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Identifying polymorphic cis-regulatory variants as risk markers for lung carcinogenesis and chemotherapy responses in tobacco smokers from eastern India. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4019. [PMID: 36899086 PMCID: PMC10006236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of xenobiotic metabolism and DNA repair genes is critical to lung cancer pathogenesis. This study aims to identify the cis-regulatory variants of the genes modulating lung cancer risk among tobacco smokers and altering their chemotherapy responses. From a list of 2984 SNVs, prioritization and functional annotation revealed 22 cis-eQTLs of 14 genes within the gene expression-correlated DNase I hypersensitive sites using lung tissue-specific ENCODE, GTEx, Roadmap Epigenomics, and TCGA datasets. The 22 cis-regulatory variants predictably alter the binding of 44 transcription factors (TFs) expressed in lung tissue. Interestingly, 6 reported lung cancer-associated variants were found in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with 5 prioritized cis-eQTLs from our study. A case-control study with 3 promoter cis-eQTLs (p < 0.01) on 101 lung cancer patients and 401 healthy controls from eastern India with confirmed smoking history revealed an association of rs3764821 (ALDH3B1) (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.57-4.07, p = 0.00014) and rs3748523 (RAD52) (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.17-2.47, p = 0.006) with lung cancer risk. The effect of different chemotherapy regimens on the overall survival of lung cancer patients to the associated variants showed that the risk alleles of both variants significantly decreased (p < 0.05) patient survival.
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Walia HK, Singh N, Sharma S. Genetic polymorphisms in the mEH gene in relation to tobacco smoking: role in lung cancer susceptibility and survival in north Indian patients with lung cancer undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4925-4946. [PMID: 34672683 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Epoxide hydrolase is involved in oxidative defenses and is responsible for the activation of carcinogens. The relationship between EPHX1 polymorphisms (Tyr113His and His139Arg) and overall survival (OS) and lung cancer (LC) risk was investigated. Methods: The study comprised 550 cases and 550 controls. Genotyping and statistical analysis were applied. Results: The variant genotypes of EPHX1 polymorphisms exhibited no association with LC risk. The Tyr113His polymorphism exhibited twofold increased odds of lymph node invasion (p = 0.04). The Tyr/His genotype is a risk factor for smokers. Subjects carrying the combined genotype for His139Arg showed better median survival time (MST) and the heterozygous genotype revealed better MST in the case of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC; 11.30 vs 6.73 months; log-rank test: p = 0.02). The heterozygous genotype (His139Arg) had longer MST in patients receiving cisplatin/carboplatin and irinotecan (11.30 vs 7.23; log-rank test: p = 0.007) Conclusion: The Tyr113His polymorphism is associated with LC risk in smokers and is a potential prognostic factor for OS in patients with SCLC after irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, India
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Hemminki K, Frank C, Försti A, Musak L, Kazimirova A, Barancokova M, Horska A, Vymetalkova V, Smerhovsky Z, Naccarati A, Soucek P, Vodickova L, Buchancova J, Smolkova B, Dusinska M, Vodicka P. Metabolic gene variants associated with chromosomal aberrations in healthy humans. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:260-6. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Christoph Frank
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Ludovit Musak
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin; Clinic of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology; Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin; Kollarova 2 03601 Martin Slovakia
| | - Alena Kazimirova
- Faculty of Medicine; Slovak Medical University; Limbova 12 Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Alexandra Horska
- Faculty of Medicine; Slovak Medical University; Limbova 12 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 142 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics; 1st Medical Faculty; Charles University; Albertov 4 128 00 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Smerhovsky
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics; 1st Medical Faculty; Charles University; Albertov 4 128 00 Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 142 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Human Genetics Foundation; Turin Italy
| | - Pavel Soucek
- National Institute of Public Health; Srobarova 48 10042 Prague 10 Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 142 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics; 1st Medical Faculty; Charles University; Albertov 4 128 00 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Janka Buchancova
- Department of Public Health; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin; Comenius University in Bratislava; Sklabinska 26 03601 Martin Slovakia
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory MILK, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 142 00 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics; 1st Medical Faculty; Charles University; Albertov 4 128 00 Prague Czech Republic
