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Reiten I, Olsen GM, Bjaalie JG, Witter MP, Leergaard TB. The efferent connections of the orbitofrontal, posterior parietal, and insular cortex of the rat brain. Sci Data 2023; 10:645. [PMID: 37735463 PMCID: PMC10514078 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal, posterior parietal, and insular cortices are sites of higher-order cognitive processing implicated in a wide range of behaviours, including working memory, attention guiding, decision making, and spatial navigation. To better understand how these regions contribute to such functions, we need detailed knowledge about the underlying structural connectivity. Several tract-tracing studies have investigated specific aspects of orbitofrontal, posterior parietal and insular connectivity, but a digital resource for studying the cortical and subcortical projections from these areas in detail is not available. We here present a comprehensive collection of brightfield and fluorescence microscopic images of serial coronal sections from 49 rat brain tract-tracing experiments, in which discrete injections of the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and/or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were placed in the orbitofrontal, parietal, or insular cortex. The images are spatially registered to the Waxholm Space Rat brain atlas. The image collection, with corresponding reference atlas maps, is suitable as a reference framework for investigating the brain-wide efferent connectivity of these cortical association areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Reiten
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grethe M Olsen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Boukrina O, Chen P. Neural Mechanisms of Prism Adaptation in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Spatial Neglect after Unilateral Stroke: A Review of fMRI Studies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1468. [PMID: 34827467 PMCID: PMC8615640 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional disability due to spatial neglect hinders recovery in up to 30% of stroke survivors. Prism adaptation treatment (PAT) may alleviate the disabling consequences of spatial neglect, but we do not yet know why some individuals show much better outcomes following PAT than others. The goal of this scoping review and meta-analysis was to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying prism adaptation (PA). We conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses across fMRI studies investigating brain activity before, during, and after PA, in healthy individuals and patients with right or left brain damage (RBD or LBD) due to stroke. In healthy adults, PA was linked with activity in posterior parietal and cerebellar clusters, reduced bilateral parieto-frontal connectivity, and increased fronto-limbic and sensorimotor network connectivity. In contrast, RBD individuals with spatial neglect relied on different circuits, including an activity cluster in the intact left occipital cortex. This finding is consistent with a shift in hemispheric dominance in spatial processing to the left hemisphere. However, more studies are needed to clarify the contribution of lesion location and load on the circuits involved in PA after unilateral brain damage. Future studies are also needed to clarify the relationship of decreasing resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) to visuomotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Boukrina
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Peii Chen
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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3
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Ishii D, Osaki H, Yozu A, Ishibashi K, Kawamura K, Yamamoto S, Miyata M, Kohno Y. Ipsilesional spatial bias after a focal cerebral infarction in the medial agranular cortex: A mouse model of unilateral spatial neglect. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113097. [PMID: 33385423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect is a disorder of higher brain function that occurs after a brain injury, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, and surgical procedures etc., and leads to failure to attend or respond to stimuli presented to the side contralateral to the lesioned cerebral hemisphere. Because patients with this condition often have other symptoms due to the presence of several brain lesions, it is difficult to evaluate the recovery mechanisms and effect of training on unilateral spatial neglect. In this study, a mouse model of unilateral spatial neglect was created to investigate whether the size of the lesion is related to the severity of ipsilesional spatial bias and the recovery process. Focal infarction was induced in the right medial agranular cortex (AGm) of mice via photothrombosis. After induction of cerebral infarction, ipsilesional spatial bias was evaluated for 9 consecutive days. The major findings were as follows: (1) unilateral local infarction of the AGm resulted in ipsilateral bias during internally guided decision-making; (2) the lesion size was correlated with the degree of impairment rather than slight differences in the lesion site; and (3) mice with anterior AGm lesions experienced lower recovery rates. These findings suggest that recovery from ipsilesional spatial bias requires neural plasticity within the anterior AGm. This conditional mouse model of ipsilesional spatial bias may be used to develop effective treatments for unilateral spatial neglect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Osaki
- Department of Physiology (Neurophysiology), School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arito Yozu
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshige Ishibashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyata
- Department of Physiology (Neurophysiology), School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohno
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Everest SJ, Schwarz T, Walker D, Eatwell K, Marioni‐Henry K. Clinical and imaging features of suspected pituitary apoplexy in a domestic rat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen James Everest
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinMidlothianUK
- Companion Animal HospitalUniversity of Guelph Ontario Veterinary CollegeGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinMidlothianUK
| | - David Walker
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinMidlothianUK
| | - Kevin Eatwell
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinMidlothianUK
| | - Katia Marioni‐Henry
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinMidlothianUK
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5
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Meng Q, Ding Y, Chen L, Li L. The medial agranular cortex mediates attentional enhancement of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Olsen GM, Hovde K, Kondo H, Sakshaug T, Sømme HH, Whitlock JR, Witter MP. Organization of Posterior Parietal-Frontal Connections in the Rat. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:38. [PMID: 31496940 PMCID: PMC6713060 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations of the rat posterior parietal cortex (PPC) suggest that this region plays a central role in action control together with the frontal cortical areas. Posterior parietal-frontal cortical connections have been described in rats, but little is known about whether these connections are topographically organized as in the primate. Here, we injected retrograde and anterograde tracers into subdivisions of PPC as well as the frontal midline and orbital cortical areas to explore possible topographies within their connections. We found that PPC projects to several frontal cortical areas, largely reciprocating the densest input received from the same areas. All PPC subdivisions are strongly connected with the secondary motor cortex (M2) in a topographically organized manner. The medial subdivision (medial posterior parietal cortex, mPPC) has a dense reciprocal connection with the most caudal portion of M2 (cM2), whereas the lateral subdivision (lateral posterior parietal cortex, lPPC) and the caudolateral subdivision (PtP) are reciprocally connected with the intermediate rostrocaudal portion of M2 (iM2). Sparser reciprocal connections were seen with anterior cingulate area 24b. mPPC connects with rostral, and lPPC and PtP connect with caudal parts of 24b, respectively. There are virtually no connections with area 24a, nor with prelimbic or infralimbic cortex. PPC and orbitofrontal cortices are also connected, showing a gradient such that mPPC entertains reciprocal connections mainly with the ventral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), whereas lPPC and PtP are preferentially connected with medial and central portions of ventrolateral OFC, respectively. Our results thus indicate that the connections of PPC with frontal cortices are organized in a topographical fashion, supporting functional heterogeneity within PPC and frontal cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethe M Olsen
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karoline Hovde
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hideki Kondo
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Teri Sakshaug
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Haaland Sømme
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonathan R Whitlock
