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Kumar R, Bera BC, Anand T, Pavulraj S, Kurian Mathew M, Gupta RP, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bacteriophage conjugated haemagglutinin based subunit vaccine against equine influenza virus in a murine model. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1707-1726. [PMID: 38528300 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of equines caused by the H3N8 subtype of Influenza A virus i.e. equine influenza virus (EIV). Vaccination is an important and effective tool for the control of EI in equines. Most of the commercial influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated hen's eggs which has several inherent disadvantages. Hence, subunit vaccine based on recombinant haemagglutinin (HA) antigen, being the most important envelope glycoprotein has been extensively exploited for generating protective immune responses, against influenza A and B viruses. We hypothesized that novel vaccine formulation using baculovirus expressed recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein coupled with bacteriophage will generate strong protective immune response against EIV. In the present study, the recombinant HA1 protein was produced in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus having cloned HA gene of EIV (Florida clade 2 sublineage) and the purified rHA1 was chemically coupled with bacteriophage using a crosslinker to produce rHA1-phage vaccine candidate. The protective efficacy of vaccine preparations of rHA1-phage conjugate and only rHA1 proteins were evaluated in mouse model through assessing serology, cytokine profiling, clinical signs, gross and histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry, and virus quantification. Immunization of vaccine preparations have stimulated moderate antibody response (ELISA titres-5760 ± 640 and 11,520 ± 1280 for rHA1 and rHA1-phage, respectively at 42 dpi) and elicited strong interferon (IFN)-γ expression levels after three immunizations of vaccine candidates. The immunized BALB/c mice were protected against challenge with wild EIV and resulted in reduced clinical signs and body weight loss, reduced pathological changes, decreased EIV antigen distribution, and restricted EIV replication in lungs and nasopharynx. In conclusion, the immune responses with moderate antibody titer and significantly higher cytokine responses generated by the rHA1-phage vaccine preparation without any adjuvant could be a novel vaccine candidate for quick vaccine preparation through further trials of vaccine in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | | | - Taruna Anand
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Dr, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Manu Kurian Mathew
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India
| | - R P Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | | | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125 001, India.
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M'rabet Samaali B, Loulou A, MougouHamdane A, Kallel S. Acquisition and transmission of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) by Xiphinema index and Xiphinema italiae (Longidoridae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e26. [PMID: 38509862 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most severe virus diseases of grapevines, causing fanleaf degeneration that is transmitted by Xiphinema index. This paper aims to isolate Xiphinema species from Tunisian vineyard soil samples and assess their ability to acquire and transmit GFLV under natural and controlled conditions. Based on morphological and morphometric analyses, Tunisian dagger nematodes were identified as X. index and Xiphinema italiae. These results were confirmed with molecular identification tools using species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers. The total RNA of GFLV was extracted from specimens of Xiphinema and amplified based on real-time polymerase chain reaction using virus-specific primers. Our results showed that X. index could acquire and transmit the viral particles of GFLV. This nepovirus was not detected in X. italiae, under natural conditions; however, under controlled conditions, this nematode was able to successfully acquire and transmit the viral particles of GFLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M'rabet Samaali
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - A Loulou
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - A MougouHamdane
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - S Kallel
- Université de Carthage, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, LR14AGR02, Laboratoire de Recherche Bioagresseur et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, 1082Tunis mahrajène, Tunisia
