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Shi D, Zhou L, Shi H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu D, Feng T, Zeng M, Chen J, Zhang X, Xue M, Jing Z, Liu J, Ji Z, He H, Guo L, Wu Y, Ma J, Feng L. Autophagy is induced by swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus through the cellular IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway after an interaction of viral membrane-associated papain-like protease and GRP78. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011201. [PMID: 36888569 PMCID: PMC9994726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. For instance, cellular autophagy could be harnessed by viruses to facilitate replication. However, it is still uncertain about the interplay of autophagy and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in cells. In this study, we reported that SADS-CoV infection could induce a complete autophagy process both in vitro and in vivo, and an inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased SADS-CoV production, thus suggesting that autophagy facilitated the replication of SADS-CoV. We found that ER stress and its downstream IRE1 pathway were indispensable in the processes of SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. We also demonstrated that IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, neither PERK-EIF2S1 nor ATF6 pathways, was essential during SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. Importantly, our work provided the first evidence that expression of SADS-CoV PLP2-TM protein induced autophagy through the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of viral PLP2-TMF451-L490 domain and substrate-binding domain of GRP78 was identified to activate the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, and thus resulting in autophagy, and in turn, enhancing SADS-CoV replication. Collectively, these results not only showed that autophagy promoted SADS-CoV replication in cultured cells, but also revealed that the molecular mechanism underlying SADS-CoV-induced autophagy in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
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2
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Wu J, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Gu J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Promotes Exosome Secretion by the Nonstructural Protein 3A Interacting with Rab27a. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0344622. [PMID: 36790212 PMCID: PMC10101103 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03446-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles which are intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) secreted to the extracellular space after multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fuse with the plasma membrane. Although it is known that exosomes play a multitude of roles during viral infection, the mechanism that regulates their secretion during viral infection is unknown. Here, we found that enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection increased exosome secretion both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, the expression of nonstructural protein 3A was sufficient to promote exosome secretion, while a mutation affecting the amino acid 18 position abrogated this effect, without changing the size of exosomes in vivo or in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that 3A decreases the number of MVBs and ILVs in vivo and in vitro, which suggested 3A may boost the fusion between MVBs and the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an interaction between 3A and the small GTPase protein, Rab27a, protected Rab27a from ubiquitination, resulted in increasing exosome release. Data indicated a novel mechanism by which EV-A71 3A modifies exosome secretion during viral infection. IMPORTANCE Research has shown that viral infection impacts exosome secretion, but its regulation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Nonstructural protein 3A of EV-A71 interacts with many host factors and is involved in the remodeling of cellular membranes. In this investigation, we applied exogenous expression of 3A protein for exploring its regulation on exosome secretion and utilized immunoprecipitation combined with proteomics approaches to identify 3A-interacting factors. Our results demonstrate that 3A protein upregulates the release of the exosomes and that the 3A mutant strain of EV-A71 induce less exosome release compared with the EV-A71 wild type. Viral 3A protein interacts with the host factor Rab27a to prevent it from being ubiquitinated, which in turn improves exosome secretion both in vitro and in vivo. EV-A71 3A protein is a novel viral factor in the control of exosome production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Lu B, Tang Q, Wang Q, Liu X, Peng H, Zhu B, Xie L, Li Z, Wang H, Zheng Z, Wang L, Li B. Recovery Infectious Enterovirus 71 by Bac-to-Bac Expression System in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:825111. [PMID: 35356523 PMCID: PMC8959925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.825111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important etiological agents for hand-foot-mouth disease. Compared with coxsackievirus A16 infection, EV71 infection is often associated with severe central nervous system complications, such as encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and acute flaccid paralysis in infants and young children. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus with T7 ribonucleic acid polymerase under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter and simultaneously engineered the T7 promoter upstream of a full-length EV71 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. After transduction into mammalian cells, typical cytopathic effects (CPEs) and VP1 signals were detected in cells transfected with recombinant baculovirus. Additionally, viral particles located in the cytoplasm of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (Rd) and Vero cells were observed by electron microscope, indicating that EV71 was recovered using a Bac-to-Bac expression system in vitro. After four passages, the rescued virus had a growth curve and plaque morphology similar to those of the parental virus. Furthermore, the Vp1 gene and the protein from the mouse brain were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry after intracerebral injection of purified recombinant baculovirus. Typical CPEs were observed after inoculation of the supernatant from mouse brain to Rd cells, revealing a reconstruction of EV71 in vivo. Thus, we established a new approach to rescue EV71 based on a baculovirus expression system in vitro and in vivo, which may provide a safe and convenient platform for fundamental research and a strategy to rescue viruses that currently lack suitable cell culture and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojing Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianyun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Linding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao Li