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- The Faculty of Medicine, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 147:90-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Hylin MJ, Brenneman MM, Corwin JV. Noradrenergic antagonists mitigate amphetamine-induced recovery. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:61-71. [PMID: 28756213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury, including that due to stroke, leaves individuals with cognitive deficits that can disrupt daily aspect of living. As of now there are few treatments that shown limited amounts of success in improving functional outcome. The use of stimulants such as amphetamine have shown some success in improving outcome following brain injury. While the pharmacological mechanisms for amphetamine are known; the specific processes responsible for improving behavioral outcome following injury remain unknown. Understanding these mechanisms can help to refine the use of amphetamine as a potential treatment or lead to the use of other methods that share the same pharmacological properties. One proposed mechanism is amphetamine's impact upon noradrenaline (NA). In the current, study noradrenergic antagonists were administered prior to amphetamine to pharmacologically block α- and β-adrenergic receptors. The results demonstrated that the blockade of these receptors disrupted amphetamines ability to induce recovery from hemispatial neglect using an established aspiration lesion model. This suggests that amphetamine's ability to ameliorate neglect deficits may be due in part to noradrenaline. These results further support the role of noradrenaline in functional recovery. Finally, the development of polytherapies and combined therapeutics, while promising, may need to consider the possibility that drug interactions can negate the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hylin
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
| | - M M Brenneman
- Department of Psychology, Coastal Carolina University, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, SC, United States
| | - J V Corwin
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
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9
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Mohan H, de Haan R, Mansvelder HD, de Kock CPJ. The posterior parietal cortex as integrative hub for whisker sensorimotor information. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28642168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our daily life consists of a continuous interplay between incoming sensory information and outgoing motor plans. Particularly during goal-directed behavior and active exploration of the sensory environment, brain circuits are merging sensory and motor signals. This is referred to as sensorimotor integration and is relevant for locomotion, vision or tactile exploration. The somatosensory (tactile) system is an attractive modality to study sensorimotor integration in health and disease, motivated by the need for revolutionary technology that builds upon conceptual understanding of sensorimotor integration, such as brain-machine-interfaces and neuro-prosthetics. In this perspective, we focus on the rat whisker system and put forward the posterior parietal cortex as a potential circuit where sensorimotor integration could occur during active somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Mohan
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Roel de Haan
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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10
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Unilateral lesions of the dorsocentral striatum (DCS) disrupt spatial and temporal characteristics of food protection behavior. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2697-2710. [PMID: 28154968 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal information processing provide a foundation for higher cognitive functions. The survival of animals depends on integrating spatial and temporal information to organize behavior. In general, previous research has focused on only one source of information processing; however, there is evidence to support a convergence in the processing of egocentric-spatial and temporal information within a cortico-striatal system of structures. The current study evaluated the contributions of the dorsocentral striatum (DCS) to egocentric-spatial and temporal (within the seconds-to-minutes range) processing of information using a food protection task. Long-Evans rats received unilateral NMDA lesions of the DCS followed by testing in a food protection task. Performance in this task is mediated by the motivation of the animal to consume a food item, their perception of the time required to consume a food item, their sensory ability to process egocentric cues, and their motor ability to evade an incoming conspecific. Unilateral DCS lesions were shown to impact both spatial and temporal characteristics of food protection. These results suggest that the DCS may be a critical structure for the integration of egocentric-spatial and temporal information within the interval timing range.
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11
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Schiffino FL, Holland PC. Consolidation of altered associability information by amygdala central nucleus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:204-213. [PMID: 27427328 PMCID: PMC4987260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The surprising omission of a reinforcer can enhance the associability of the stimuli that were present when the reward prediction error was induced, so that they more readily enter into new associations in the future. Previous research from this laboratory identified brain circuit elements critical to the enhancement of stimulus associability by the omission of an expected event and to the subsequent expression of that altered associability in more rapid learning. These elements include the amygdala, the midbrain substantia nigra, the basal forebrain substantia innominata, the dorsolateral striatum, the secondary visual cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex. Here, we found that consolidation of a surprise-enhanced associability memory in a serial prediction task depends on processing in the amygdala central nucleus (CeA) after completion of sessions that included the surprising omission of an expected event. Post-surprise infusions of anisomycin, lidocaine, or muscimol prevented subsequent display of surprise-enhanced associability. Because previous studies indicated that CeA function is unnecessary for the expression of associability enhancements that were induced previously when CeA function was intact (Holland & Gallagher, 2006), we interpreted these results as indicating that post-surprise activity of CeA ("surprise replay") is necessary for the consolidation of altered associability memories elsewhere in the brain, such as the posterior parietal cortex (Schiffino et al., 2014a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Schiffino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter C Holland
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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12
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Kamtchum Tatuene J, Allali G, Saj A, Bernati T, Sztajzel R, Pollak P, Momjian-Mayor I. Incidence, Risk Factors and Anatomy of Peripersonal Visuospatial Neglect in Acute Stroke. Eur Neurol 2016; 75:157-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000444709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Perirhinal cortex (PER) has a well established role in the familiarity-based recognition of individual items and objects. For example, animals and humans with perirhinal damage are unable to distinguish familiar from novel objects in recognition memory tasks. In the normal brain, perirhinal neurons respond to novelty and familiarity by increasing or decreasing firing rates. Recent work also implicates oscillatory activity in the low-beta and low-gamma frequency bands in sensory detection, perception, and recognition. Using optogenetic methods in a spontaneous object exploration (SOR) task, we altered recognition memory performance in rats. In the SOR task, normal rats preferentially explore novel images over familiar ones. We modulated exploratory behavior in this task by optically stimulating channelrhodopsin-expressing perirhinal neurons at various frequencies while rats looked at novel or familiar 2D images. Stimulation at 30-40 Hz during looking caused rats to treat a familiar image as if it were novel by increasing time looking at the image. Stimulation at 30-40 Hz was not effective in increasing exploration of novel images. Stimulation at 10-15 Hz caused animals to treat a novel image as familiar by decreasing time looking at the image, but did not affect looking times for images that were already familiar. We conclude that optical stimulation of PER at different frequencies can alter visual recognition memory bidirectionally. Significance statement: Recognition of novelty and familiarity are important for learning, memory, and decision making. Perirhinal cortex (PER) has a well established role in the familiarity-based recognition of individual items and objects, but how novelty and familiarity are encoded and transmitted in the brain is not known. Perirhinal neurons respond to novelty and familiarity by changing firing rates, but recent work suggests that brain oscillations may also be important for recognition. In this study, we showed that stimulation of the PER could increase or decrease exploration of novel and familiar images depending on the frequency of stimulation. Our findings suggest that optical stimulation of PER at specific frequencies can predictably alter recognition memory.