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Marshall AL, Christiani DC. Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer--light at the end of the tunnel? Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:487-502. [PMID: 23349013 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers in the world. The major socio-environmental risk factor involved in the development of lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Additionally, there are multiple genetic factors, which may also play a role in lung cancer risk. Early work focused on the presence of relatively prevalent but low-penetrance alterations in candidate genes leading to increased risk of lung cancer. Development of new technologies such as genomic profiling and genome-wide association studies has been helpful in the detection of new genetic variants likely involved in lung cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the role of multiple genetic variants and review their putative role in the risk of lung cancer. Identifying genetic biomarkers and patterns of genetic risk may be useful in the earlier detection and treatment of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela L Marshall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tilak AR, Kumar S, Jain M, Pant MC, Das BC, Guleria R, Mittal B, Mathur N, Kumar A. Association of Functionally Important Polymorphism of Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Gene (EPHX1) With Lung Cancer Susceptibility. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:411-8. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.587070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Li X, Hu Z, Qu X, Zhu J, Li L, Ring BZ, Su L. Putative EPHX1 enzyme activity is related with risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a comprehensive meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14749. [PMID: 21445251 PMCID: PMC3060809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EPHX1 is a key enzyme in metabolizing some exogenous carcinogens such as products of cigarette-smoking. Two functional polymorphisms in the EPHX1 gene, Tyr113His and His139Arg can alter the enzyme activity, suggesting their possible association with carcinogenesis risk, particularly of some tobacco-related cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of available studies on these two polymorphisms and cancer risk published up to November 2010, consisting of 84 studies (31144 cases and 42439 controls) for Tyr113His and 77 studies (28496 cases and 38506 controls) for His139Arg primarily focused on lung cancer, upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers (including oral, pharynx, larynx and esophagus cancers), colorectal cancer or adenoma, bladder cancer and breast cancer. Results showed that Y113H low activity allele (H) was significantly associated with decreased risk of lung cancer (OR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.80–0.96) and UADT cancers (OR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.77–0.97) and H139R high activity allele (R) with increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.04–1.33) but not of UADT cancers (OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.93–1.17). Pooled analysis of lung and UADT cancers revealed that low EPHX1 enzyme activity, predicted by the combination of Y113H and H139R showed decreased risk of these cancers (OR = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.75–0.93) whereas high EPHX1 activity increased risk of the cancers (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 0.98–1.46). Furthermore, modest difference for the risk of lung and UADT cancers was found between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers both in single SNP analyses (low activity allele H: OR = 0.77/0.85 for smokers/nonsmokers; high activity allele R: OR = 1.20/1.09 for smokers/nonsmokers) and in combined double SNP analyses (putative low activity: OR = 0.73/0.88 for smokers/nonsmokers; putative high activity: OR = 1.02/0.93 for smokers/ nonsmokers). Conclusions/Significance Putative low EPHX1 enzyme activity may have a potential protective effect on tobacco-related carcinogenesis of lung and UADT cancers, whereas putative high EPHX1 activity may have a harmful effect. Moreover, cigarette-smoking status may influence the association of EPHX1 enzyme activity and the related cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Sino-France Joint Center for Drug Research and Screening, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinshun Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiadong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Sino-France Joint Center for Drug Research and Screening, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Sino-France Joint Center for Drug Research and Screening, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Li Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Sino-France Joint Center for Drug Research and Screening, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Skjelbred CF, Svendsen M, Haugan V, Eek AK, Clausen KO, Kure EH, Tuimala JT, Svendsen MV, Norppa H, Hansteen IL. Influence of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NAT1, NAT2, EPHX1, MTR and MTHFR polymorphism on chromosomal aberration frequencies in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:399-405. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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8
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Carlson GP. Metabolism and toxicity of styrene in microsomal epoxide hydrolase-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1689-1699. [PMID: 21058172 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.516240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Styrene, which is widely used in manufacturing, is both acutely and chronically toxic to mice. Styrene is metabolized by cytochromes P-450 to the toxic metabolite styrene oxide, which is detoxified via hydrolysis with microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) playing a major role. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the importance of this pathway by determining the hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity of styrene in wild-type and mEH-deficient (mEH(-/-)) mice. While the mEH(-/-) mice metabolized styrene to styrene oxide at the same rate as the wild-type mice, as expected there was minimal metabolism of styrene oxide to glycol. mEH(-/-) mice were more susceptible to the lethal effects of styrene. Twenty-four hours following the administration of 200 mg/kg ip styrene, mice demonstrated a greater hepatotoxic response due to styrene, as measured by increased serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity and greater pneumotoxicity as shown by increased protein levels, cell numbers, and lactate dehydrogenase activity in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid. mEH(-/-) mice were also more susceptible to styrene-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by greater decreases in hepatic glutathione levels 3 h after styrene. Styrene oxide at a dose of 150 mg/kg did not produce hepatotoxicity in either wild-type or mEH(-/-) mice. However, styrene oxide produced pneumotoxicity that was similar in the two strains. Thus, mEH plays an important role in the detoxification of styrene but not for exogenously administered styrene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Carlson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Influence of Some Detoxification Enzyme Polymorphisms on Cytogenetic Biomarkers Between Individuals Exposed to Very Low Doses of 1,3-Butadiene. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:811-21. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181a88d7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Grigo K, Wirsing A, Lucas B, Klein-Hitpass L, Ryffel GU. HNF4 alpha orchestrates a set of 14 genes to down-regulate cell proliferation in kidney cells. Biol Chem 2008; 389:179-87. [PMID: 18163890 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Few genes are known to be involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression. The cell-specific transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4 alpha) is down-regulated in RCC and we have shown that HNF4 alpha inhibits cell proliferation in the embryonic kidney cell line HEK293. To clarify the possible tumor suppressor activity of HNF4 alpha we analyzed the whole human expression profile in HEK293 cells upon HNF4 alpha induction. By comparing induced and uninduced cells, we identified 1411 differentially expressed genes. Using RNA interference, we screened 56 HNF4 alpha-regulated genes for their possible role in mediating inhibition of cell proliferation triggered by HNF4 alpha. We demonstrate that 14 of these regulated genes are able to contribute to the inhibitory effect of HNF4 alpha on cell proliferation, including well-known cancer genes, such as CDKN1A (p21), TGFA, MME (NEP) and ADAMTS1. In addition, the genes SEPP1, THEM2, BPHL, DSC2, ANK3, ALDH6A1, EPHX2, NELL2, EFHD1 and PROS1 are also part of the network of HNF4 alpha target genes that regulate proliferation in HEK293 cells. Therefore, we postulate that HNF4 alpha orchestrates, at least, these 14 genes to regulate cell proliferation in HEK293 cells and that down-regulation of HNF4 alpha could contribute to the progression of kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grigo
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung), Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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11
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Lozano-Calderón S, Anthony S, Ring D. The quality and strength of evidence for etiology: example of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33:525-38. [PMID: 18406957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the quality and strength of scientific evidence supporting an etiologic relationship between a disease and a proposed risk factor using a scoring system based on the Bradford Hill criteria for causal association. METHODS A quantitative score based on the Bradford Hill criteria (qBHs) was used to evaluate 117 articles presenting original data regarding the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome: 33 (28%) that evaluated biological (structural or genetic) risk factors, 51 (44%) that evaluated occupational (environment or activity-related) risk factors, and 33 (28%) that evaluated both types of risk factors. RESULTS The quantitative Bradford Hill scores of 2 independent observers showed very good agreement, supporting the reliability of the instrument. The average qBHs was 12.2 points (moderate association) among biological risk factors compared with 5.2 points (poor association) for occupational risk factors. The highest average qBHs was observed for genetic factors (14.2), race (11.7), and anthropometric measures of the wrist (11.3 points) with all studies finding a moderate causal association. The highest average qBHs among occupational risk factors was observed for activities requiring repetitive hand use (6.5 points among the 30 of 45 articles that reported a causal association), substantial exposure to vibration (6.3 points; 14 of 20 articles), and type of occupation (5.6 points; 38 of 53 articles), with the findings being much less consistent. CONCLUSIONS According to a quantitative analysis of published scientific evidence, the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome is largely structural, genetic, and biological, with environmental and occupational factors such as repetitive hand use playing a minor and more debatable role. Speculative causal theories should be analyzed through a rigorous approach prior to wide adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Lozano-Calderón
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Laczmanska I, Gil J, Karpinski P, Stembalska A, Trusewicz A, Pesz K, Ramsey D, Schlade-Bartusiak K, Blin N, Sasiadek MM. Polymorphism in nucleotide excision repair gene XPC correlates with bleomycin-induced chromosomal aberrations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:666-71. [PMID: 17685459 DOI: 10.1002/em.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) are important genetic alterations in the development and progression of the majority of human cancers. The frequency with which such alterations occur depends to a large extent on polymorphisms of DNA-repair genes and in genes coding for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, which are involved in the processes of activation and inactivation of xenobiotics. The frequency of bleomycin (BLM)-induced CAs is an indirect measure of the effectiveness of DNA repair mechanisms, and a predictor of environment-related risk of cancer. Our study was conducted on the human peripheral blood lymphocytes of 82 healthy volunteers. The aim of the study was to elucidate whether the frequency of BLM-induced CAs is correlated with polymorphisms of selected genes involved in different mechanisms of DNA repair such as: XRCC1 [base excision repair]; XPA, XPC, XPG, XPD, XPF, ERCC1 [nucleotide excision repair], NBS1, RAD51, XRCC2, XRCC3, RAD51, and BRCA1 [homologous recombination], as well as in genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP1A, CYP2E1, NAT2, GSTT1, and EPHX (mEH). Our study indicated that, of the polymorphisms studied, only XPC (exon 15 and intron 11) is associated with BLM-induced CAs, suggesting a role of the NER pathway in the repair of BLM-induced chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Laczmanska