- The Comprehensive Lab, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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4
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Yuan P, Yan J, Wang S, Guo Y, Xi X, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Bodem J, Liu W. Trim28 acts as restriction factor of prototype foamy virus replication by modulating H3K9me3 marks and destabilizing the viral transactivator Tas. Retrovirology 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34903241 PMCID: PMC8670036 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is nonpathogenic complex retroviruses that express a transcriptional transactivator Tas, which is essential for the activity of viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter and internal promoter (IP). Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (Trim28) is well known as a scaffold protein normally enriched in gene promoter region to repress transcription. We sought to determine if whether Trim28 could be enriched in PFV promoter region to participate the establishment of PFV latency infection. Results In this study, we show that Trim28 restricts Tas-dependent transactivation activity of PFV promoter and negatively regulates PFV replication. Trim28 was found to be enriched in LTR instead of IP promoter regions of PFV genome and contribute to the maintenance of histone H3K9me3 marks on the LTR promoter. Furthermore, Trim28 interacts with Tas and colocalizes with Tas in the nucleus. Besides, we found that Trim28, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, binds directly to and promotes Tas for ubiquitination and degradation. And the RBCC domain of Trim28 is required for the ubiquitination and degradation of Tas. Conclusions Collectively, our findings not only identify a host factor Trim28 negatively inhibits PFV replication by acting as transcriptional restriction factor enriched in viral LTR promoter through modulating H3K9me3 mark here, but also reveal that Trim28 mediated ubiquitin proteasome degradation of Tas as a mechanism underlying Trim28 restricts Tas-dependent transcription activity of PFV promoter and PFV replication. These findings provide new insights into the process of PFV latency establishment. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xueyan Xi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Nigg JC, Mongelli V, Blanc H, Saleh MC. Innovative Toolbox for the Quantification of Drosophila C Virus, Drosophila A Virus, and Nora Virus. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167308. [PMID: 34678301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of viral replication underlies investigations into host-virus interactions. In Drosophila melanogaster, persistent infections with Drosophila C virus, Drosophila A virus, and Nora virus are commonly observed in nature and in laboratory fly stocks. However, traditional endpoint dilution assays to quantify infectious titers are not compatible with persistently infecting isolates of these viruses that do not cause cytopathic effects in cell culture. Here we present a novel assay based on immunological detection of Drosophila C virus infection that allows quantification of infectious titers for a wider range of Drosophila C virus isolates. We also describe strand specific RT-qPCR assays for quantification of viral negative strand RNA produced during Drosophila C virus, Drosophila A virus, and Nora virus infection. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these assays for quantification of viral replication during oral infections and persistent infections with each virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Nigg
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Vanesa Mongelli
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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6
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Yan J, Zheng Y, Yuan P, Wang S, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, Li Z, Sun Y, He X, Liu W. Novel Host Protein TBC1D16, a GTPase Activating Protein of Rab5C, Inhibits Prototype Foamy Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658660. [PMID: 34367131 PMCID: PMC8339588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a member of the oldest family of retroviruses and maintains lifelong latent infection in the host. The lifelong latent infection of PFV may be maintained by the restriction factors of viral replication in the host. However, the mechanisms involved in PFV latent infection are poorly understood. Here, we found that TBC1D16, a TBC domain-containing protein, is significantly down-regulated after PFV infection. Tre2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing proteins function as Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and are participates in the progression of some diseases and many signaling pathways. However, whether TBC proteins are involved in PFV replication has not been determined. Here, we found that TBC1D16 is a novel antiviral protein that targets Rab5C to suppress PFV replication. Overexpression TBC1D16 inhibited the transcription and expression of Tas and Gag, and silencing TBC1D16 enhanced the PFV replication. Moreover, the highly conserved amino acid residues R494 and Q531 in the TBC domain of TBC1D16 were essential for inhibiting PFV replication. We also found that TBC1D16 promoted the production of PFV-induced IFN-β and the transcription of downstream genes. These results suggest that TBC1D16 might be the first identified