosis in cow in comparison with salicylic acid were evaluated. For this purpose, 12 cows of 1-3 years of age (average 2.25) affected by teat papillomatosis were divided into three groups. In group A, four cows were treated by fig tree (Ficus carica) latex; in group B, four cows were treated with 10% salicylic acid solution and in group C, four cows were kept as control animals receiving no treatment. Animals in each treatment group received their treatment once every 5 days. In groups A and B, de-epithelialization and shrinking of the warts began from the fifth day of treatment and all the warts disappeared within 30 days. However, in the control group no changes in the number of warts were observed until day 15 but thereafter a number of warts disappeared spontaneously in some of the animals. Both salicylic acid and fig tree latex were evaluated as having similar therapeutic effects in treating teat papillomatosis in cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Tobery TW, Smith JF, Kuklin N, Skulsky D, Ackerson C, Huang L, Chen L, Cook JC, McClements WL, Jansen KU. Effect of vaccine delivery system on the induction of HPV16L1-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in immunized rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2003; 21:1539-47. [PMID: 12615451 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There have been numerous studies to assess the immunogenicity of candidate therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV), but few of them have directly compared different vaccines in an immunologically relevant animal system. In the present study, several vaccine delivery systems (VLPs, chimeric VLPs, plasmid DNA, and a replication incompetent adenoviral vector) expressing HPV16L1 were evaluated for their ability to induce HPV16L1 VLP-specific humoral immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies, and cell-mediated immune responses in rhesus macaques. Monkeys immunized with HPV16L1 VLPs mounted a potent humoral response with strongly neutralizing antibodies and a strong L1-specific Th2 response as measured by IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells. Monkeys immunized with plasmid DNA or an adenoviral vector expressing HPV16L1 showed strong Th1/Tc1 responses as measured by IFN-gamma production by CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells and potent humoral responses, but only weakly neutralizing antibodies. These data demonstrate that the nature of the immune response against HPV16L1 is dramatically different when it is introduced via different delivery systems. Additionally, these findings support the notion that an HPV16L1 VLP-based vaccine will induce the strongly neutralizing antibodies necessary for effective prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Tobery
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP16-118A, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Kuntsi-Vaattovaara H, Verstraete FJM, Newsome JT, Yuan H. Resolution of persistent oral papillomatosis in a dog after treatment with a recombinant canine oral papillomavirus vaccine. Vet Comp Oncol 2003; 1:57-63. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1476-5829.2003.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu J, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. Amino acid residues in the carboxy-terminal region of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E6 influence spontaneous regression of cutaneous papillomas. J Virol 2002; 76:11801-8. [PMID: 12414922 PMCID: PMC136889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.11801-11808.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified two different strains of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) that differ by approximately 5% in base pair sequence and that perform quite differently when used to challenge New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit skin. One strain caused persistent lesions (progressor strain), and the other induced papillomas that spontaneously regressed (regressor strain) at high frequencies (J. Salmon, M. Nonnenmacher, S. Caze, P. Flamant, O. Croissant, G. Orth, and F. Breitburd, J. Virol. 74:10766-10777, 2000; J. Salmon, N. Ramoz, P. Cassonnet, G. Orth, and F. Breitburd, Virology 235:228-234, 1997). We generated a panel of CRPV genomes that contained chimeric and mutant progressor and regressor strain E6 genes and assessed the outcome upon infection of both outbred and EIII/JC inbred NZW rabbits. The carboxy-terminal 77-amino-acid region of the regressor CRPV strain E6, which contained 15 amino acid residues that are different from those of the equivalent region of the persistent CRPV strain E6, played a dominant role in the conversion of the persistent CRPV strain to one showing high rates of spontaneous regressions. In addition, a single amino acid change (G252E) in the E6 protein of the CRPV progressor strain led to high frequencies of spontaneous regressions in inbred rabbits. These observations imply that small changes in the amino acid sequences of papillomavirus proteins can dramatically impact the outcome of natural host immune responses to these viral infections. The data imply that intrastrain differences between separate isolates of a single papillomavirus type (such as human papillomavirus type 16) may contribute to a collective variability in host immune responses in outbred human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Hu J, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. Intracutaneous DNA vaccination with the E8 gene of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus induces protective immunity against virus challenge in rabbits. J Virol 2002; 76:6453-9. [PMID: 12050357 PMCID: PMC136259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.13.6453-6459.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit model has been used in several studies for testing prophylactic and therapeutic papillomavirus vaccines. Earlier observations had shown that the CRPV nonstructural genes E1, E2, and E6 induced strong to partial protective immunity against CRPV infection. In this study, we found that CRPV E8 immunization eliminated virus-induced papillomas in EIII/JC inbred rabbits (100%) and provided partial protection (55%) against virus challenge in outbred New Zealand White rabbits. CRPV-E8 is a small open reading frame, coding for a 50-amino-acid protein, that is colinear with the CRPV E6 gene and has features similar to those of the bovine papillomavirus and human papillomavirus E5 genes. Papillomas that grew on E8-vaccinated outbred rabbits were significantly smaller than those on vector-vaccinated rabbits (P < 0.01; t test). Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests showed that some of the E8-vaccinated rabbits had positive responses to E8-specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Megid J, Dias Junior J, Aguiar D, Nardi Júnior G, Silva W, Ribeiro M. Tratamento da papilomatose canina com Propionibacterium acnes. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352001000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Yuan H, Estes PA, Chen Y, Newsome J, Olcese VA, Garcea RL, Schlegel R. Immunization with a pentameric L1 fusion protein protects against papillomavirus infection. J Virol 2001; 75:7848-53. [PMID: 11483728 PMCID: PMC115027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.7848-7853.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic papillomavirus vaccines currently in clinical trials are composed of viral L1 capsid protein that is synthesized in eukaryotic expression systems and purified in the form of virus-like particles (VLPs). To evaluate whether VLPs are necessary for effective vaccination, we expressed the L1 protein as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein in Escherichia coli and assayed its immunogenic activity in an established canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) model that previously validated the efficacy of VLP vaccines. The GST-COPV L1 fusion protein formed pentamers, but these capsomere-like structures did not assemble into VLPs. Despite the lack of VLP formation, the GST-COPV L1 protein retained its native conformation as determined by reactivity with conformation-specific anti-COPV antibodies. Most importantly, the GST-COPV L1 pentamers completely protected dogs from high-dose viral infection of their oral mucosa. L1 fusion proteins expressed in bacteria represent an economical alternative to VLPs as a human papillomavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Palker TJ, Monteiro JM, Martin MM, Kakareka C, Smith JF, Cook JC, Joyce JG, Jansen KU. Antibody, cytokine and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in chimpanzees immunized with human papillomavirus virus-like particles. Vaccine 2001; 19:3733-43. [PMID: 11395208 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated antibody, cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-5, TNF-alpha), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in chimpanzees immunized with monovalent or quadrivalent (HPV-6, -11, -16, -18) L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines administered i.m. on aluminum hydroxyphosphate (alum) at weeks 0, 8 and 24. Maximum serum antibody titers to type-specific, neutralizing, conformational epitopes on HPV-11 or -16 L1 VLPs were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) four weeks after the second and third immunizations. HPV-11 and -16 neutralizing antibodies were also detected at similar time points with an Human papillomaviruses (HPV) neutralization assay using pseudovirions. Depending on the VLP type used for immunization, HPV type-specific cytokine responses were most frequently seen four weeks after the second or third immunizations and between weeks 44-52. Transient HPV-16 L1-specific CTL activity was observed only between weeks 16-24 in 3 of 22 (13.6%) chimpanzees immunized with HPV-16 L1 VLPs. These findings provide evidence that immunization with multivalent L1 VLPs on alum can evoke both neutralizing antibodies and Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses to several HPV types; however, induction of CTLs is infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Palker
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., WP16-101, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Christensen ND, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD. Combination treatment with intralesional cidofovir and viral-DNA vaccination cures large cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced papillomas and reduces recurrences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1201-9. [PMID: 11257035 PMCID: PMC90444 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.4.1201-1209.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) New Zealand White rabbit model to test a combination treatment of large established papillomas with intralesional cidofovir and DNA vaccination to cure sites and reduce recurrences. Intralesional 1% (wt/vol) (0.036 M) cidofovir treatment of rabbit papillomas led to elimination, or "cure," of the papillomas over a 6- to 8-week treatment period (N. D. Christenson, M. D. Pickel, L. R. Budgeon, and J. W. Kreider, Antivir. Res. 48:131-142, 2000). However, recurrences at periods from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment cessation were observed at approximately 50% of cured sites. DNA vaccinations with CRPV E1, E2, E6, and E7 were initiated either after or at the time of intralesional treatments, and the recurrence rates were observed. When DNA vaccinations were started after intralesional cures, recurrence rates were similar to those of vector-vaccinated rabbits. A small proportion of recurrent sites subsequently regressed (4 out of 10, or 40%) in the vaccinated group versus no regression of recurrences in the vector-immunized group (0 out of 19, or 0%), indicating partial effectiveness. In contrast, when DNA vaccinations were conducted during intralesional treatments, a significant reduction of recurrences (from 10 out of 19, or 53%, of sites in vector-immunized rabbits to 3 out of 20, or 15%, of sites in viral-DNA-immunized rabbits) was observed. DNA vaccination without intralesional treatments had a minimal effect on preexisting papillomas. These data indicated that treatment with a combination of antiviral compounds and specific immune stimulation may lead to long-term cures of lesions without the ensuing problem of papilloma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Christensen
- Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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