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Gresner P, Gromadzinska J, Wasowicz W. Polymorphism of selected enzymes involved in detoxification and biotransformation in relation to lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007; 57:1-25. [PMID: 17337085 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Available data indicate that there are significant differences in individual susceptibility to lung cancer within the human population. It is believed to be underlie by inherited genetic predispositions related to the genetic polymorphism of several enzymes involved in the detoxification and xenobiotic metabolism. In this review, we collect and discuss the evidence reported up to date on the association between lung cancer and genetic polymorphism of cytochromes P450, N-acetyltransferase, glutathione S-transferases, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase. All these genes might appear to be candidates for lung cancer susceptibility genes, nevertheless, the present state of the art still offers only a limited explanation of the link between such polymorphisms and increased risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gresner
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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Au WW. Usefulness of biomarkers in population studies: from exposure to susceptibility and to prediction of cancer. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 210:239-46. [PMID: 17174154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
From a review of decades of intensive biomarker research and prospective validation studies, it becomes clear that only a limited number of biomarkers can be used to provide reliable documentation of excessive exposure to environmental mutagenic agents, expression of detrimental biological effects from the exposure and increased risk for cancer. These studies also demonstrate that expression of each biomarker represents an integrated response to the exposure that is influenced by susceptibility factors, and an integral component of the complex carcinogenic pathway. A current interest is in the use of phenotypic functional assays to improve and complement the assessment of cancer risk. A recommended approach includes assays that indicate DNA repair deficiency, i.e. host-cell-mediated reporter gene and challenge (mutagen-sensitivity) assays. The usefulness and limitations in biomarker investigations will be discussed. The review emphasizes the need for carefully designed investigations that involve adequate sample sizes and a combination of appropriate biomarkers to generate reproducible results that can be translated into more reliable cancer risk assessment. The assessment can be used to drive the implementation of disease prevention and intervention activities. Such an approach is consistent with the current priority in translating basic science knowledge into health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Au
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, 2.102 Ewing Hall, 700 Harborside Drive, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA.
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15
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Laczmanska I, Gil J, Karpinski P, Stembalska A, Kozlowska J, Busza H, Trusewicz A, Pesz K, Ramsey D, Schlade-Bartusiak K, Blin N, Sasiadek MM. Influence of polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing genes and DNA-repair genes on diepoxybutane-induced SCE frequency. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:666-73. [PMID: 17078101 DOI: 10.1002/em.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the combined effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and DNA repair proteins may be a key to understanding the role of these genes in the susceptibility of individuals to mutagens. In the present study, we performed an in vitro experiment on lymphocytes from 118 healthy donors that measured the frequency of diepoxybutane (DEB) induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in relation to genetic polymorphisms in genes coding for XMEs (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTT1, EPHX, and NAT2), as well as DNA repair proteins (XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XPD, XPA, XPC, XPG, XPF, ERCC1, BRCA1, NBS1, and RAD51). We found that GSTT1(-) and CYP2E1 c1/c2 polymorphisms were associated with higher DEB-induced SCE frequencies, and that NAT2 G(590)A was associated with lower SCE induction by DEB. Analysis of the effect of pairs of genes showed that for a fixed GSTT1 genotype, the SCE level increased with an increasing number of Tyr alleles in EPHX codon 113. We found that among GSTT1(+) individuals the DEB-induced SCE level was significantly lower when the EPHX 139 codon was His/Arg rather than His/His. An interaction between polymorphisms in CYP2E1 and at EPHX codon 113 was also observed. The results of our study confirm observations in cancer patients and in people exposed to xenobiotics indicating that sensitivity to mutagens depends upon a combined effect of a variety of "minor impact" genes. Moreover, our results indicate that polymorphisms in genes coding for XMEs have a greater influence on the genotoxic activity of DEB, measured by DEB-induced SCE frequency, than polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair proteins.