TBC proteins that inhibited PFV replication and the mechanism by which TBC1D16 inhibited PFV replication could provide new insights for PFV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingcheng Zheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Amarilla AA, Modhiran N, Setoh YX, Peng NYG, Sng JDJ, Liang B, McMillan CLD, Freney ME, Cheung STM, Chappell KJ, Khromykh AA, Young PR, Watterson D. An Optimized High-Throughput Immuno-Plaque Assay for SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625136. [PMID: 33643253 PMCID: PMC7906992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 and is capable of human-to-human transmission and rapid global spread. The rapid emergence and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has encouraged the establishment of a rapid, sensitive, and reliable viral detection and quantification methodology. Here, we present an alternative assay, termed immuno-plaque assay (iPA), which utilizes a combination of plaque assay and immunofluorescence techniques. We have extensively optimized the conditions for SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrated the great flexibility of iPA detection using several antibodies and dual-probing with two distinct epitope-specific antibodies. In addition, we showed that iPA could be utilized for ultra-high-throughput viral titration and neutralization assay within 24 h and is amenable to a 384-well format. These advantages will significantly accelerate SARS-CoV-2 research outcomes during this pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nias Y G Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Julian D J Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher L D McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Morgan E Freney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacey T M Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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8
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Yang M, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang Q, Wei S, Wang S, Qin Q. Functional analysis of Epinephelus coioides peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor α (PPARα): Involvement in response to viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:257-266. [PMID: 32315742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor α (PPARα) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors (NR). Studies have demonstrated that PPARα functions in energy metabolism, hepatic function, immune response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In teleost fish, few studies have investigated the role of PPARα in the immune response. In this study, the grouper PPARα gene (EcPPARα) was investigated for its role in viral infection. The open reading frame of EcPPARα encoded a protein of 469 amino acids and contained an N-terminal domain (NTD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a hinge region, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that EcPPARα was most closely related to homologous genes in Sander lucioperca and Perca flavescens. Upon challenge with SGIV (Singapore grouper iridovirus) and RGNNV (Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus), EcPPARα expression levels were significantly upregulated in different tissues. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the EcPPARα protein localized throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus with diffuse intracellular expression patterns, which is consistent with the localization pattern of mammalian PPARs. Based on morphological observation of cytopathic effect (CPEs), viral gene expression mRNAs, and virus titer assays, the results presented here showed that an overexpression of EcPPARα promoted SGIV production in grouper spleen cells. Overexpression of EcPPARα significantly inhibited the expression of several cytokines, including interferon-related genes (IFN-γ, ISG15, MXI, MXII, MAVS and MDA5), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and Toll like receptor adaptors (TRAF6 and MyD88). Luciferase activity of IFN-α, IFN-γ, ISRE and NF-κB promoters was also significantly decreased in EcPPARα overexpression cells. Due to these detected interferon-related genes and inflammatory cytokines play important antiviral effect against SGIV in grouper, we speculated that the promotion effect of EcPPARα on SGIV replication may be caused by down-regulation of interferon and inflammatory response. In addition, through apoptotic body observation, capspase-3 activity detection, and flow cytometry analysis, it was found that overexpression of EcPPARα promoted SGIV-induced apoptosis in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. These data may increase an understanding of the role of PPARα in fish antiviral immune responses and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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9
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On the Calculation of TCID 50 for Quantitation of Virus Infectivity. Virol Sin 2020; 36:141-144. [PMID: 32458296 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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10
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Kawakubo S, Omori T, Suzuki Y, Ueta I. Droplet-counting Microtitration System for Precise On-site Analysis. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:243-247. [PMID: 29434114 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new microtitration system based on the counting of titrant droplets has been developed for precise on-site analysis. The dropping rate was controlled by inserting a capillary tube as a flow resistance in a laboratory-made micropipette. The error of titration was 3% in a simulated titration with 20 droplets. The pre-addition of a titrant was proposed for precise titration within an error of 0.5%. The analytical performances were evaluated for chelate titration, redox titration and acid-base titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kawakubo
- Graduate School, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Taichi Omori
- Graduate School, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yasutada Suzuki
- Graduate School, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ikuo Ueta
- Graduate School, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi