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14
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The time-dependent and persistent effects of amphetamine treatment upon recovery from hemispatial neglect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Erlich JC, Brunton BW, Duan CA, Hanks TD, Brody CD. Distinct effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat. eLife 2015; 4:e05457. [PMID: 25869470 PMCID: PMC4392479 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous brain regions have been shown to have neural correlates of gradually accumulating evidence for decision-making, but the causal roles of these regions in decisions driven by accumulation of evidence have yet to be determined. Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best described as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (>240 ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Erlich
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Bingni W Brunton
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
- Department of Biology, UW Institute of Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Chunyu A Duan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Timothy D Hanks
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Carlos D Brody
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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16
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Tingley D, Alexander AS, Kolbu S, de Sa VR, Chiba AA, Nitz DA. Task-phase-specific dynamics of basal forebrain neuronal ensembles. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:174. [PMID: 25309352 PMCID: PMC4173808 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortically projecting basal forebrain neurons play a critical role in learning and attention, and their degeneration accompanies age-related impairments in cognition. Despite the impressive anatomical and cell-type complexity of this system, currently available data suggest that basal forebrain neurons lack complexity in their response fields, with activity primarily reflecting only macro-level brain states such as sleep and wake, onset of relevant stimuli and/or reward obtainment. The current study examined the spiking activity of basal forebrain neuron populations across multiple phases of a selective attention task, addressing, in particular, the issue of complexity in ensemble firing patterns across time. Clustering techniques applied to the full population revealed a large number of distinct categories of task-phase-specific activity patterns. Unique population firing-rate vectors defined each task phase and most categories of task-phase-specific firing had counterparts with opposing firing patterns. An analogous set of task-phase-specific firing patterns was also observed in a population of posterior parietal cortex neurons. Thus, consistent with the known anatomical complexity, basal forebrain population dynamics are capable of differentially modulating their cortical targets according to the unique sets of environmental stimuli, motor requirements, and cognitive processes associated with different task phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tingley
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Alexander
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean Kolbu
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Virginia R de Sa
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea A Chiba
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Nitz
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Kunze A, Zierath D, Drogomiretskiy O, Becker K. Variation in behavioral deficits and patterns of recovery after stroke among different rat strains. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:569-76. [PMID: 24711015 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical models of stroke therapeutics depend upon the ability to detect differences in infarct volume as well as in the short- and long-term outcomes of treated animals. Little attention has been paid to interstrain differences in these outcomes and the importance of defining the most appropriate behavioral tests. In this study, we evaluate long-term outcome from stroke in three different rat strains. Lewis, Wistar, and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion and survived for up to 49 days. Behavioral tests were performed weekly. There was continuous assessment of rotational/circling activity in the home cage by use of an automated software program. A separate group of animals was sacrificed at 24 h to determine infarct volume. Infarct volume was similar in all three strains. Mortality was significantly higher in SD rats (P < 0.001). Rotational/circling activity at 24 h was correlated with cortical infarct volume in Wistar and SD rats (ρ = 0.67, P = 0.04 and ρ = 0.72, P = 0.01, respectively). Wistar and SD rats displayed more rotational/circling activity following stroke than Lewis rats, but Lewis rats evidenced more impairment on complex motor tasks like the rotarod. Further, computer automated analysis of rotational activity was more sensitive than subjective assessment, with SD rats showing a preference for clockwise rotations to 49 days after stroke despite normalization of the neurological score after 21 days. There are significant interstrain differences in survival and in the patterns of neurological impairment and recovery after stroke. These differences must be taken into account in pre-clinical studies, but may also be capitalized upon to understand genetic contributions to injury. Finally, computerized assessment of behavior is more sensitive than subjective assessment for detecting behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kunze
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Schiffino FL, Zhou V, Holland PC. Posterior parietal cortex is critical for the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of a memory that guides attention for learning. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:640-9. [PMID: 24236913 PMCID: PMC4018654 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Within most contemporary learning theories, reinforcement prediction error, the difference between the obtained and expected reinforcer value, critically influences associative learning. In some theories, this prediction error determines the momentary effectiveness of the reinforcer itself, such that the same physical event produces more learning when its presentation is surprising than when it is expected. In other theories, prediction error enhances attention to potential cues for that reinforcer by adjusting cue-specific associability parameters, biasing the processing of those stimuli so that they more readily enter into new associations in the future. A unique feature of these latter theories is that such alterations in stimulus associability must be represented in memory in an enduring fashion. Indeed, considerable data indicate that altered associability may be expressed days after its induction. Previous research from our laboratory identified brain circuit elements critical to the enhancement of stimulus associability by the omission of an expected event, and to the subsequent expression of that altered associability in more rapid learning. Here, for the first time, we identified a brain region, the posterior parietal cortex, as a potential site for a memorial representation of altered stimulus associability. In three experiments using rats and a serial prediction task, we found that intact posterior parietal cortex function was essential during the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of an associability memory enhanced by surprising omissions. We discuss these new results in the context of our previous findings and additional plausible frontoparietal and subcortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Schiffino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 232 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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19
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Smith JB, Alloway KD. Rat whisker motor cortex is subdivided into sensory-input and motor-output areas. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:4. [PMID: 23372545 PMCID: PMC3556600 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent whisking is an exploratory behavior that can be modified by sensory feedback. Consistent with this, many whisker-sensitive cortical regions project to agranular motor [motor cortex (MI)] cortex, but the relative topography of these afferent projections has not been established. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) evokes whisker movements that are used to map the functional organization of MI, but no study has compared the whisker-related inputs to MI with the ICMS sites that evoke whisker movements. To elucidate this relationship, anterograde tracers were placed in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and in the primary somatosensory (SI) and secondary somatosensory (SII) cortical areas so that their labeled projections to MI could be analyzed with respect to ICMS sites that evoke whisker movements. Projections from SI and SII terminate in a narrow zone that marks the transition between the medial agranular (AGm) and lateral agranular (AGl) cortical areas, but PPC projects more medially and terminates in AGm proper. Paired recordings of MI neurons indicate that the region between AGm and AGl is highly responsive to whisker deflections, but neurons in AGm display negligible responses to whisker stimulation. By contrast, AGm microstimulation is more effective in evoking whisker movements than microstimulation of the transitional region between AGm and AGl. The AGm region was also found to contain a larger concentration of corticotectal neurons, which could convey whisker-related information to the facial nucleus. These results indicate that rat whisker MI is comprised of at least two functionally distinct subregions: a sensory processing zone in the transitional region between AGm and AGl, and a motor-output region located more medially in AGm proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University Hershey, PA, USA ; Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University University Park, PA, USA