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Voho A, Metsola K, Anttila S, Impivaara O, Järvisalo J, Vainio H, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Hirvonen A. EPHX1 gene polymorphisms and individual susceptibility to lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2006; 237:102-8. [PMID: 16005144 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of EPHX1 Tyr113His and His139Arg polymorphisms in lung cancer susceptibility in a Finnish study population comprising of 230 lung cancer cases and a large control group (n=2105). The controls were distributed into five age strata, which enabled us to examine the potential age-related changes in the putative EPHX1 at-risk genotypes in the cancer free population. Although the exon 3 slow activity associated allele (His113) containing genotypes posed a decreased lung cancer risk compared with the homozygous wild-type Tyr113/Tyr113 genotype (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.94), no association was seen for the EPHX1 phenotypes interpreted from the combined exons 3 and 4 genotype data. Neither was any difference seen in the prevalence of the EPHX1 Tyr113His genotypes or interpreted EPHX1 phenotypes in the different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Voho
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Kiyohara C, Yoshimasu K, Takayama K, Nakanishi Y. EPHX1 polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer: a HuGE review. Epidemiology 2006; 17:89-99. [PMID: 16357600 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000187627.70026.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1) plays an important role in both the activation and detoxification of tobacco-derived carcinogens. Polymorphisms at exons 3 and 4 of the EPHX1 gene have been reported to be associated with variations in EPHX1 activity. The aim of this study is to review and summarize the available molecular epidemiologic studies of lung cancer and EPHX1. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Current Contents, and Web of Science databases for studies published before August 2004. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies. Summary odds ratios and summary prevalence of the variant allele (genotype) of both polymorphisms in the EPHX1 gene were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird method. RESULTS The low-activity (variant) genotype of EPHX1 polymorphism at exon 3 was associated with decreased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio = 0.65; 95% confidence interval = 0.44-0.96) in lung cancer risk among whites. In white populations, the high-activity (variant) genotype of EPHX1 polymorphism at exon 4 was associated with a modest increase in risk of lung cancer (1.22; 0.79-1.90) and the predicted low activity was associated with a modest decrease in risk (0.72; 0.43-1.22). CONCLUSIONS EPHX1 enzyme may act as a phase I enzyme in lung carcinogenesis. The low-activity genotype of EPHX1 gene is associated with decreased risk of lung cancer among whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kiyohara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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18
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Schwartz AG, Ruckdeschel JC. Familial lung cancer: genetic susceptibility and relationship to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:16-22. [PMID: 16141445 PMCID: PMC2662980 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200502-235pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death, and although most lung cancer is attributable to cigarette smoking, underlying genetic susceptibility is suggested by studies demonstrating familial aggregation. The first family linkage study of lung cancer has identified linkage of lung, laryngeal, and pharyngeal cancer in families to a region on chromosome 6q23-25. Because lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to aggregate in families beyond shared risk associated with smoking, the linkage results are compared and contrasted with results from genomewide linkage and association studies and candidate gene studies searching for genes for lung cancer, lung function, and COPD. Linkage on chromosome 6q to both lung cancer and lung function, and on 12 to lung cancer, COPD, and lung function, together with overlap in candidate genes for these outcomes, suggests that future research into underlying genetic mechanisms of lung disease would benefit from broadening the collection of family history data and better defining the "high risk" population. As familial risk of lung disease is better defined, referral into screening programs and prevention trials can be better targeted to reach families with both a history of lung cancer and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Lin YC, Wu DC, Lee JM, Hsu HK, Kao EL, Yang CH, Wu MT. The association between microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotypes and esophageal squamous-cell-carcinoma in Taiwan: interaction between areca chewing and smoking. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:281-8. [PMID: 16029924 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and forty-five ESCC patients and 352 controls were recruited from three hospitals in Taiwan to determine the association between esophageal squamous-cell-carcinoma (ESCC) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) genotypes at Thy113His and His139Arg. Stratified by their exposures, the His113His genotype was a significant protective factor for ESCC in areca chewers and tobacco smokers. Stratified by His113 polymorphisms, the risk of contracting ESCC for participants with His113His who chewed areca and smoked was >50% less than for those with Thy113Thy. We suggest that the mEH His113His genotype can differentiate the association between smoking, areca chewing, and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Lin