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Zhang W, Yang AL, Liao J, Li H, Dong H, Chung YT, Bai H, Matkowskyj KA, Hammock BD, Yang GY. Soluble epoxide hydrolase gene deficiency or inhibition attenuates chronic active inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10(-/-) mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2580-91. [PMID: 22588244 PMCID: PMC3664520 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolizes anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) into their much less active dihydroxy derivatives dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Thus, targeting sEH would be important for inflammation. AIMS To determine whether knockout or inhibition of sEH would attenuate the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a mouse model of IBD in IL-10(-/-) mice. METHODS Either the small molecule sEH inhibitor trans/-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB) or sEH knockout mice were used in combination with IL-10(-/-) mice. t-AUCB was administered to mice in drinking fluid. Extensive histopathologic, immunochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate effect of sEH inhibition or deficiency on chronic active inflammation and related mechanism in the bowel. RESULTS Compared to IL-10 (-/-) mice, sEH inhibition or sEH deficiency in IL-10(-/-) mice resulted in significantly lower incidence of active ulcer formation and transmural inflammation, along with a significant decrease in myeloperoxidase-labeled neutrophil infiltration in the inflamed bowel. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1, as well VCAM-1 and NF-kB/IKK-α signals were significantly decreased as compared to control animals. Moreover, an eicosanoid profile analysis revealed a significant increase in the ratio of EETs/DHET and EpOME/DiOME, and a slightly down-regulation of inflammatory mediators LTB(4) and 5-HETE. CONCLUSION These results indicate that sEH gene deficiency or inhibition reduces inflammatory activities in the IL-10 (-/-) mouse model of IBD, and that sEH inhibitor could be a highly potential in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Allison L. Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yeon Tae Chung
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Han Bai
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kristina A. Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
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Zhang W, Liao J, Li H, Dong H, Bai H, Yang A, Hammock BD, Yang GY. Reduction of inflammatory bowel disease-induced tumor development in IL-10 knockout mice with soluble epoxide hydrolase gene deficiency. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:726-38. [PMID: 22517541 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) quickly inactivates anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by converting them to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Inhibition of sEH has shown effects against inflammation, but little is studied about the role of sEH in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its induced carcinogenesis. In the present study, the effect of sEH gene deficiency on the development of IBD-induced tumor development was determined in IL-10 knockout mice combined with sEH gene deficiency. Tumor development in the bowel was examined at the age of 25 wk for male mice and 35 wk for female mice. Compared to IL-10(-/-) mice, sEH (-/-)/IL-10(-/-) mice exhibited a significant decrease of tumor multiplicity (2 ± 0.9 tumors/mouse vs. 1 ± 0.3 tumors/mouse) and tumor size (344.55 ± 71.73 mm³ vs. 126.94 ± 23.18 mm³), as well as a marked decrease of precancerous dysplasia. The significantly lower inflammatory scores were further observed in the bowel in sEH(-/-)/IL-10(-/-) mice as compared to IL-10(-/-) mice, including parameters of inflammation-involved area (0.70 ± 0.16 vs. 1.4 ± 0.18), inflammation cell infiltration (1.55 ± 0.35 vs. 2.15 ± 0.18), and epithelial hyperplasia (0.95 ± 0.21 vs. 1.45 ± 0.18), as well as larger ulcer formation. qPCR and Western blotting assays demonstrated a significant downregulation of cytokines/chemokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-12, 17, and 23) and NF-κB signals. Eicosanoid acid metabolic profiling revealed a significant increase of ratios of EETs to DHETs and EpOMEs to DiOMEs. These results indicate that sEH plays an important role in IBD and its-induced carcinogenesis and could serve as a highly potential target of chemoprevention and treatment for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Cui L, Qi Y, Li H, Ge Y, Zhao K, Qi X, Guo X, Shi Z, Zhou M, Zhu B, Guo Y, Li J, Stratton CW, Tang YW, Wang H. Serum microRNA expression profile distinguishes enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 infections in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27071. [PMID: 22087245 PMCID: PMC3210764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered circulating microRNA (miRNA) profiles have been noted in patients with microbial infections. We compared host serum miRNA levels in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus 16 (CVA16) as well as in other microbial infections and in healthy individuals. Among 664 different miRNAs analyzed using a miRNA array, 102 were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated in sera of patients with enteroviral infections. Expression levels of ten candidate miRNAs were further evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR assays. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that six miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-143, miR-324-3p, miR-628-3p, miR-140-5p, and miR-362-3p) were able to discriminate patients with enterovirus infections from healthy controls with area under curve (AUC) values ranged from 0.828 to 0.934. The combined six miRNA using multiple logistic regression analysis provided not only a sensitivity of 97.1% and a specificity of 92.7% but also a unique profile that differentiated enterovirial infections from other microbial infections. Expression levels of five miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-143, miR-324-3p, miR-545, and miR-140-5p) were significantly increased in patients with CVA16 versus those with EV71 (p<0.05). Combination of miR-545, miR-324-3p, and miR-143 possessed a moderate ability to discrimination between CVA16 and EV71 with an AUC value of 0.761. These data indicate that sera from patients with different subtypes of enteroviral infection express unique miRNA profiles. Serum miRNA expression profiles may provide supplemental biomarkers for diagnosing and subtyping enteroviral HFMD infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunbiao Cui
