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Investigating Viral Inoculation and Recovery from Medical Masks. Adv Virol 2022; 2022:3173883. [PMID: 35237326 PMCID: PMC8885274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3173883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from 2019 onwards has significantly increased the usage of surgical style medical masks, both in healthcare and public settings. It is important to study the contamination of and viral transfer from such masks. However, accepted standard test methods such as ISO 18184 have prescribed inoculation methods which may not be fully representative of the type of viral insult experienced in the clinic or community. In addition to studying a conventional mask, the performance of a mask featuring an antimicrobial photosensitiser was also studied.
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Abstract
Fresh water shortage has become a global problem. A partial solution for this problem is the use of treated and disinfected wastewater for irrigation. However, most existing wastewater disinfection methods are based on the use of aggressive chemicals or power-consuming physical processes. Photodynamic eradication of waterborne bacteria by immobilized photosensitizers may be a good alternative to conventional methods. In the present work, the photosensitizers Rose Bengal sodium salt, Rose Bengal lactone, methylene blue, and hematoporphyrin were immobilized in polyethylene or polypropylene using a “green” method of co-extrusion, without addition of any chemicals, yielding polymeric strips and beads containing the photosensitizers. The antibacterial efficiency of these immobilized photosensitizers was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli in batch and continuous regimes upon illumination with a white luminescent lamp. All examined photosensitizers demonstrated a good ability to decrease the bacterial concentration, up to their total eradication. Immobilized photosensitizers are proposed for batch or continuous disinfection of wastewater after secondary treatment.
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Callaghan S, Senge MO. The good, the bad, and the ugly - controlling singlet oxygen through design of photosensitizers and delivery systems for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1490-1514. [PMID: 29569665 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, although integral to photodynamic therapy, is notoriously uncontrollable, suffers from poor selectivity and has fast decomposition rates in biological media. Across the scientific community, there is a conscious effort to refine singlet oxygen interactions and initiate selective and controlled release to produce a consistent and reproducible therapeutic effect in target tissue. This perspective aims to provide an insight into the contemporary design principles behind photosensitizers and drug delivery systems that depend on a singlet oxygen response or controlled release. The discussion will be accompanied by in vitro and in vivo examples, in an attempt to highlight advancements in the field and future prospects for the more widespread application of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland and Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Release of Singlet Oxygen from Organic Peroxides under Mild Conditions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Fudickar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Callaghan S, Filatov MA, Sitte E, Savoie H, Boyle RW, Flanagan KJ, Senge MO. Delayed release singlet oxygen sensitizers based on pyridone-appended porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1371-1374. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new type of porphyrin photosensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen upon irradiation, storing it through binding to pyridone subunits, followed by slow release at 20–40 °C, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Callaghan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mikhail A. Filatov
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Elisabeth Sitte
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Huguette Savoie
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Kingston-upon-Hull
- UK
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Kingston-upon-Hull
- UK
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
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Posavec D, Zabel M, Bogner U, Bernhardt G, Knör G. Functionalized derivatives of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene as precursors for biomedical applications: synthesis, structures, spectroscopy and photochemical activation in the presence of dioxygen. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7062-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fondjo ES, Tsemeugne J, Sondengam BL, Oppenlaender T, Wabo HK, Tane P, Connolly JD, Dehaen W, Rohand T, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y. Coupling of two diazotized 3-aminothieno[3,4-c]coumarins with aromatic amines. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rojas C, Figueroa JV, Alvarado A, Mejia P, Mosqueda JJ, Falcon A, Vega CA, Alvarez A. Bovine Babesiosis Live Vaccine Production. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1081:405-16. [PMID: 17135544 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1373.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gamma irradiation on bovine serum and red blood cells (RBC) allows proliferation and growth of in vitro-cultured Babesia sp., and has potential application to inactivate contaminating viruses and bacteria from the substrate. Gamma irradiation with 25 kGy in a source of (60)Co was able to inactivate infectious bovine rinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses in artificially contaminated serum; besides, bacteria were also eliminated. In vitro culture of Babesia bovis (B. bovis) in modified substrate, by adding irradiated serum with (60)Co at 25 kGy was propagated from 24-well culture plates to 225 cm(2) tissue culture flasks, and percentages of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) from 2.4% to 8.8% were obtained. Infected RBC adapted to Irrad S were transferred to the irradiated substrate in vitro culture system, by using serum irradiated at 25 kGy and RBC from 10 to 70 Gy. The PPE ranged from 3.1 to 11. Culture of Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina) was established with Irrad S (25 kGy); its propagation was achieved in tissue culture flasks reaching PPE from 0.5 to 4.3 with no statistical difference (P > 0.05) when compared to the nonirradiated control culture (1.2-4.8). B. bigemina-infected RBCs were transferred to the modified culture system by adding irradiated serum and RBC (25 kGy and 70 Gy, respectively). PPE obtained in culture flasks were from 0.8 to 4.2. The results indicate that gamma irradiation is a suitable method to inactivate potential viral contamination and eliminate bacteria from bovine serum, to produce a live attenuated vaccine through the in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rojas
- CENID Parasitología Veterinaria, INIFAP, Morelos, C.P. 62500, Mexico
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Günther S G, Lemp M E, Zanocco AL. Determination of chemical rate constants in singlet molecular oxygen reactions by using 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hiraki A, Hirayama E, Kim J. Antiviral substance from silkworm faeces: characterization of its antiviral activity. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:669-76. [PMID: 11021397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of a substance (L4-1) purified from silkworm faeces was examined in an HVJ (Sendai virus)-LLC-MK2 cell system. Its antiviral effect depended on the period of light irradiation and was inhibited by sodium sulfite and anaerobic conditions. These results indicate that the antiviral activity of L4-1 is associated with active oxygen species produced from the substance. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed that viral proteins were damaged by this substance under light irradiation. The results suggest that the antiviral activity is due to damage to viral protein(s) caused by active oxygen species produced from L4-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hiraki
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that there are many examples in the literature of contradictory data concerning reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), responsible for producing cellular oxidative stress (OS), and their enhancement or diminution of viral replication. Nevertheless, ROIs repeatedly have been shown to be virucidal against enveloped-viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases the production of ROIs throughout the body, leaving no safe harbor for the virus to hide outside the genome. This technique already has been tried on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, with exciting results. Historically, the biggest setback to demonstrating HBO's antiviral effects has been the investigator's folly of studying non-enveloped viruses or failing to initiate ROI production. ROIs specifically attack areas of unsaturation occurring in the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes and viral envelopes. Moreover, it consistently has been shown that a peroxidized viral envelope breaches, and a breached viral envelope causes viral disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Baugh
- BaroAntiviral, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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