- The Graduate Institute of Dental Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Blake MJ, Castro L, Leeder JS, Kearns GL. Ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes in the neonate. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 10:123-38. [PMID: 15701578 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to xenobiotics is modulated to a considerable degree by the metabolic capabilities of the mother and the placenta. However, once liberated from the uterine environment the neonate is instantly exposed to a wide array of new macromolecules in the form of byproducts of cellular metabolism, dietary constituents, environmental toxins and pharmacologic agents. The rapid and efficient biotransformation of these compounds by Phase I and Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes is an essential process if the infant is to avoid the accumulation of reactive compounds that could produce cellular injury or tissue dysfunction. Genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors are known to contribute dramatically to individual variation in the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes. More recently, it has become apparent that programmed, developmental, regulatory events occur - independent of genotype - which further add to individual variation in drug metabolism. An appreciation of the impact of ontogeny on the expression and functional activity of the major drug-metabolizing enzymes enables the practicing clinician to predict the ultimate consequence of drug administration in the neonate to help guide optimal drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Blake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Division of Pediatric Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, The Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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21
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Huang WY, Chatterjee N, Chanock S, Dean M, Yeager M, Schoen RE, Hou LF, Berndt SI, Yadavalli S, Johnson CC, Hayes RB. Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Polymorphisms and Risk for Advanced Colorectal Adenoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.152.14.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for colorectal adenoma, a precursor of colorectal cancer. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogens found in cigarette smoke. Nonsynonymous variants of EPHX1 at Tyr113His (exon 3) and His139Arg (exon 4) are associated, respectively, with low (113His) and high (139Arg) predicted activity. Among participants randomized to the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, we evaluated risks for advanced adenoma in relation to cigarette use and these two EPHX1 variants. We compared 772 cases with advanced adenoma (adenoma ≥1 cm or containing high-grade dysplasia or villous, including tubulovillous, elements) of the distal colon (left-sided, descending colon and sigmoid or rectum) to 777 gender- and age-matched controls who were screen-negative for left-sided adenoma. Compared to those with homozygous genotypes predicting low EPHX1 activity, advanced adenoma risks tended to be elevated for carriers of 113TyrTyr [odds ratios (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.0-2.2] and 139ArgArg (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.5) and for subjects who carried a greater number of the alleles (113Tyr or 139Arg) associated with high predicted enzymatic activity (Ptrend = 0.03). The increased risk associated with the increasing number of putative high-activity alleles was most apparent among current and recent (quit <10 years) cigarette smokers (Ptrend = 0.02). In conclusion, EPHX1 variants at codon 113 and 139 associated with high predicted enzymatic activity appear to increase risk for colorectal adenoma, particularly among recent and current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Chanock
- 1Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
- 2Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Dean
- 3Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Meredith Yeager
- 4Core Genotyping Facility, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Robert E. Schoen
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Li-Fang Hou
- 1Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
| | | | - Sunita Yadavalli
- 4Core Genotyping Facility, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Christine C. Johnson
- 6Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Haque AK, Au W, Cajas-Salazar N, Khan S, Ginzel AW, Jones DV, Zwischenberger JB, Xie J. CYP2E1 Polymorphism, Cigarette Smoking, p53 Expression, and Survival in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2004; 12:315-22. [PMID: 15536330 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200412000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The expression of selected gene products involved in cell differentiation and cell growth and genetic polymorphism of detoxifying genes was examined in 105 surgically resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and the relationship of these factors was correlated with cigarette smoking and patient survival. Genotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 87 patients was performed for CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, mEH, and MPO detoxifying genes using polymerase chain reaction. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was immunostained with antibodies to p53, p27, phospho-AKT, and bcl-2 using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method and tissue microarray technique. Tumors were assigned a positive or negative score based on more than 10% of tumor cells staining positive with the antibody. The subtypes of NSCLC included 48 adenocarcinomas, 47 squamous cell carcinomas, and 10 large cell undifferentiated carcinomas. A total of 54 tumors were pathologic stage I, 23 were stage II, and 26 were stage III. All subjects smoked (range, 10-175 pack-years; mean, 60 pack-years). The mean overall survival was 112 weeks (median, 129 weeks). Patients with p53-positive tumors had significantly fewer pack-years of smoking (52 pack-years vs 72 pack-years; P = 0.021), smoked fewer years (34 years vs 40 years; P = 0.018), and had significantly better survival compared with those with p53-negative tumors (P = 0.045). When smoking history was further analyzed, the authors found that p53 expression was associated with the number of years smoked and not the number of packs smoked per day. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma had smoked longer compared with those with adenocarcinoma (P = 0.011). Significant association was seen between the CYP2E1 wild-type allele and better survival (P = 0.016). Patients with stage I tumors had better survival compared with stages II and III (P = 0.032). No association was found between survival and tumor type; tumor differentiation; expression of phospho-AKT, p27, and bcl-2; and polymorphic metabolizing genes other than CYP2E1. The significant association of long duration of smoking (>40 years) with loss of p53 expression and poor survival suggests inactivation of the protective p53 pathway in those who had a history of more than 40 years of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida K Haque
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is the dominant risk factor for several epithelial cancers, only a small fraction of individuals with tobacco exposure develop cancer. The underlying hypothesis is that genetic factors may render certain smokers more susceptible to cancer than others. Genetic alterations in critical regulatory pathways may predispose cells to carcinogenesis. These pathways include regulation of xenobiotic metabolism; control of genomic stability, including DNA repair mechanisms, cell-cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and telomere length; and control of microenvironmental factors, such as matrix metalloproteinases, inflammation and growth factors. In addition, epigenetic events, such as promoter hypermethylation and loss of imprinting, are also involved in carcinogenesis. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in genetic susceptibility to tobacco-related cancer. Emphasizing on risk assessment, we will describe how genetic variations in the above-mentioned genetic pathways modify the tobacco-related cancer risk. In addition, we will discuss how genetic variations may assist in predicting clinical outcome, such as the natural history of cancer and treatment response. The measurements of genetic susceptibility by both genotypic and phenotypic assays are covered in the text. Finally, we present a number of current concerns that need to be addressed as the exciting field of molecular cancer epidemiology advances rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Sierra-Torres MS, Arboleda-Moreno YY, Hoyos LS, Sierra-Torres CH. Chromosome aberrations among cigarette smokers in Colombia. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 562:67-75. [PMID: 15279830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2003] [Revised: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the annual morbimortality caused by cigarette smoking is a major public health concern. In Colombia, up to 33% of the adult population has smoked at some point in life, raising important national issues on the disease burden from tobacco. The aim of this study was to establish whether cigarette smoking increases the frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of smokers (n = 52) compared with non-smokers (n = 52) in Popayán, Colombia. After signing a consent form, volunteers provided a blood sample (20 ml) to establish cell cultures at 52 h. For CA analysis, 100 complete metaphase cells from each subject were evaluated. The CA frequency was significantly higher in smokers (8.38 +/- 0.61) than in non-smokers (3.13 +/- 0.29), showing the highest number of CA (14.83 +/- 1.01) among heavy smokers (>20 pack-years). Interestingly, light smokers (< or =10 pack-years) also showed a significant increase in CA when compared to non-smokers (6.62 +/- 0.53 versus 3.13 +/- 0.29, P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of CA and the intensity of smoking in pack-years (R2 = 0.60). Our study indicates that the genotoxic effects in lymphocytes from smokers are most likely caused by cigarette smoke constituents, providing scientific evidence to encourage national campaigns to prevent tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Sierra-Torres
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA.
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25
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Abstract
We have studied cervical cancer (CC) patients from Venezuela and the US to elucidate the contribution of certain acquired and genetic susceptibility factors to the development of the disease. For acquired susceptibility factors, infection with high risk human papilloma virus (HPV), having multiple sex partners and having early sexual activities are significant risk factors for CC in Venezuela. The latter two are not significant risk factors for the US population. Infection with high risk HPV is a more significant risk factor for the US than the Venezuela populations. On the other hand, cigarette smoking is significantly associated with CC in the US but not the Venezuela populations. From genetic susceptibility factors, polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 and mEH genes are not associated with CC but the GSTM1 null genotype is for the US population. Our study indicates that the same susceptibility factors can have very different roles in the development of the same disease such as CC in different countries. The information is useful for the development of effective but different disease prevention programs for different countries in the control of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Au
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, 700 Harborside Drive, 2.102 Ewing Hall, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA.