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yuhua Qi
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijing Li
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yiyue Ge
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangchen Zhao
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiling Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
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Lee WH, Cho HJ, Sonntag WE, Lee YW. Radiation attenuates physiological angiogenesis by differential expression of VEGF, Ang-1, tie-2 and Ang-2 in rat brain. Radiat Res 2011; 176:753-60. [PMID: 21962003 DOI: 10.1667/rr2647.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of radiation-induced cerebrovascular rarefaction remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of whole-brain irradiation on endothelial cell (EC) proliferation/apoptosis and expression of various angiogenic factors in rat brain. F344 × BN rats received either whole-brain irradiation (a single dose of 10 Gy γ rays) or sham irradiation and were maintained for 4, 8 and 24 h after irradiation. Double immunofluorescence staining was employed to visualize EC proliferation/apoptosis in brain. The mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie-2), and Ang-2 in brain were determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. A significant reduction in CD31-immunoreactive cells was detected in irradiated rat brains compared with sham-irradiated controls. Whole-brain irradiation significantly suppressed EC proliferation and increased EC apoptosis. In addition, a significant decrease in mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1 and Tie-2 was observed in irradiated rat brains. In contrast, whole-brain irradiation significantly upregulated Ang-2 expression in rat brains. The present study provides novel evidence that whole-brain irradiation differentially affects mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, Ang-1, Tie-2 and Ang-2. These changes are closely associated with decreased EC proliferation and increased EC apoptosis in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Conner KR, Forbes ME, Lee WH, Lee YW, Riddle DR. AT1 receptor antagonism does not influence early radiation-induced changes in microglial activation or neurogenesis in the normal rat brain. Radiat Res 2011; 176:71-83. [PMID: 21545290 DOI: 10.1667/rr2560.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ameliorate cognitive deficits and some aspects of brain injury after whole-brain irradiation. We investigated whether treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist L-158,809 at a dose that protects cognitive function after fractionated whole-brain irradiation reduced radiation-induced neuroinflammation and changes in hippocampal neurogenesis, well-characterized effects that are associated with radiation-induced brain injury. Male F344 rats received L-158,809 before, during and after a single 10-Gy dose of radiation. Expression of cytokines, angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was evaluated by real-time PCR 24 h, 1 week and 12 weeks after irradiation. At the latter times, microglial density and proliferating and activated microglia were analyzed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Cell proliferation and neurogenesis were also quantified in the dentate subgranular zone. L-158,809 treatment modestly increased mRNA expression for Ang II receptors and TNF-α but had no effect on radiation-induced effects on hippocampal microglia or neurogenesis. Thus, although L-158,809 ameliorates cognitive deficits after whole-brain irradiation, the drug did not mitigate the neuroinflammatory microglial response or rescue neurogenesis. Additional studies are required to elucidate other mechanisms of normal tissue injury that may be modulated by RAAS blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Conner
- Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1010, USA
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Role of NADPH oxidase in interleukin-4-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in vascular endothelium. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:755-65. [PMID: 20349326 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in vascular endothelium and examined the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that IL-4 significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and C57BL/6 mice. A significant and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression was observed in HAEC pre-treated with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and epigallocatechin gallate, indicating that IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression is mediated via a ROS-dependent mechanism. Additionally, pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (NOX) significantly attenuated IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in HAEC. Furthermore, the disruption of the NOX gene dramatically reduced IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in NOX knockout mice (B6.129S6-Cybb(tm1Din)/J). In contrast, overexpression of MCP-1 in IL-4-stimulated HAEC was not affected by inhibiting other ROS generating pathways, such as xanthine oxidase and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulates MCP-1 expression in vascular endothelium through NOX-mediated ROS generation.