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11
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Shi H, Fu Q, Li S, Hu X, Tian R, Yao G, Zhao H, Wang J. Bta-miR-2411 attenuates bovine viral diarrhea virus replication via directly suppressing Pelota protein in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 215:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Yuan P, Dong L, Cheng Q, Wang S, Li Z, Sun Y, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Liu W. Prototype foamy virus elicits complete autophagy involving the ER stress-related UPR pathway. Retrovirology 2017; 14:16. [PMID: 28270144 PMCID: PMC5341167 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a member of the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of retroviruses, which maintains lifelong latent infection while being nonpathogenic to their natural hosts. Autophagy is a cell-programmed mechanism that plays a pivotal role in controlling homeostasis and defense against exotic pathogens. However, whether autophagy is the mechanism for host defense in PFV infection has not been investigated. Findings Our results revealed that PFV infection induced the accumulation of autophagosomes and triggered complete autophagic flux in BHK-21 cells. PFV infection also altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. The PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 pathways, all of which are components of the ER stress-related unfolded protein response (UPR), were activated in PFV-infected cells. In addition, accelerating autophagy suppressed PFV replication, and inhibition of autophagy promoted viral replication. Conclusions Our data indicate that PFV infection can induce complete autophagy through activating the ER stress-related UPR pathway in BHK-21 cells. In turn, autophagy negatively regulates PFV replication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0341-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yuan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Wuhan Ammunition Life Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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13
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Qiu S, Li P, Liu H, Wang Y, Liu N, Li C, Li S, Li M, Jiang Z, Sun H, Li Y, Xie J, Yang C, Wang J, Li H, Yi S, Wu Z, Jia L, Wang L, Hao R, Sun Y, Huang L, Ma H, Yuan Z, Song H. Whole-genome Sequencing for Tracing the Transmission Link between Two ARD Outbreaks Caused by a Novel HAdV Serotype 7 Variant, China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13617. [PMID: 26338697 PMCID: PMC4559894 DOI: 10.1038/srep13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From December 2012 to February 2013, two outbreaks of acute respiratory disease caused by HAdV-7 were reported in China. We investigated possible transmission links between these two seemingly unrelated outbreaks by integration of epidemiological and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. WGS analyses showed that the HAdV-7 isolates from the two outbreaks were genetically indistinguishable; however, a 12 bp deletion in the virus-associated RNA gene distinguished the outbreak isolates from other HAdV-7 isolates. Outbreak HAdV-7 isolates demonstrated increased viral replication compared to non-outbreak associated HAdV-7 isolate. Epidemiological data supported that the first outbreak was caused by introduction of the novel HAdV-7 virus by an infected recruit upon arrival at the training base. Nosocomial transmission by close contacts was the most likely source leading to onset of the second HAdV-7 outbreak, establishing the apparent transmission link between the outbreaks. Our findings imply that in-hospital contact investigations should be encouraged to reduce or interrupt further spread of infectious agents when treating outbreak cases, and WGS can provide useful information guiding infection-control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chengyi Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shenlong Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming Li
- The No. 477 Hospital of PLA, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- Air Force Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Huandong Sun
- Air Force Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Ying Li
- The No. 477 Hospital of PLA, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shengjie Yi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Health Department of General Logistics Department, PLA, 22 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100842, China
| | - Zhengquan Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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14
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Coxsackievirus A16 elicits incomplete autophagy involving the mTOR and ERK pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122109. [PMID: 25853521 PMCID: PMC4390341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important homeostatic process for the degradation of cytosolic proteins and organelles and has been reported to play an important role in cellular responses to pathogens and virus replication. However, the role of autophagy in Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) infection and pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that CA16 infection enhanced autophagosome formation, resulting in increased extracellular virus production. Moreover, expression of CA16 nonstructural proteins 2C and 3C was sufficient to trigger autophagosome accumulation by blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Interestingly, we found that Immunity-related GTPase family M (IRGM) was crucial for the activation of CA16 infection-induced autophagy; in turn, reducing IRGM expression suppressed autophagy. Expression of viral protein 2C enhanced IRGM promoter activation, thereby increasing IRGM expression and inducing autophagy. CA16 infection inhibited Akt/mTOR signaling and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, both of which are necessary for autophagy induction. In summary, CA16 can use autophagy to enhance its own replication. These results raise the possibility of targeting the autophagic pathway for the treatment of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).