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20
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Abstract
Whereas contralesional spatial neglect is usually caused by right temporo-parietal lesions, ipsilesional spatial neglect is induced primarily by right frontal lesions. This report describes a 73-year-old woman with a right inferior parietal lesion who on 'where' tasks (line bisection and midline pointing) demonstrated ipsilesional neglect, but on 'what' tests (gap vs. no-gap detection cancellation and clothing tape removal) demonstrated contralesional neglect. This 'what' and 'where' directional dissociation provides evidence for independent 'what' and 'where' attentional networks; however, the reason this parietal lesion causes this contralesional vs. ipsilesional spatial attentional 'what' and 'where' dichotomy remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Cheol Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, South Korea.
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21
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Spitoni GF, Galati G, Antonucci G, Haggard P, Pizzamiglio L. Two forms of touch perception in the human brain. Exp Brain Res 2010; 207:185-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Verdon V, Schwartz S, Lovblad KO, Hauert CA, Vuilleumier P. Neuroanatomy of hemispatial neglect and its functional components: a study using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Brain 2009; 133:880-94. [PMID: 20028714 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial neglect is a perplexing neuropsychological syndrome, in which patients fail to detect (and/or respond to) stimuli located contralaterally to their (most often right) hemispheric lesion. Neglect is characterized by a wide heterogeneity, and a role for multiple components has been suggested, but the exact nature of the critical components remains unclear. Moreover, many different lesion sites have been reported, leading to enduring controversies about the relative contribution of different cortical and/or subcortical brain regions. Here we report a systematic anatomo-functional study of 80 patients with a focal right hemisphere stroke, who were examined by a series of neuropsychological tests assessing different clinical manifestations of neglect. We first performed a statistical factorial analysis of their behavioural performance across all tests, in order to break down neglect symptoms into coherent profiles of co-varying deficits. We then examined the neural correlates of these distinct neglect profiles using a statistical voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping method that correlated the anatomical extent of brain damage with the relative severity of deficits along the different profiles in each patient. Our factorial analysis revealed three main factors explaining 82% of the total variance across all neglect tests, which suggested distinct components related to perceptive/visuo-spatial, exploratory/visuo-motor, and allocentric/object-centred aspects of spatial neglect. Our anatomical voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis pointed to specific neural correlates for each of these components, including the right inferior parietal lobule for the perceptive/visuo-spatial component, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the exploratory/visuo-motor component, and deep temporal lobe regions for the allocentric/object-centred component. By contrast, standard anatomical overlap analysis indicated that subcortical damage to paraventricular white matter tracts was associated with severe neglect encompassing several tests. Taken together, our results provide new support to the view that the clinical manifestations of hemispatial neglect might reflect a combination of distinct components affecting different domains of spatial cognition, and that intra-hemispheric disconnection due to white matter lesions might produce severe neglect by impacting on more than one functional domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Verdon
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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23
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Mendez MF, Chen JWY. Epilepsy partialis continua with visual allesthesia. J Neurol 2009; 256:1009-11. [PMID: 19240953 PMCID: PMC2698976 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Kamishina H, Conte WL, Patel SS, Tai RJ, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Cortical connections of the rat lateral posterior thalamic nucleus. Brain Res 2009; 1264:39-56. [PMID: 19368845 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spatial processing related to directed attention is thought to be mediated by a specific cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical network in the rat. Key components of this network are associative cortical areas medial agranular cortex (AGm) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), dorsocentral striatum (DCS), and lateral posterior (LP) thalamic nucleus, all of which are interconnected. Previously, we found that thalamostriatal projections reaching DCS arise from separate populations of neurons of the mediorostral part of LP (LPMR). The far medial LPMR (fmLPMR) terminates in central DCS, a projection area of AGm, whereas central LPMR terminates in dorsal DCS, a projection area of PPC. This represents segregated regional convergence in DCS from different sources of thalamic and cortical inputs. In the present study, thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections arising from and terminating in LPMR and neighboring thalamic nuclei were studied by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in order to further understand the anatomical basis of this neural circuitry. A significant finding was that within LPMR, separate neuronal populations provide thalamic inputs to AGm or PPC and that these cortical areas project to separate regions in LPMR, from which they receive thalamic inputs. Other cortical areas adjacent to AGm or PPC also demonstrated reciprocal connections with LP or surrounding nuclei in a topographic manner. Our findings suggest that the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic network mediating directed attention in the rat is formed by multiple loops, each having reciprocal connections that are organized in a precise and segregated topographical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kamishina
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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25
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Bucci DJ. Posterior parietal cortex: an interface between attention and learning? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 91:114-20. [PMID: 18675370 PMCID: PMC2664688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of rats has most recently been defined based on patterns of thalamic and cortical connectivity. The anatomical characteristics of this area suggest that it may be homologous to the PPC of primates and contribute to similar functions. This review summarizes evidence for and against a role for the rat PPC in attention and working memory and evaluates how the function of the rat PPC compares to that of primates on these dimensions. Theories of how the rat PPC contributes to behavior are presented, including the notion that PPC may serve as an interface between attention and learning. Finally, several avenues for future research are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The navigational system of the mammalian cortex comprises a number of interacting brain regions. Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and place cells in the hippocampus are thought to participate in the formation of a dynamic representation of the animal's current location, and these cells are presumably critical for storing the representation in memory. To traverse the environment, animals must be able to translate coordinate information from spatial maps in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus into body-centered representations that can be used to direct locomotion. How this is done remains an enigma. We propose that the posterior parietal cortex is critical for this transformation.