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Lee WH, Sonntag WE, Mitschelen M, Yan H, Lee YW. Irradiation induces regionally specific alterations in pro-inflammatory environments in rat brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:132-44. [PMID: 20148699 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903419346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pro-inflammatory environments in the brain have been implicated in the onset and progression of neurological disorders. In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that brain irradiation induces regionally specific alterations in cytokine gene and protein expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four month old F344 x BN rats received either whole brain irradiation with a single dose of 10 Gy gamma-rays or sham-irradiation, and were maintained for 4, 8, and 24 h following irradiation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were analysed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of irradiation-induced brain inflammation, effects of irradiation on the DNA-binding activity of pro-inflammatory transcription factors were also examined. RESULTS A significant and marked up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), was observed in hippocampal and cortical regions isolated from irradiated brain. Cytokine expression was regionally specific since TNF-alpha levels were significantly elevated in cortex compared to hippocampus (57% greater) and IL-1beta levels were elevated in hippocampus compared to cortical samples (126% greater). Increases in cytokine levels also were observed after irradiation of mouse BV-2 microglial cells. A series of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that irradiation significantly increased activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that whole brain irradiation induces regionally specific pro-inflammatory environments through activation of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB and overexpression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and MCP-1 in rat brain and may contribute to unique pathways for the radiation-induced impairments in tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Jung BG, Cho SJ, Koh HB, Han DU, Lee BJ. Fermented Maesil (Prunus mume) with probiotics inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:184-91. [PMID: 20141605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maesil (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.), a potential source of free radical scavengers and inhibitor of pro-inflammatory mediators, is used in traditional Korean medical preparations as a remedy for skin disorders as have probiotics. The action of a probiotic fermented Maesil preparation on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions was determined in a NC/Nga mouse model as an initial step towards the development of a therapeutic feed supplement for use in dogs. Continuous ingestion of the experimental feed markedly inhibited the development of the AD-like skin lesions, as evidenced by a marked decrease in skin signs and reduced inflammation within the skin lesions. Efficacy was confirmed by significant decreases in eosinophil ratio and serum IgE concentration, and a reduction in the number of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from the ear. Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-4, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the spleens of the experimental animals were also decreased and there was an increased serum concentration of IL-10 with a concurrent decreased IL-4 concentration in comparison to a control group. Taken together, the results indicate that some component(s) of fermented Maesil have the ability to suppress the development of AD-like skin lesions, possibly by stimulation of IL-10. Beneficial effects of fermented Maesil may thus be expected in dogs with AD, although this and the nature of the active pathway remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Lee YW, Lee WH, Kim PH. Oxidative mechanisms of IL-4-induced IL-6 expression in vascular endothelium. Cytokine 2010; 49:73-9. [PMID: 19822443 PMCID: PMC2808430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as to examine the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that IL-4 significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and C57BL/6 mice. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence staining demonstrated that IL-4 significantly increased ROS generation in HAEC. A significant and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-4-induced IL-6 expression was observed in HAEC pre-treated with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), indicating that IL-4-induced IL-6 expression is mediated via an ROS-dependent mechanism. Additionally, pharmacological inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) significantly attenuated IL-4-induced ROS generation and IL-6 expression in HAEC. Furthermore, the disruption of NOX gene dramatically and significantly reduced IL-4-induced IL-6 expression in NOX knockout mice (B6.129S6-Cybb(tm1Din)/J). In contrast, overexpression of IL-6 in IL-4-activated HAEC was not affected by inhibiting other ROS generating pathways, such as xanthine oxidase, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These results demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulates IL-6 expression in vascular endothelium through NOX-mediated ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Lee WH, Kang S, Vlachos PP, Lee YW. A novel in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:421-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Protective effects of genistein on proinflammatory pathways in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:819-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang W, Rha GB, Han MJ, Eum SY, András IE, Zhong Y, Hennig B, Toborek M. PPARalpha and PPARgamma effectively protect against HIV-induced inflammatory responses in brain endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2008; 107:497-509. [PMID: 18710415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors which down-regulate inflammatory signaling pathways. Therefore, we hypothesized that alterations of PPAR functions can contribute to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-induced dysfunction of brain endothelial cells. Indeed, treatment with HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein decreased PPAR transactivation in brain endothelial cells. We next stably over-expressed PPARalpha and PPARgamma in a newly developed cell line of