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15
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Song Y, Cheng X, Yang X, Zhao R, Wang P, Han Y, Luo Z, Cao Y, Zhu C, Xiong Y, Liu Y, Wu K, Wu J. Early growth response-1 facilitates enterovirus 71 replication by direct binding to the viral genome RNA. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:36-46. [PMID: 25724735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), meningoencephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and even fatal encephalitis in children. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective treatment for EV71 infection due to the lack of understanding of viral replication and infection; and viral infections have emerged as an imperative global hazard. Thus, it is extremely important to understand the mechanism of EV71 replication in order to prevent and control the diseases associated with EV71 infections. Early growth response-1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional transcription factor that regulates diverse biological functions, including inflammation, apoptosis, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and even viral infection. Here, we provide new insight into the role of EV71 infection in regulating EGR1 production; and reveal a novel mechanism by which EGR1 facilitates EV71 replication. We demonstrate that EV71 activates EGR1 expression during infection by stimulating the protein kinase A/protein kinase Cɛ/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PKA/PKCɛ/PI3K/Akt) cascade. We further reveal that EV71-activated EGR1, in turn, regulates the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of EV71 to enhance viral replication. In addition, EGR1 facilitates EV71 replication by binding directly to stem-loops I and IV of EV71 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) with its first two zinc fingers. Moreover, EGR1 protein co-localizes with EV71 RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells to facilitate viral replication. Our results reveal an important new role of EGR1 in viral infection, provide new insight into the novel mechanism underlying the regulation of EV71 replication, and suggest a potential application of EGR1 in the control of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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16
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Fu Q, Shi H, Ni W, Shi M, Meng L, Zhang H, Ren Y, Guo F, Wang P, Qiao J, Jia B, Chen C. Lentivirus-mediated Bos taurus bta-miR-29b overexpression interferes with bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication and viral infection-related autophagy by directly targeting ATG14 and ATG9A in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:85-94. [PMID: 25234643 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short endogenous RNA molecules with the ability to control development, autophagy, apoptosis and the stress response in eukaryotes by pairing with partially complementary sites in the 3' UTRs of targeted genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs serve as critical effectors in intricate networks of host-pathogen interactions. Notably, we found that Bos taurus bta-miR-29b (referred to as miR-29b herein) was significantly upregulated >2.3-fold in bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strain NADL-infected Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells 6 h post-infection compared with normal MDBK cells. However, the roles of miR-29b in BVDV infection and pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report the inhibitory effects of miR-29b on BVDV NADL replication and viral infection-related autophagy. miR-29b overexpression mediated by miRNA precursor-expressing lentivirus resulted in the attenuation of BVDV NADL infection-related autophagy by directly downregulating the intracellular expression levels of two key autophagy-associated proteins, ATG14 and ATG9A. Moreover, ATG14 and ATG9A overexpression rescue not only reversed miR-29b-inhibited autophagy, but also increased BVDV NADL replication. In previous studies, we found that the early stages of autophagy contributed to BVDV NADL replication in MDBK cells and that the inhibition of autophagy repressed BVDV NADL replication, which was also proved in the present study. Collectively, our results establish a novel link between miR-29b and viral replication, and also provide a new pathway for the intimate interaction between host cells and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Huijun Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wei Ni
- College of Life Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mengting Shi
- College of Life Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Luping Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Ren
- College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Fei Guo
- College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
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17