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27
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Reep RL, Wu JH, Cheatwood JL, Corwin JV, Kartje GL, Mir A. Quantification of synaptic density in corticostriatal projections from rat medial agranular cortex. Brain Res 2008; 1233:27-34. [PMID: 18691563 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Medial agranular cortex (AGm) has a prominent bilateral projection to the dorsocentral striatum (DCS). We wished to develop a normal baseline by which to assess neuronal plasticity in this corticostriatal system in rats with neglect resulting from a unilateral lesion in AGm, followed by treatment with agents that promote sprouting and functional recovery in other systems. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine were made into AGm in normal rats, and unbiased sampling was used to quantify the density of axons and axonal varicosities present in DCS (the latter represent presynaptic profiles). Labeling density in contralateral DCS is approximately half of that seen in ipsilateral DCS (this ratio is 0.50 for axons, 0.55 for varicosities). The ratio of varicosities is stable over a greater than seven-fold range of absolute densities. There is no consistent relationship between the absolute density of axons and axon varicosities; however, the ratio measures are strongly correlated. We conclude that changes in the contralateral/ipsilateral ratio of axon density after experimental treatments do reflect changes in synaptic density, but axon varicosities are likely to be the most sensitive anatomical parameter by which to assess plasticity at the light microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Reep
- Department of Physiological Sciences and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Box 100144, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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28
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Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Howard BP, Hunsaker MR, Kesner RP. Human topological task adapted for rats: Spatial information processes of the parietal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:389-94. [PMID: 18571941 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human research has shown that lesions of the parietal cortex disrupt spatial information processing, specifically topological information. Similar findings have been found in non-humans. It has been difficult to determine homologies between human and non-human mnemonic mechanisms for spatial information processing because methodologies and neuropathology differ. The first objective of the present study was to adapt a previously established human task for rats. The second objective was to better characterize the role of parietal cortex (PC) and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) for topological spatial information processing. Rats had to distinguish whether a ball inside a ring or a ball outside a ring was the correct, rewarded object. After rats reached criterion on the task (>95%) they were randomly assigned to a lesion group (control, PC, and dHPC). Animals were then re-tested. Post-surgery data show that controls were 94% correct on average, dHPC rats were 89% correct on average, and PC rats were 56% correct on average. The results from the present study suggest that the parietal cortex, but not the dHPC processes topological spatial information. The present data are the first to support comparable topological spatial information processes of the parietal cortex in humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Goodrich-Hunsaker
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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29
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Bucci DJ, Macleod JE. Changes in neural activity associated with a surprising change in the predictive validity of a conditioned stimulus. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2669-76. [PMID: 17970737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in how well a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts future events can alter the amount of attention paid to that cue. For example, the unexpected violation of a previously established relationship between a CS and another stimulus can increase attentional processing and subsequent conditioning to that cue [J.M. Pearce & G. Hall (1980)Psych. Rev., 106, 532-552]. Previous lesion studies have implicated the central nucleus of the amygdala (CN) and basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic system in mediating surprise-induced changes in attention. Here, expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to determine which cortical targets of the basal forebrain cholinergic system are activated during an increase in attentional processing. Consistent with previous studies, increased Fos expression was observed in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) when a visual stimulus no longer reliably predicted occurrence of a tone. Similar results were observed in the secondary auditory cortex; however, there were no significant changes in Fos expression in other auditory or visual cortices or in other cortical association areas that have been implicated in attentional function (frontal, cingulate or retrosplenial cortex). These findings support the notion that the PPC is the primary cortical component of a neural system mediating incremental changes in attention. In addition, an increase in Fos-positive cells was detected in the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis and the CN at the time of surprise. An opposite pattern of results was observed in the basal lateral nucleus of the amygdala, providing evidence for different stimulus-processing mechanisms in regions of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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30
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Makris N, Buka SL, Biederman J, Papadimitriou GM, Hodge SM, Valera EM, Brown AB, Bush G, Monuteaux MC, Caviness VS, Kennedy DN, Seidman LJ. Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: A DT-MRI study of connections. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:1210-20. [PMID: 17906338 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is hypothesized to be due, in part, to structural defects in brain networks influencing cognitive, affective, and motor behaviors. Although the current literature on fiber tracts is limited in ADHD, gray matter abnormalities suggest that white matter (WM) connections may be altered selectively in neural systems. A prior study (Ashtari et al. 2005), using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), showed alterations within the frontal and cerebellar WM in children and adolescents with ADHD. In this study of adults with childhood ADHD, we hypothesized that fiber pathways subserving attention and executive functions (EFs) would be altered. To this end, the cingulum bundle (CB) and superior longitudinal fascicle II (SLF II) were investigated in vivo in 12 adults with childhood ADHD and 17 demographically comparable unaffected controls using DT-MRI. Relative to controls, the fractional anisotropy (FA) values were significantly smaller in both regions of interest in the right hemisphere, in contrast to a control region (the fornix), indicating an alteration of anatomical connections within the attention and EF cerebral systems in adults with childhood ADHD. The demonstration of FA abnormalities in the CB and SLF II in adults with childhood ADHD provides further support for persistent structural abnormalities into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Makris
- Harvard Medical School Departments of Neurology and Radiology Services, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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31
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Brenneman MM, Wagner SJ, Cheatwood JL, Heldt SA, Corwin JV, Reep RL, Kartje GL, Mir AK, Schwab ME. Nogo-A inhibition induces recovery from neglect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2007; 187:262-72. [PMID: 17963852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neglect is a complex human cognitive spatial disorder typically induced by damage to prefrontal or posterior parietal association cortices. Behavioral treatments for neglect rarely generalize outside of the therapeutic context or across tasks within the same therapeutic context. Recovery, when it occurs, is spontaneous over the course of weeks to months, but often it is incomplete. A number of studies have indicated that anti-Nogo-A antibodies can be used to enhance plasticity and behavioral recovery following damage to motor cortex, and spinal cord. In the present studies the anti-Nogo-A antibodies IN-1, 7B12, or 11C7 were applied intraventricularly to adult rats demonstrating severe neglect produced by unilateral medial agranular cortex lesions in rats. The three separate anti-Nogo-A antibody groups were treated immediately following the medial agranular cortex lesions. Each of the three antibodies induced dramatic significant behavioral recovery from neglect relative to controls. Severing the corpus callosum to destroy inputs from the contralesional hemisphere resulted in reinstatement of severe neglect, pointing to a possible role of interhemispheric mechanisms in behavioral recovery from neglect.