human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cells). Tat-induced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, and E-selectin were markedly attenuated in hCMEC/D3 over-expressing PPARalpha or PPARgamma. These results were confirmed in CCL2 and E-selectin promoter activity studies. Similar protective effects were observed in hCMEC/D3 after activation of PPARgamma by exogenous PPAR agonists (dPGJ(2) and rosiglitazone). PPAR over-expression also prevented Tat-induced binding activity and transactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Importantly, increased PPAR activity attenuated induction of IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, and E-selectin in hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells. The protective effects of PPAR over-expression were reversed by the antagonists of PPARalpha (MK886) or PPARgamma (GW9662). The present data suggest that targeting PPAR signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate HIV-1-induced local inflammatory responses in brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- Molecular Neuroscience and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Ozel Demiralp D, Aktas H, Akar N. The effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 -675 4G/5G polymorphism on PAI-1 gene expression and adipocyte differentiation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2007; 14:438-46. [PMID: 18160587 DOI: 10.1177/1076029607305081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial chronic disease frequently associated with cardiovascular risks, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high blood pressure, and the insulin resistance that appears to be central to the pathogenesis of Type II diabetes. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression induced in differentiating adipose tissue, but its role in adipogenesis and obesity is poorly understood. Circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels are elevated at an early stage of impaired glucose tolerance, resulting in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels are also significantly elevated in the plasma of obese individuals and in adipose tissues of obese mice and humans. Some investigators proposed that the -675 4G/5G polymorphism in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter caused overexpression of this gene and predisposed carriers to obesity. In this study, we investigated the role of -675 4G/5G polymorphism in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter in the expression of this gene and the contribution of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to adipogenesis. Using a dual-luciferase promoter assay, we determined that the -675 4G/5G polymorphism contributes significantly to overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the course of adipogenesis. The antidiabetic agents troglitazone and ciglitazone inhibited reporter gene expression driven by wild-type and -675 4G/5G mutant promoter, as well as the expression of endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, indicating that suppression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression may contribute to antidiabetic effects of these agents. The results indicate that absence of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in adipocytes may protect the cells against insulin resistance by promoting glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation via a decrease in the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma expression that modulates the adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ozel Demiralp
- Proteomics Unit of Central Laboratory, Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Li H, McCormac MA, Estes RW, Sefers SE, Dare RK, Chappell JD, Erdman DD, Wright PF, Tang YW. Simultaneous detection and high-throughput identification of a panel of RNA viruses causing respiratory tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2105-9. [PMID: 17507510 PMCID: PMC1932978 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00210-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical presentations for viral respiratory tract infections are often nonspecific, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique that can detect a panel of common viral pathogens is clinically desirable. We evaluated two multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) products coupled with microarray-based systems for simultaneous detection of common respiratory tract viral pathogens. The NGEN respiratory virus analyte-specific assay (Nanogen, San Diego, CA) detects influenza A virus (Flu-A) and Flu-B, parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV-1), PIV-2, and PIV-3, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), while the ResPlex II assay (Genaco Biomedical Products, Inc., Huntsville, AL) detects Flu-A, Flu-B, PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3, PIV-4, RSV, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinoviruses (RhVs), enteroviruses (EnVs), and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV). A total of 360 frozen respiratory specimens collected for a full year were tested, and results were compared to those obtained with a combined reference standard of cell culture and monoplex real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assays. NGEN and ResPlex II gave comparable sensitivities for Flu-A (82.8 to 86.2%), Flu-B (90.0 to 100.0%), PIV-1 (87.5 to 93.8%), PIV-3 (66.7 to 72.2%), and RSV (63.3 to 73.3%); both assays achieved excellent specificities (99.1 to 100.0%) for these five common viruses. The ResPlex II assay detected hMPV in 13 (3.6%) specimens, with a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 99.7%. The ResPlex II assay also differentiated RSV-A and RSV-B and gave positive results for RhV and EnV in 31 (8.6%) and 19 (5.3%) specimens, respectively. PIV-2, PIV-4, and SARS CoV were not detected in the specimens tested. The two systems can process 80 (NGEN) and 96 (ResPlex II) tests per run, with a hands-on time of approximately 60 min and test turnaround times of 6 h (ResPlex II) and 9 h (NGEN). Multiple-panel testing detected an additional unsuspected 9 (3.4%) PIV-1 and 10 (3.7%) PIV-3 infections. While test sensitivities for RSV and PIV-3 need improvement, both the NGEN and ResPlex II assays provide user-friendly and high-throughput tools for simultaneous detection and identification of a panel of common respiratory viral pathogens in a single test format. The multiplex approach enhances diagnosis through detection of respiratory viral etiologic agents in cases in which the presence of the agent was not suspected and a test was not ordered by the clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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17