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miR-27a suppresses EV71 replication by directly targeting EGFR. Virus Genes 2014; 49:373-82. [PMID: 25212431 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, has broken out several times and was accompanied by neurological disease. microRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that are approximately 20 nucleotides long, play important roles in the regulation of various biological processes, including antiviral defense. However, the roles of miRNAs in EV71 replication and pathogenesis are not well understood. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-27a was significantly decreased in EV71-infected cells. Interestingly, the over-expression of miR-27a could inhibit EV71 replication, as measured by virus titration, qPCR, and Western blotting. We identified EGFR mRNA is a bona fide target of miR-27a by computational analysis and luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, miR-27a could decrease EGFR expression, as measured by qPCR and Western blotting. Moreover, the inhibition of EGFR expression by miR-27a decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, which facilitate EV71 replication. These results suggest that miR-27a may have antiviral activity against EV71 by inhibiting EGFR.
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18
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Fu Q, Shi H, Shi M, Meng L, Zhang H, Ren Y, Guo F, Jia B, Wang P, Ni W, Chen C. bta-miR-29b attenuates apoptosis by directly targeting caspase-7 and NAIF1 and suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication in MDBK cells. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:455-60. [PMID: 24965127 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that serve as powerful regulators of multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis, differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contributes significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. Although BVDV-induced apoptosis correlates with increased intracellular viral RNA accumulation and with bta-miR-29b (miR-29b) expression upregulation in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with BVDV strain NADL, the role of miR-29b in regulating BVDV-infection-related apoptosis remains unexplored. Here, we report that miR-29b serves as a new miRNA regulating apoptosis. We showed that miR-29b target sequences were present in the 3' untranslated regions of 2 key apoptosis regulators mRNAs, cysteine aspartases-7 (caspase-7) and nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (NAIF1). Indeed, upon miRNA overexpression, both mRNA and protein levels of caspase-7 and NAIF1 were decreased. We further found that miR-29b attenuated apoptosis by directly regulating intracellular levels of caspase-7 and NAIF1. Moreover, apoptosis blockage by miR-29b was rescued upon co-infection of MDBK cells with lentiviruses expressing caspase-7 and NAIF1. Importantly, miR-29b decreased BVDV NADL envelope glycoprotein E1 mRNA levels and suppressed viral replication. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanisms of miRNAs in mediating the cells combating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Human microRNA hsa-miR-296-5p suppresses enterovirus 71 replication by targeting the viral genome. J Virol 2013; 87:5645-56. [PMID: 23468506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02655-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of neurological disease following the near eradication of poliovirus. Accumulating evidence suggests that mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs of 18 to 23 nucleotides (nt) with important regulatory roles in many cellular processes, participate in host antiviral defenses. However, the roles of miRNAs in EV71 infection and pathogenesis are still unclear. Here, hsa-miR-296-5p expression was significantly increased in EV71-infected human cells. As determined by virus titration, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting, overexpression of hsa-miR-296-5p inhibited, while inhibition of endogenous hsa-miR-296-5p facilitated, EV71 infection. Additionally, two potential hsa-miR-296-5p targets (nt 2115 to 2135 and nt 2896 to 2920) located in the EV71 genome (strain BrCr) were bioinformatically predicted and validated by luciferase reporter assays and Western blotting. Genomic alignment of various EV71 strains revealed synonymous mutations in hsa-miR-296-5p target sequences. Furthermore, the introduction of synonymous mutations into the EV71 BrCr genome by site-directed mutagenesis impaired the viral inhibitory effects of hsa-miR-296-5p and facilitated mutant virus infection. Meanwhile, compensatory mutations in corresponding hsa-miR-296-5p target sequences of the EV71 HeN strain (GenBank accession number JN256064) restored the inhibitory effects of the miRNA. These results indicate that hsa-miR-296-5p inhibits EV71 replication by targeting the viral genome. Our findings support the notion that cellular miRNAs can inhibit virus infection and that the virus mutates to escape suppression by cellular miRNAs.