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Bartolomeo P, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Doricchi F. Left unilateral neglect as a disconnection syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 17:2479-90. [PMID: 17272263 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect is a disabling neurological condition that typically results from right hemisphere damage. Neglect patients are unable to take into account information coming from the left side of space. The study of neglect is important for understanding the brain mechanisms of spatial cognition, but its anatomical correlates are currently the object of intense debate. We propose a reappraisal of the contribution of disconnection factors to the pathophysiology of neglect based on a review of animal and patient studies. These indicate that damage to the long-range white matter pathways connecting parietal and frontal areas within the right hemisphere may constitute a crucial antecedent of neglect. Thus, neglect would not result from the dysfunction of a single cortical region but from the disruption of large networks made up of distant cortical regions. In this perspective, we also reexamined the possible contribution to neglect of interhemispheric disconnection. The reviewed evidence, often present in previous studies but frequently overlooked, is consistent with the existence of distributed cortical networks for orienting of attention in the normal brain, has implications for theories of neglect and normal spatial processing, opens perspectives for research on brain-behavior relationships, and suggests new possibilities for patient diagnosis and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bartolomeo
- INSERM Unit 610, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
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33
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Christakou A, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Prolonged neglect following unilateral disruption of a prefrontal cortical-dorsal striatal system. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:782-92. [PMID: 15733096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential function of the system formed by connections between the medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsomedial striatum in aspects of attentional function in the rat. It has been reported previously that disconnection of the same corticostriatal circuit produced marked deficits in performance of a serial, choice reaction-time task while sparing the acquisition of an appetitive Pavlovian approach behaviour in an autoshaping task (Christakou et al., 2001). Here, we hypothesized that unilateral disruption of the same circuit would lead to hemispatial inattention, contrasting with the global attention deficit following complete disconnection of the system. Combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the medial caudate-putamen (mCPu) within the same hemisphere produced a severe and long-lasting contralesional neglect syndrome while sparing the acquisition of autoshaping. These results provide further evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal-dorsomedial striatal circuit in aspects of attentional function, as well as insight into the nature of neglect deficits following lesions at different levels within corticostriatal circuitry.
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34
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Bucci DJ, Chess AC. Specific changes in conditioned responding following neurotoxic damage to the posterior parietal cortex. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:1580-7. [PMID: 16420161 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus (CN) of the amygdala and basal forebrain cholinergic projections to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are involved in regulating changes in attentional processing of conditioned stimuli. In a previous study, lesions of the CN produced a deficit in conditioned orienting behavior (rearing on the hind legs) when a visual stimulus was paired with food. Unconditioned orienting (rearing to nonreinforced presentations of the stimulus) and conditioned food cup behavior were unaffected. The present study examined the contribution of the PPC to attentional orienting behavior. Damage to the PPC did not affect orienting behavior but produced deficits in food cup behavior. These findings help define the specific contributions of the PPC to attentional processing and associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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35
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Reep RL, Cheatwood JL, Corwin JV. Role of the Dorsocentral Striatum in Contralateral Neglect and Recovery from Neglect in Rats. BIOCOMPUTING 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0225-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Peinado A, Calderon DP. Hyperactivation of developing cortical circuits by acetylcholine and the ontogeny of abnormal cognition and emotion: findings and hypothesis. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 145:131-42. [PMID: 14650912 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)45009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Peinado
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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van Vleet TM, Heldt SA, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Infusion of apomorphine into the dorsocentral striatum produces acute drug-induced recovery from neglect produced by unilateral medial agranular cortex lesions in rats. Behav Brain Res 2003; 143:147-57. [PMID: 12900041 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that systemic administration of apomorphine is effective in producing acute drug-induced recovery from neglect induced by unilateral medial agranular cortex (AGm) lesions. More recent studies have demonstrated that recovery from neglect may be due to plastic changes occurring in the dorsal central striatum (DCS). Further, lesions of the DCS produce neglect that does not respond to systemic administration of apomorphine, suggesting that this area may be crucial for the therapeutic effects of apomorphine. In the present study, the behavioral effects of apomorphine infused into the DCS of animals with AGm lesion-induced neglect were examined to determine whether the DCS is a site of drug action. An infusion of 0.375 micro g of apomorphine into the DCS, but not a lateral striatal control area, was effective in producing acute recovery from neglect. The results of this study support the crucial role of the DCS in recovery from neglect induced by unilateral AGm lesions and suggest that the DCS may be an important site of action for the therapeutic effects of apomorphine. Because dopamine agonist therapy has been shown to be effective in humans with neglect, the results of the current study may represent an important step in the development of future pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M van Vleet