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Liang X, Kanjanabuch T, Mao SL, Hao CM, Tang YW, Declerck PJ, Hasty AH, Wasserman DH, Fogo AB, Ma LJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 modulates adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E103-E113. [PMID: 16144810 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00605.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. However, the functional role of PAI-1 in adipocytes is unknown. This study was designed to investigate effects and underlying mechanisms of PAI-1 on glucose uptake in adipocytes and on adipocyte differentiation. Using primary cultured adipocytes from PAI-1(+/+) and PAI-1(-/-) mice, we found that PAI-1 deficiency promoted adipocyte differentiation, enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and protected against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adipocyte dedifferentiation and insulin resistance. These beneficial effects were associated with upregulated glucose transporter 4 at basal and insulin-stimulated states and upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and adiponectin along with downregulated resistin mRNA in differentiated PAI-1(-/-) vs. PAI-1(+/+) adipocytes. Similarly, inhibition of PAI-1 with a neutralizing anti-PAI-1 antibody in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes further promoted adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake, which was associated with increased expression of transcription factors PPARgamma, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha), and the adipocyte-selective fatty acid-binding protein aP2, thus mimicking the phenotype in PAI-1(-/-) primary adipocytes. Conversely, overexpression of PAI-1 by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibited differentiation and reduced PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, and aP2 expression. This was also associated with a decrease in urokinase-type plasminogen activator mRNA expression, decreased plasmin activity, and increased collagen I mRNA expression. Collectively, these results indicate that absence or inhibition of PAI-1 in adipocytes protects against insulin resistance by promoting glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation via increased PPARgamma expression. We postulate that these PAI-1 effects on adipocytes may, at least in part, be mediated via modulation of plasmin activity and extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Liang
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA
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18
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Lee YW, Eum SY, Chen KC, Hennig B, Toborek M. Gene expression profile in interleukin-4-stimulated human vascular endothelial cells. Mol Med 2005; 10:19-27. [PMID: 15502879 PMCID: PMC1431351 DOI: 10.2119/2004-00024.lee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory vascular environments have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying this process, however, are not fully understood. In the present study, we employed GeneChip microarray analysis to investigate global gene expression patterns in human vascular endothelial cells after treatment with IL-4. Our results showed that mRNA levels of a total of 106 genes were significantly up-regulated and 41 genes significantly down-regulated with more than a 2-fold change. The majority of these genes are critically involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcription factors, and metabolism; functions of the remaining genes are unknown. The changes in gene expression of selected genes related to inflammatory reactions, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. IL-4 treatment also significantly increased the adherence of inflammatory cells to endothelial cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. These results may help determine the molecular mechanisms of action of IL-4 in human vascular endothelium. In addition, a better understanding of IL-4-induced vascular injury at the level of gene expression could lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery/Division of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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19
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Sefers SE, Rickmyre J, Blackman A, Li H, Edwards K, Tang YW. QIAamp MinElute virus kit effectively extracts viral nucleic acids from cerebrospinal fluids and nasopharyngeal swabs. J Clin Virol 2005; 35:141-6. [PMID: 16039902 PMCID: PMC7108269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Nucleic acid preparation from a variety of clinical specimens requires efficient target recovery and amplification inhibitor removal and is critical for successful molecular diagnosis. The QIAamp MinElute Virus kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) was compared to the two existing methods currently used in our laboratory, IsoQuick (Orca Research Inc., Bothell, WA) for DNA extraction and RNAzol B (Leedo Laboratories Inc., Houston, TX) for RNA extraction, of viral nucleic acids. Study design A total of 150 clinical specimens, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), were used to determine the extraction efficiency of the MinElute compared to the other two methods. Nucleic acid recovery, hands-on time, turn-around-time and cost were compared across all kits. Results There was complete concordance between the MinElute and IsoQuick/RNAzol kits when herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), influenza A virus or enteroviruses were detected using a colorimetric microtiter plate PCR system. The kits were equivalent in their ability to detect either DNA or RNA with superior ability to recover a high quality and quantity of RNA. With the potential to process larger specimen volumes, the MinElute kit can significantly shorten processing time from 2 h to 50–55 min. Conclusions Although relatively high test kit costs were noted, the MinElute kit provides another rapid and user-friendly specimen processing tool in the diagnostic molecular microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Sefers
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamie Rickmyre
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Haijing Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kathryn Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author at: Molecular Infectious Disease Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Hospital, 4605 TVC, Nashville, TN 37232-5310, USA. Tel.: +1 615 322 2035; fax: +1 615 343 8420.