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26
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Hagmar L, Strömberg U, Bonassi S, Hansteen IL, Knudsen LE, Lindholm C, Norppa H. Impact of Types of Lymphocyte Chromosomal Aberrations on Human Cancer Risk. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2258-63. [PMID: 15026371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of cells with structural chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes is the first genotoxicity biomarker that has shown an association with cancer risk. CAs are usually divided into chromosome-type (CSAs) and chromatid-type aberrations (CTAs), with different mechanisms of formation. From a mechanistic point of view, it is of interest to clarify whether the cancer predictivity of CAs is different with respect to CSAs and CTAs. We report here cancer risk for cytogenetically tested, healthy subjects with respect to frequency of CAs, CSAs, and CTAs in peripheral blood lymphocytes, using Nordic (1981 subjects with CA data, 1871 subjects with CSA/CTA data) and Italian (1573 subjects with CA data, 877 subjects with CTA/CSA data) cohorts, with a median follow-up of 17 years. High levels of CAs at test were clearly associated with increased total cancer incidence in the Nordic cohorts and increased total cancer mortality in the Italian cohort. In the Nordic cohorts, significantly elevated cancer risks were observed for subjects with both high CSAs and high CTAs at test, and these variables showed equally strong cancer predictivity. The results of the Italian cohort did not indicate any clear-cut difference in cancer predictivity between the CSA and CTA biomarkers. There was no significant effect modification by age at test, gender, country, or time since test. The results suggest that both DNA double-strand breaks and other initial DNA lesions responsible for CSAs and CTAs are associated with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hagmar
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Cajas-Salazar N, Sierra-Torres CH, Salama SA, Zwischenberger JB, Au WW. Combined effect of MPO, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on chromosome aberrations and lung cancer risk. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 206:473-83. [PMID: 14626895 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione S-transferase mu and theta (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genetic polymorphisms on lung cancer risk was investigated in 110 Caucasian patients and 119 matched controls. Single genotype variants were not significantly associated with lung cancer risk. However, inheritance of the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes showed a significant increase in risk (crude OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.01-6.04). Based on adjustment by age, gender and smoking history, the MPO GA interacted with the presence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes to significantly reduce the risk (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03-0.98). From the chromosome aberration (CA) study in a subgroup of 79 patients and 69 matched controls, patients had significantly more CA than the controls. Among the patients, GSTM1 null was associated with a significant increase of CA and MPO AA was associated with a significant decrease of CA compared to their respective wild-type genotypes. After stratifying by smoking history (< or = and > 40 pack-years) and genotype, patients still had significantly more CA than the respective controls in most genotype categories. This indicates that the patients had additional contributing factors such as other susceptibility genes and/or different styles of smoking compared with the controls. In conclusion, our study indicates that CA is a useful biomarker to show the functional characteristics of genotypes and the interactive effects from combined genotypes. Therefore, our study strengthens the combined use of genotype and biomarkers for genetic susceptibility to environmental cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohelia Cajas-Salazar
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA
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Harms C, Salama SA, Sierra-Torres CH, Cajas-Salazar N, Au WW. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, chromosome aberrations, and lung cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:74-82. [PMID: 15199549 DOI: 10.1002/em.20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have previously investigated the role of polymorphic chemical metabolizing genes in the susceptibility to the development of lung cancer using 110 primary lung cancer patients and 119 matched smoker controls. Together with data from the present study on DNA repair genes, we did not observe significant associations between any single variant genotype for several DNA-repair and chemical-metabolizing genes (XPD [or ERCC2], XRCC1, XRCC3, GSTM1, GSTT1, MPO, and mEH [or EPHX1]) and lung cancer. In the present study, we have further evaluated a nested group of 79 patients and 69 matched controls, and observed that increased chromosome aberrations (CAs) were associated with variant DNA-repair genotypes among both the patient and the control groups, with a significant increase for individuals having the XPD Lys/Gln + Gln/Gln genotypes (P = 0.046). Patients often had significantly increased CAs compared with controls with the same DNA-repair genotype and with similar cigarette smoking habits (< or =40 pack-years or >40 pack-years). Analyses of interactions between the DNA-repair and chemical-metabolizing genes indicated that the most significant interactions were between the repair genotypes and the GSTM1/T1 null genotypes. Significant increases in CA from the interactions were often observed among patients with < or =40 pack-years, but not among those with >40 pack-years. Since some variant DNA-repair genotypes have functional deficits for DNA repair, the association between variant DNA-repair genotypes and increased CAs suggests a risk mechanism for the development of lung cancer, with the DNA-repair genotypes interacting with variant chemical metabolizing genotypes to further increase the risk. The observation that patients had significantly increased CA frequencies compared with controls, irrespective of genotype, suggests that patients have additional factors that contribute to the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Harms
- Center of Environmental Research and Technology, Laboratory of Bioanalytic, UFT, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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