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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Cheatwood JL, Reep RL, Corwin JV. The associative striatum: cortical and thalamic projections to the dorsocentral striatum in rats. Brain Res 2003; 968:1-14. [PMID: 12644259 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Corticostriatal projections to the dorsocentral striatum (DCS) were investigated using retrograde fluorescent axonal tracing. The DCS is of interest because of its role in directed attention and recovery from multimodal hemispatial neglect following cortical lesions of medial agranular cortex (AGm), an association area that is its major source of cortical input. A key finding was that the multimodal posterior parietal cortex (PPC) also contributes substantial input to DCS. This is significant because PPC and AGm are linked by corticocortical connections and are both critical components of the circuitry involved in spatial processing and directed attention. Other cortical areas providing input to DCS include visual association areas, lateral agranular cortex and orbital cortex. These areas also have reciprocal connections with AGm and PPC. Less consistent labeling was seen in somatic sensorimotor areas FL, HL and Par 1. Thalamic afferents to DCS are prominent from the intralaminar, ventrolateral, mediodorsal, ventromedial, laterodorsal (LD) and lateral posterior (LP) nuclei. Collectively, these nuclei constitute the sources of thalamic input to cortical areas AGm and PPC. Nuclei LD and LP are only labeled with injections in dorsal DCS, the site of major input from PPC, and PPC receives its thalamic input from LD and LP. We conclude that DCS receives inputs from cortical and thalamic areas that are themselves linked by corticocortical and thalamocortical connections. These findings support the hypothesis that DCS is a key component of an associative network of cortical, striatal and thalamic regions involved in multimodal processing and directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cheatwood
- Department of Physiological Sciences, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Guandalini P. The efferent connections of the pupillary constriction area in the rat medial frontal cortex. Brain Res 2003; 962:27-40. [PMID: 12543453 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated, in the rat, the efferent projections of the pupillary constriction area, which is located within the medial frontal cortex. In order to identify the location of the pupillary constriction area, in preliminary experiments the medial frontal cortex was microstimulated. Intracortical microstimulation elicited pupillary constriction in a thin strip of cortex near the interhemispheric fissure and bordering the frontal eye field and vibrissae area of the somatomotor cortex. Seven animals received a single iontophoretic injection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the pupillary constriction area. In these cases, anterogradely labelled fibres and terminal-like elements were found in both hemispheres. The densest labeling was seen in several areas of the injected hemisphere, where labeled fibers prevailed in the secondary visual cortex. Dense labeled fibers were also found in the retrosplenial and cingulate cortex. In the thalamus, labeled fibers were seen in the intralaminar nuclei and posterior nuclear group. In the midbrain and pons, labeled fibers were located in the anterior pretectal area, superior colliculus and in the dorsolateral portion of the central gray. Contralaterally to the injection site, labeled fibers were distributed in the homotopic region. These findings led us to assume that, in the medial frontal cortex of the rat, besides controlling pupillary constriction, the pupillary constriction area may also be involved in controlling orientation and exploring behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Guandalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Fisiologia umana, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Perceptual attentional set-shifting is impaired in rats with neurotoxic lesions of posterior parietal cortex. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12533627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-02-00676.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is believed to be involved in the representation of spatial information, including spatial attentional processing. Because the PPC is extensively interconnected with frontal cortical regions involved in attention and executive function, we sought to determine whether PPC was involved in nonspatial attentional processes such as those of the frontal areas to which it projects. Lesions of the medial frontal cortex (in rats) or lateral prefrontal cortex (in nonhuman primates) impair the ability to shift attention from one perceptual dimension of a stimulus to another (referred to as an extradimensional shift). Rats with neurotoxic lesions of the PPC tested in an attentional set-shifting paradigm demonstrated a pattern of impairment identical to that of rats with medial frontal cortex lesions: they were selectively impaired on the extradimensional shift phase of the task. Performance in other phases of the task was indistinguishable from that of control rats, including the ability to reverse a previously learned discrimination. These findings are consistent with models that assign the PPC a prominent role in cortical attentional processing networks, as well as a role for the PPC in processing information about expectancy and surprise. They also suggest, importantly, that the interaction between the PPC and the frontal cortex is not limited to spatial attentional processing.