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20
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Ayabe N, Babaev VR, Tang Y, Tanizawa T, Fogo AB, Linton MF, Ichikawa I, Fazio S, Kon V. Transiently heightened angiotensin II has distinct effects on atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in hyperlipidemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2005; 184:312-21. [PMID: 16023123 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimentally sustained increase in angiotensin II (AngII) promotes tissue destruction in various cardiovascular disorders. We examined whether transiently heightened AngII affects subsequent atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation. AngII or saline was administered for 2 weeks to apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. Mice were sacrificed at the end of the 2-week infusion or 6- or 14 weeks later. Short-term AngII did not affect atherosclerosis immediately following the infusion or 6 weeks later. By contrast, 14 weeks after infusion there was remarkably more atherosclerosis in previously AngII-exposed mice. Preceding the build up of atherosclerotic lesions, AngII-exposure increased mRNA expression and immunostaining of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor, CCR2. This was followed by greater macrophage-positivity in AngII-exposed aortae. In contrast to the delayed effects on atherosclerosis, 20% of mice were found to have abdominal aneurysms at the end of AngII-exposure. This effect was not contingent on blood pressure. Moreover, despite amplification in atherosclerosis following AngII, no aneurysms were found 14 weeks later. Our studies reveal that even transient exposure to AngII primes the vessel for subsequent amplification of atherosclerosis which involves activation of MCP-1/CCR2 and influx of macrophages into the nascent atherosclerotic plaque. By contrast, transient AngII-exposure causes prompt aneurysm formation that does not parallel atherosclerosis and disappears even in the face of progressively greater atherosclerotic lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/toxicity
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/etiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Chemokine CCL2/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ayabe
- Department of Pediatrics, MCN C4204, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2584, USA
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21
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Schif-Zuck S, Westermann J, Netzer N, Zohar Y, Meiron M, Wildbaum G, Karin N. Targeted overexpression of IL-18 binding protein at the central nervous system overrides flexibility in functional polarization of antigen-specific Th2 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4307-15. [PMID: 15778395 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study shows that functional polarization of Ag-specific CD4(+) Th2 cells entering the CNS during the accelerating phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is flexible and dependent on the cytokine milieu there. Thus, targeted cell/gene therapy by Ag-specific T cells overexpressing IL-18 binding protein overrides this flexibility and induces infectious spread of T cell tolerance. Using a congenic system, we demonstrated that at this time, Ag-specific Th2 cells accumulate at the CNS but then arrest of IL-4 production. A manipulation of targeted cell/gene delivery was then used to detect whether this function is dependent on the cytokine milieu there. Targeted overexpression of IL-18 binding protein, a natural inhibitor of IL-18, restored the ability of these Ag-specific Th2 cells to produce IL-4 and subsequently induce protective spread of Th2 polarization. These findings not only suggest a novel way of therapy, but also explain why shifting the balance of Ag-specific T cells toward Th2 suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas a direct transfer of these cells is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagie Schif-Zuck
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Grell SN, Tjørnehøj K, Larsen LE, Heegaard PMH. Marked induction of IL-6, haptoglobin and IFNγ following experimental BRSV infection in young calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:235-45. [PMID: 15690587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been identified worldwide as an important pathogen associated with acute respiratory disease in calves. An infection model has been developed reflecting accurately the clinical course and the development of pathological signs during a natural BRSV-infection. In the experiments described in the present study, calves were infected at 13-21 weeks of age and reinfected 14 weeks later. Blood samples from the entire infection period were analysed for acute phase protein (haptoglobin) by ELISA and for expression (mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) by quantitative real-time reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IFNgamma, interleukin-6 and haptoglobin were markedly induced together with development of clinical signs in response to the first infection with BRSV. The IFNgamma response was biphasic, with an early peak at day 1-3 post infection (p.i.) and a later increase between day 5 and 8 p.i. Reinfection also resulted in an induction of IFNgamma, but without induction of clinical signs, IL-6 and haptoglobin. These results indicate that early mediators connected with the innate responses are induced on a first encounter with the pathogen, but not on a second encounter (reinfection) where the adaptive immune system may act as the first line defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nedergaard Grell