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Fridholm H, Everitt E. Rapid and reproducible infectivity end-point titration of virulent phage in a microplate system. J Virol Methods 2005; 128:67-71. [PMID: 15893387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The standard method for measuring the number of infectious phages in solution has traditionally been the plaque forming assay. An alternative method is described where the number of lytic, infectious phages is determined in an endpoint titration assay adapted for a microplate system. In this model system, susceptible Escherichia coli B6 at a density of 4 x 10(7) cells/ml, were mixed with an equal volume (100 microl) of PhiX174 diluted serially in a microtest plate. After 3h of incubation on a microplate shaker the endpoint was determined spectrophotometrically and calculated according to the method of Reed and Muench. A well was considered positive for infection if the OD630-value was < or = 10% compared to the OD630-value of the negative control of uninfected cells. ID50-titers were 2.5x higher than the PFU-titers (CV 15%) and the intra assay reproducibility revealed a CV of 9%. The method has several advantages as compared with the conventional PFU-titration. It is less time and material consuming with the possibility to assess several samples at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fridholm
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Biology Bldg, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Eliasson L, Sydoff S, Everitt E. Capturing ion exchanger-bound infectious pancreatic necrosis virus--design and application for large volume water samples. J Virol Methods 2003; 110:173-8. [PMID: 12798245 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method was designed for rapid and reliable demonstration of the presence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus retrieved from 5 l water samples. Viruses together with an added carrier protein were adsorbed to a resin of an added anion exchanger. Then the resin was collected rapidly and quantitatively through a specific device which we designed. The resin was transferred to a column from which the viruses were eluted, and subsequently further concentrated by acid precipitation, followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. Serological results were obtained within 24 h after the water sample was introduced into the laboratory. Proteins were recovered at an efficiency between 70 and 80% and the total concentration factor ranged between 150000 and 250000 times, depending on the requirements and the methods of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Eliasson
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Perez L, Mas V, Coll J, Estepa A. Enhanced detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (a salmonid rhabdovirus) by pretreatment of the virus with a combinatorial library-selected peptide. J Virol Methods 2002; 106:17-23. [PMID: 12367726 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 17-mer peptide (SAAEASAKATAEATAKG, p5) was selected by screening a combinatorial library for its ability to enhance in vitro the infectivity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus. Preincubation of VHSV samples with p5 at micromolar concentrations led to up to 5-fold increase of viral titers compared to untreated samples, as measured by a 1-day post-infection immunochemical focus assay. Treatment with p5 also increased VHSV titers when using the more traditional plaque and end-point dilution assays. Preincubation of p5 with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (another rhabdovirus of salmonids), but not with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (birnavirus) also led to a similar increase in sensitivity. These results indicate that the addition of p5 may be used to improve the sensitivity of diagnostic tests for salmonid rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Univ Miguel Hernandez, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain.
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Espinoza JC, Kuznar J. Rapid simultaneous detection and quantitation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). J Virol Methods 2002; 105:81-5. [PMID: 12176144 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a pathogen of great concern in the salmon industry as well as in the environment. Taking advantage of the early immunofluorescent visualization of viral proteins in infected cells, a titration method was developed. At 16 h p.i., fluorescent foci were visualized with a monoclonal antibody against VP3-structural protein of the virus. The counting of each fluorescent cell allows the quantitation of infection foci; titres expressed in fluorescent foci/ml were equivalent to plaque forming units (PFU)/ml. With slight modifications, the same method used to detect the virus in field samples, can be applied to estimate virus contents. Some of the samples used during the assays were obtained from routine screening procedures. The titres recorded from positive samples correlated well with the clinical condition of the fish. With this method, rapid diagnosis and quantitation may simultaneously be performed with the same tissue extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Qui;micas, Facultad de Ciencias, Casilla 50 30, Universidad de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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