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Van Vleet TM, Heldt SA, Pyter B, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Effects of light deprivation on recovery from neglect and extinction induced by unilateral lesions of the medial agranular cortex and dorsocentral striatum. Behav Brain Res 2003; 138:165-78. [PMID: 12527447 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of previous studies have indicated that an environmental manipulation, 48 h of light deprivation (LD), produces virtually complete and permanent behavioral recovery of function from neglect induced by medial agranular cortex (AGm) lesions. LD-induced behavioral recovery from neglect is correlated with physiological changes in the dorsolateral striatum, an area that contains the projection zone of AGm efferents in the dorsocentral striatum (DCS). In this study, the behavioral effects of 48 h of LD on subjects with either unilateral DCS, AGm, or combined AGm/DCS lesions were investigated to examine whether the integrity of the DCS is crucial for behavioral recovery from neglect and whether LD will have a therapeutic effect on extinction deficits. Subjects were tested for extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation of the forepaws, and visual, auditory and tactile neglect. Forty-eight hours of LD failed to produce behavioral recovery from neglect in rats with DCS lesions, or a therapeutic affect on extinction deficits in any of the groups. The results of this study further support the crucial role of the DCS in recovery from neglect induced by AGm lesions and suggests that the DCS may be the crucial site for the mechanisms leading to LD-induced recovery. Further, the ineffectiveness of LD on extinction suggests that components of the neglect syndrome are dissociable and may require different therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Van Vleet
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL 60115, USA
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VanVleet TM, Heldt SA, Guerrettaz KR, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Unilateral destruction of the dorsocentral striatum in rats produces neglect but not extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2002; 136:375-87. [PMID: 12429399 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of previous studies have indicated that lesions of the medial agranular cortex (AGm) in rats induce multimodal neglect and extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation (extinction), the two major symptoms of the neglect syndrome in humans. A recent study demonstrated that lesions of dorsocentral striatum (DCS), the site of AGm projections to the striatum, produce multimodal neglect qualitatively similar to that found with AGm lesions. In the present study, the behavioral effects of unilateral DCS lesions were examined in more detail for the major manifestations of neglect: hemineglect, extinction, and allesthesia/allokinesia. Subjects were tested for extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation of the forepaws three times a week for 3 weeks. Neglect testing occurred twice weekly and the subjects were tested for the presence of neglect by rating the magnitude of orientation to visual, tactile, and auditory stimulation. The results indicated that DCS operates, while demonstrating severe neglect, failed to demonstrate extinction or allesthesia/allokinesia. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms that underlie neglect and extinction are dissociable in this system. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie extinction is particularly important because humans that have recovered from neglect often continue to demonstrate the debilitating symptoms of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M VanVleet
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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Reep RL, Corwin JV. Topographic organization of the striatal and thalamic connections of rat medial agranular cortex. Brain Res 1999; 841:43-52. [PMID: 10546986 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The rostral and caudal portions of rat medial agranular cortex (AGm) play different functional roles. To refine the anatomical framework for understanding these differences, axonal tracers were used to map the topography of the connections of AGm with the striatum and thalamus. The striatal projections follow mediolateral and rostrocaudal gradients that correspond to the locations of the neurons of origin within AGm. Projections from rostral AGm are widespread and dense rostrally, then coalesce into a circumscribed dorsocentral region at the level of the pre-commissural septal nuclei. Projections from mid and caudal AGm are less widespread and less dense, and are focused more caudally. Striatal projections from the adjacent anterior cingulate and lateral agranular areas overlap those of AGm but are concentrated more medially and laterally, respectively. Thalamic connections of AGm are organized so that more caudal portions of AGm have connections with progressively more lateral and caudal regions of the thalamus, and the full extent of AGm is connected with the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus. Rostral AGm is interconnected with the lateral portion of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD1), VL, and the central lateral (CL), paracentral (PC), central medial, rhomboid and ventromedial nuclei. Caudal AGm has robust connections with VL, the posterior, lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei, but little or none with MD1, CL/PC and VM. These differences in the subcortical connections of rostral and caudal AGm parallel their known differences in corticocortical connections, and represent another basis for experimental explorations of the functional roles of these cortical territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Reep
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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Yokoyama C, Sasaki K. Regional expressions of Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex after stress; restraint and intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide. Brain Res 1999; 816:267-75. [PMID: 9878776 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To demonstrate regional activation in the rat cerebral cortex related to stress-evoked neuroendocrine response, Fos expression in both the cerebral cortex and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was immunohistochemically examined in two experimental groups; a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally injected group for inflammatory stress and a restraint group for emotional stress. The LPS injection (100 microg/100 g b.w.) and restraint (for 30 min) had similar effect on Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in PVN with regard to the number of immunoreactive nuclei and their distribution pattern, while the times to maximize Fos-LI were different. Numerical analysis of cortical Fos-LI in untreated rats showed a distinct region-specific pattern. Statistical analysis revealed no significant increase in Fos-LI density in any cortical regions in the LPS group, but restraint resulted in a dramatic and region-specific increase. A significant increase was detected in the prefrontal cortex (the cingulate, orbital and agranular insular cortex), the frontal area 2, the agranular retrosplenial cortex, the parietal cortex, and the medial and lateral occipital area 2. These results indicate that cortical activation relevant to specific functions may be involved in stress-specific neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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Removal of cholinergic input to rat posterior parietal cortex disrupts incremental processing of conditioned stimuli. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9742170 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-19-08038.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cortex play a role in attentional functions in both primates and rodents. Among the cortical targets of these projections in primates is the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region shown to be critically involved in the regulation of attention. Recent anatomical studies have defined a cortical region in the rat that may be homologous to the PPC of primates. In the present study, cholinergic innervation of the PPC was depleted by intracortical infusion of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin. Control and lesioned rats were then tested in two associative learning paradigms designed to increase attentional processing of conditioned stimuli (CSs). In one experiment, attention was manipulated by shifting a predictive relation between a light CS and another CS to a less predictive relation. Unlike control rats, lesioned rats failed to increase attention when the predictive relation was modified. In a second experiment, attentional processing of a tone CS was increased when its introduction during training coincided with a change in the value of the unconditioned stimulus, a phenomenon referred to as unblocking. Unlike control rats, lesioned rats failed to exhibit unblocking. In both paradigms, lesioned rats conditioned normally when the training procedures did not encourage increased attentional processing. These findings, across different behavioral paradigms and stimulus modalities, provide converging evidence that intact cholinergic innervation of the PPC is important for changes in attention that can increase the processing of certain cues.
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Burcham KJ, Corwin JV, Van Vleet TM. Light deprivation produces a therapeutic effect on neglect induced by unilateral destruction of the posterior parietal cortex in rats. Behav Brain Res 1998; 90:187-97. [PMID: 9521550 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light deprivation has been found to produce accelerated recovery from severe multimodal neglect induced by unilateral destruction of medial agranular cortex, the rat analog of area 8 in humans. However, neglect in humans is most often produced by destruction of the parietal association cortex. Therefore, the present study examined whether light deprivation would produce accelerated recovery from severe multimodal neglect induced by unilateral destruction of the rodent analog of the parietal association cortex. Subjects received unilateral parietal association cortex lesions, and 4 h after surgery were tested for neglect of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. If severe neglect was obtained, subjects experienced either light deprivation, constant light, or a 12:12 light/dark cycle for 48 h. The results indicated that, relative to the other groups, the light deprivation group demonstrated significant accelerated recovery from neglect. Recovery was evident on the first post-light deprivation behavioral test, and was maintained for the 3 weeks of behavioral testing. The results provide further support for the therapeutic effects of light deprivation on neglect induced by cortical lesions when light deprivation is administered in the immediate postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Burcham
- Department of Psychology (JVC), Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115, USA
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