- Department of Immunology Biochemistry, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Mackay IM, Arden KE, Nitsche A. Real-time Fluorescent PCR Techniques to Study Microbial-Host Interactions. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 34:255-330. [PMID: 38620210 PMCID: PMC7148886 DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(04)34010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes how real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performs and how it may be used to detect microbial pathogens and the relationship they form with their host. Research and diagnostic microbiology laboratories contain a mix of traditional and leading-edge, in-house and commercial assays for the detection of microbes and the effects they impart upon target tissues, organs, and systems. The PCR has undergone significant change over the last decade, to the extent that only a small proportion of scientists have been able or willing to keep abreast of the latest offerings. The chapter reviews these changes. It discusses the second-generation of PCR technology-kinetic or real-time PCR, a tool gaining widespread acceptance in many scientific disciplines but especially in the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katherine E Arden
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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24
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Tang YW. Cytokine pattern is solely influenced by priming vaccine but immunity and disease by both priming and boosting vaccines in mice challenged with respiratory syncytial virus. Virus Res 2004; 99:81-7. [PMID: 14687950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine formulation can influence cytokine and disease patterns in mice following respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge. The influence of different live and killed dual-vaccine combinations on subsequent immune responses was investigated. BALB/c mice received either killed followed by killed (KV/KV), killed followed by live (KV/LV), live followed by killed (LV/KV), or live followed by live (LV/LV) RSV vaccines intramuscularly. Mouse weight loss, viral replication, cytokine expression patterns, immunoglobulin isotype antibody profiles, neutralizing antibody responses, and cytotoxicity T lymphocyte (CTL) activities in lungs were compared on subsequent live RSV challenge. On challenge, mice vaccinated initially with KV and boosted with either KV or LV expressed significantly skewed ratios of IL-4 to IFN-gamma mRNA and IgG1 to IgG2a antibody, when compared to those vaccinated initially with LV. Low levels of RSV replication were detected in lungs of mice vaccinated with KV/KV, KV/LV, and LV/KV, but not in mice vaccinated with LV/LV. Mice vaccinated with KV/LV, LV/KV, or LV/LV had RSV-specific CTL activity in lungs six days after RSV challenge, while no CTL activity was detected in KV/KV-vaccinated mice. Mice vaccinated with KV/KV had the greatest weight loss, while LV/LV-vaccinated mice resulted in the least. Mice vaccinated with either KV/LV or LV/KV had intermediate weight loss after challenge. These data indicate that an original antigenic sin-like phenomenon was exhibited in cytokine and immunoglobulin isotype responses in mice after challenge. T helper (Th)-like immune responses were determined solely by the initial vaccination, while weight loss, viral replication, neutralizing antibody responses, and CTL activities were also influenced by boosted vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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25
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Broberg EK, Nygårdas M, Salmi AA, Hukkanen V. Low copy number detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA and mouse Th1 type cytokine mRNAs by Light Cycler quantitative real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2003; 112:53-65. [PMID: 12951213 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The real-time principle of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) provides a quantitative and reproducible method to detect low copy number transcripts. The quantitative detection of cytokines from tissue samples is complicated by the low expression rates and the short half-lives of the cytokine proteins. The methods have been insensitive and labor-intensive. The LightCycler technique provides a 30-min PCR system with continuous fluorescent detection, analysis of the melting points of the products and user-friendly software for the analysis of the unknown samples. External copy number standards enable the measurement of amounts of the desired targets. We demonstrate the dynamic range of the RT-PCR system from a 100 to 10(7) mRNA copies of the mouse Th1 cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 12p35, 12p40 and IL-23p19 as well as gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and the housekeeping gene beta-actin, with the usage of fluorescent hybridization probes. The cytokine quantitation was exemplified in murine nervous system samples. A viral transcript, mRNA of alpha trans-inducing factor (alphaTIF), or VP16 gene, of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 was used to quantitate the viral replication in infected cells and in murine nervous system samples. For this viral transcript the linear dynamic range spanned from ten copies to one million copies (highest tested). For all tested cytokine transcripts, the detection level with the dsDNA binding dye SYBR Green I was one log lower than with the hybridizing fluorescent probes. The viral transcript was detected even with the SYBR Green I system at the level of ten copies. The specificity of the PCR was reached with the use of TaqStart antibody, by careful design of primers and probes, by melting temperature analysis and comparison with the gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva K Broberg
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.
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